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ENGR302I
Introduction 1970, Club of Rome 1973, Arab Oil Embargo 1978, TMI Accident 1986, Chernobyl
Accident 1991, Rio Earth Summit, 1991, Gulf War I 1997, Kyoto Treaty 2002, Bush Denounced
the Kyoto Agreement 2003, Gulf War II 2006, Price of gasoline
reached all-time high
ENGR302I
Issues Big questions
How much longer petroleum will last? What are geopolitical concerns? What are economical effects? What are the environmental impacts?
Where are we going from here?
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Concerns Useful energy is being more scarce. Population increases at an exponential rate. Industrializations demands more and more
energy. Environmental problems becomes more
severe with increases in energy consumption. Limited resources can impact social, cultural,
and economical aspects of our lives. Global impacts could even be more serious.
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What is Energy? Energy is a property of matter that can be
converted into work, heat, light, or radiation. Phenomenological definition: “Energy is the
capacity to do work”. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but
can be converted from one form to another. When energy is used, its usefulness decreases
by an amount equal to the work done. Although different forms of energy can have
the same numerical value (quantitatively), they are not equally interchangeable (qualitatively)
Energy is not power.
ENGR302I
Where Does Energy Come From?
Big-bang (10-20 billion years ago) released tightly packed mass of elementary particles. Created stars, galaxies and planets. (Source of the Gravitational or Potential Energy)
Nuclear Breakup of mass Solar Radiation from stars (such as our Sun) Fossil and Biomass Conversion of solar
energy to mass Wind, wave, heat, geothermal, etc. are
different manifestations of the same energy.
Classifications Mechanical
Kinetic Wind Underwater
currents Potential (gravitational)
Hydroelectric (Waterfalls)
Wave (surface, tides)
Chemical Biomass Fossil
Geothermal Nuclear
Fission Fusion
Sun-based Photovoltaic
and solar thermal
Wind Hydroelectric Biomass And even fossil
fuels Earth-Based
Geothermal Nuclear
Earth-Moon-Sun Interaction
Tides
Primary Fossil Fuel
Coal Oil Natural
Gas Solar
WindWaveBiomass
Tides Geothermal Nuclear
Secondary Town Gas Alcohol Hydrogen Electricity
ENGR302I
Consumption vs. Production Fifty years ago
We were using one barrel of oil for every six barrels we found
Today We are using four barrels of oil for
every barrel we find. U.S. has about 5% of the World’s
population, but use 25% of the world’s oil.
ENGR302I
Life of reserves The United States
has: 2.5% of the
world’s remaining oil
3.5% of the world’s remaining natural gas
20% of the world’s remaining coal
At the current rate of consumption US will run out of Oil in 10 years Natural Gas in 12
years Coal in 300 years
But don’t forget the exponential growth and market forces!
Reserves
Fossil Fuel Reserves
Coal Oil Gas Total
United States 27% 2% 4% 19%
Russia 13% 6% 25% 16%
China 17% 1% 1% 9%
Saudi Arabia 0 21% 4% 5%
Wrld (bboe) 4,545 1342 1087 6974
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Exponential Growth
T2=70/
Example: In how many years would the US population double. The US birth rate is higher than death rate by 1.3%T=70/1.3=41 years.
2000 Census: 281 million (13.2% increase over 1990 data) 2041 Census (estimated): 562 million (probably too high)
RateGrowth Percentage
70Time-Doubling
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World Population Today, there are 6.2 billions people By 2050, population will increase to 10
billions (video)
The rate of growth is very different among different nations
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Consumption (2004 figures)
Resource US World
Fossil Fuels
80% 85%
Nuclear 10% 6.6%Hydro 5% 7.1%Biofuel 4.3% 0.9%Geothermal 0.5% 0.2%Wind 0.1% 0.1%Solar 0.1% 0.1%
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Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption Over consumption
The Problem
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UnitsInternational (SI)
US Customary
Length m ft
Mass kg lbm
Time s s
Force N (newton) lbf
Energy J (joule) BTU
Power W (watt) hp
ENGR302I
Commonly used energy units Calorie (1 cc of water heated by 1oC) Food calorie (Calorie) (5 grams of lettuce) N.m, J, kJ, MJ, EJ, lb-ft kWh (1 light bulb for 10 hours) Quad (Word daily energy consumption) eV Ton of coal, Barrel of oil, Therm Bushel of corn Kiloton of TNT ….
Energy and Power
Energy could be in the form of heat or work Heat is thermal energy Work is mechanical energy
Power is the rate at which work is performed
t
WP
Hydrogen, Gasoline, Hamburger, and TNT
1 kilogram of Hydrogen = 1 gallon of gasoline 1 gallon of gasoline = 60 kilogram of TNT! Lb per lb, TNT has less energy than hamburger
or butter
Why don’t we use gasoline or chocolate chip cookie to blow up a tunnel?
ENGR302I
Power Power Outputs of Few Basic Machines
Flashlight (LED) 1 W
Laptop Computer 10 W
Man (continuous) 100 W
Horse 746 W (1 horsepower)
Man (sprint) 1 kW
Energy Consumption in Average household 10 kW
Automobile (economy) 100 kW
Aircraft Fighter 1 MW
Steam Turbine 100 MW
Large Power Plant 1 GW
Space Shuttle 10 GW
World Total Energy Consumption Rate 10 TW
Hurricane 100 TW
ENGR302I
Units SI vs. US System of units
(m, kg, s) vs. (ft, lb, s) Force (N)
Energy (1 N.m = 1 J) 1 kJ = 1,000 J; 1 MJ=1,000,000 J Also expressed as barrel of oil, Quad, eV
Power (1 J/s= 1 W) 1 kW = 1,000 W; 1 MW=106 W; 1 GW=109 W Also expressed as horsepower, BTU/hr
Units Convention
Dr. Newton, Mr. Joule 235 newtons, 500
kilojoules, 10 kilograms 235 N, 500 kJ, 10 kg
1 mg= 0.001 g 1 kg=1000 g 1 Mg=1 metric ton
Power of ten notations
Prefix Symbol
10-12 pico p
10-9 nano n
10-6 micro
10-3 mili m
103 kilo k
106 Mega (million)
M
109 Giga (billion) G
1012 Tera (trillion) T
1015 Peta P
1018 Exa E
ENGR302I
Course Content
Physical Law (cannot change) Statistical Data (maybe questionable) Political, social, economical issues
(must be argued)