Date post: | 18-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | lou-pei-han |
View: | 40 times |
Download: | 8 times |
Industrial Crops and Products 49 (2013) 775 781
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Industrial Crops and Products
journa l h om epage: www.elsev ier .com
Enhanc nt into bio ro
Soh Khea KahYuen Maa Malaysian Pab MPV Technoloc School of Chem aan M
a r t i c
Article history:Received 26 MReceived in reAccepted 13 Ju
Keywords:Spent bleachinCompostingSoil amendmentBio organic fertilizerSlow release propertyPlant growth
from nly dt has ilizer.E ha
equatty (CEcant
kangkung (Ipomoea aquatic) and groundnut magenta with 2-fold increases (3560%) on average in freshand dry matters production.
2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
1. Introdu
Pre-treawhich invospent bleacder and itsdepending clay (represeluting basiBleaching eodour-causmated that was utilizedwide produ2004).
SBE is ahigh percenet al., 2006feeds, land practiced. Cposal at lan
CorresponE-mail add
0926-6690/$ http://dx.doi.oction
tment of crude palm oil (CPO) during a rening processlves degumming and bleaching, generates plentiful ofhing earth (SBE). Bleaching earth is a very ne pow-
main component is silicon dioxide (57% and moreon the type). It is prepared by treating montmorilloniteented by Al2O34SiO2nH2O) with mineral acids and byc components such as aluminium, iron and magnesium.arth has been used to absorb dark colour matters anding substances in crude oil and vegetable oil. It is esti-about 600,000 metric tonnes or more of bleaching earth
worldwide in the rening process based on the world-ction of more than 60 million tonnes of oils (Park et al.,
discarded palm oil renery (POR) waste containing atage of residual oil (2040%) (Aziz et al., 2001; Loh). Disposal of SBE by incineration, inclusion in animallling method or concrete manufacturing is generallyurrently in Malaysia, the most common practice is dis-dlls causing re and pollution hazards due to the
ding author. Tel.: +60 387694456/9253428; fax: +60 389263827.ress: [email protected] (S.K. Loh).
degradation of the residual oil in it, and the associated green-house gas (GHG) emissions upon its disposal. In Japan, SBE hasbeen incinerated for cement manufacturing but there is difcultyin maintaining good cement quality due to the high concentrationof oil in SBE (Park et al., 2004). In the near future, incineration orlandll disposal will probably become impossible due to a stricterenvironmental regulatory restriction, lack of new dump sites andmost importantly, the release of GHG to the atmosphere at landlls.
The residual oil in SBE should ideally be recovered and re-usedfor industrial applications in order to reduce cost in oil processing.Adding value to the recovered residual oil is among the manypossible approaches to resolving the issue e.g. as feedstock forbiofuels (Loh et al., 2006), biolubricants (Loh et al., 2007), indus-trial grade oleochemicals (Chanrai and Burde, 2004) and animalfeeds (Damodaran, 2008). Apparently, the de-oiled SBE withoutany known applications was destined at landll as required bythe local authorities. SBE without residual oil recovery can alsobe used as feed material (Ng et al., 2006). Other attempts onSBE utilization include regenerating SBE as adsorbents (Cheah andSiew, 2004), fermenting oil-containing SBE to produce riboavinfor use in medicine, food and fodder industries and recoveringriboavin-free SBE-based soil conditioner without much evidencegiven (Park et al., 2004). In recent years, waste clay and recycledbentonite in either their original forms, or co-composted with ricehusk, rice husk ashes, chicken litter and other benecial biomass
see front matter 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.rg/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.06.016ement of palm oil renery waste Spe organic fertilizer and their effects on c
ng Loha,, Stephen Jamesb, Muzzamil Ngatimana,y Chooa, Weng Soon Lima
lm Oil Board, P.O. Box 10620, 50720 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiagies (Pasir Gudang) Sdn. Bhd, Malaysiaical Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangs
l e i n f o
arch 2013vised form 10 June 2013ne 2013
g earth
a b s t r a c t
Spent bleaching earth (SBE) derived physically rened palm oil is commoled to environmental degradation buutilization of SBE as a bio organic fertoil milling by-products. Composted SBand microbial rejuvenation due to adcarbon (OC); cation exchange capacitrials carried out indicate highly signi/ locate / indcrop
bleaching earth (SBE)p biomass growth
Yein Cheonga,c,
alaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
the degumming and bleaching of crude palm oil (CPO) fromisposed off at landlls at a high cost. Its disposal has so farnot been addressed. This study demonstrates the innovative
The SBE was co-composted with some agricultural and palms a positive impact on soil physical attributes for plant growthe amounts of benecial mineral elements; improved organicC); water-holding capacity and C:N ratio. The pot and eld
increases in the productivity of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus),
776 S.K. Loh et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 49 (2013) 775 781
or agriculture by-products as a soil amendment was extensivelyresearched (Arias-Estvez et al., 2007; Croker et al., 2004; Hoet al., 2010; Soda et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2010). For exam-ple, an organic-rich bentonite-based waste particularly generatedfrom the wfacilitate sobial rejuven(Nvoa-Muface can alsleaching of et al., 2011;
To date,because theproblem. Thon 100% recby co-compby-productgood characof crop protilizer applearth. It proproblems c
2. Method
2.1. Materi
Bulk supregular basiacid-activatconditions iwas dischardedicated btransfer systo haulage t
2.2. Pilot se
A pilot Spilot plant wposting sys(width) 118 24 6
2.3. Formulfertilizer
The SBE substances rening prphase with(40%) i.e.(POME) anding ratio ofnitrogenpproduct forvia differen3050 C infacilitate aemicrobial gregularly fo
2.4. Pelletiz
The SBEletized via
pelletizing, and separation, drying and packing. The bio materialswere fed manually to the pelletizer which was equipped with diesof 2 sizes (4 and 6 mm) rotated by a belt system. The pelletizing pro-cess was conducted at an ambient temperature to
S.K. Loh et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 49 (2013) 775 781 777
Table 1Fertilizer value (NPK content) of various bio-based materials.
Component N (%) P (%)
Spent bleaching earth (SBE) 0.060.71 2.012.3Oil palm tru 7 Empty fruit 3 Oil palm fron 3 Mesocarp b 0 Palm oil mil 5 Chicken litte 2
planted. Thlength, numformance awere condu3-month trperiods. Thedry weightand used in
2.7. Field ev
A big scaPertanian Nan agriculttested cropThe sandy lcation rate was used thDepartmenments speciselected raformance inSBE-based bthe fruits wconducted. weights usiment.
2.8. Statisti
A statistof treatmenperformanc
3. Results
Bio fertilcentrated mexcluded thSBE was foupared to vaPOME, EFB,products (ein any bio fbefore comrials which SBE containbe low, thusapplicationlimiting bio
3.1. Charac
Bleachinural clay h
risticite.
terist
oistu% sus
ical co
5.2 4.32 1.011.7 3.9 2.510.4 0.08 1.701.2 0.96 2.28NA 0.10 0.05NA 0.90 0.30NA 4.87 0.05
o Supreme 1B supplied by Taiko Clay Marketing Sdn. Bhd. (2006).as Zeolite, national fertilizer for Bionas Bio-diesel Project.applicable.
ristics of residual oil of spent bleaching earth (SBE).
teristics SBE
al oil characteristicstty acids, FFA (%) 12.6de value, PV (meq/kg) 3.4horus, P (mg/kg) 18.7e (mg/kg) 1.24r, Cu (mg/kg) 0.38tene (mg/kg) 6itamin E (mg/kg) 38.8
acid compositions, FAC (wt% as methyl esters) 1.0 44.4 4.7
39.4 10.5
etically it mimics zeolite in many ways. It has essential min-ments (N, P, K Table 1; Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ti Table 2)necial elements (Si, Na Table 2) for potential use as applement for plant growth. The physicochemical properties
after the bleaching process in oil renery have not alteredompared to the fresh earth (Table 2). Furthermore SBE fromsorbs about 6 to 18% of residual CPO mainly palm-based fattyanging from C14 to C18 which also contains important nutri-ments and phytonutrients (e.g. carotene, vitamin E, Table 3).er the earth and the oil of SBE are relevant candidates in pro-nks (OPT) 0.19 0.0bunches (EFB) 0.33 0.0ds (OPF) 0.55 0.0re 0.80 0.1
l efuent (POME-treated) 4.68 1.2r 1.08 2.2
e physical parameters observed were plant height, rootber of leaf, size of leaf and number of fruit. Two per-
nd efcacy assessments at different cultivation periodcted i.e. in a month of cultivation and after a completeial. The plants were harvested after the set cultivation
physical parameters of the plant (fresh weight and or of the total biomass, shoot and root) were measured
a statistical analysis.
aluation and efcacy test
le eld trial was conducted in cooperation with Jabatanegeri Perak at Kompleks Pertanian Titi Gantung underural programme by the Ministry of Agriculture. The
was groundnut var. magenta on 0.5 ha cultivation land.oam soil used was loose with pH of 5.76.5. An appli-of 250 kg ha1 of the SBE-based bio organic fertilizerroughout the trial. This rate was recommended by thet as per the standard used based on the NPK require-cally for planting magenta groundnut. Ten plants werendomly for the monitoring of the plant growth per-
every fortnight starting from the application of theio organic fertilizer. At the end of the cropping phase,ere harvested and measurement of their fresh weightsThe results were compared with that of the fresh fruitng commercial fertilizer commonly used by the Depart-
cal analysis
ical analysis tool, t-test was used to analyze signicancet of SBE-based bio organic fertilizer on plant growthe.
and discussion
izer production in the oil palm industry has so far con-ainly on the by-products from palm oil mills but hase renery waste (namely SBE) discharged by the PORs.nd to contain a fairly adequate quantity of NPK com-
rious other bio materials such as oil palm biomass (e.g. OPT and oil palm frond or OPF) and agricultural by-.g. chicken litter) (Table 1), which is essentially requiredertilizer production. The initial C:N ratio of 290 in SBEposting was far too high compared to other bio mate-could decompose readily in the eld as mulch. Thoughed a high C with limited N, the bioavailability of C could
the decomposition of SBE being slow. Hence, the direct
Table 2Characteand zeol
Charac
Free mpH (20
ChemSiO2Al2O3Fe2O3MgO CaO Na2OK2O MnO2TiO2P2O5
a Taikb Bion
NA: not
Table 3Characte
Charac
ResiduFree faPeroxiPhospIron, FCoppe-CaroTotal v
Fatty C14:0C16:0C18:0C18:1C18:2
hypotheral eleand besoil suof SBEmuch cPOR adacids rent eleTogeth of SBE to soil would have caused a detrimental effect inavailability of soil N for plant growth.
teristics of SBE
g earth is montmorillonite and bentonite-based nat-aving similar characteristics as that of zeolite, thus
moting plarejuvenatioof these nuP2O5 has a pN and Mg Hence, the overall planK (%) C:N
6 0.270.84 2901.21 1551.59 50942.00 48610.50 575.16 82.25 7
s of freshly manufactured bleaching earth, spent bleaching earth (SBE)
ics aFresh bleaching earth SBE bZeolite
re (%) 10.5 01.8 6.9pension) 4.6 4.55.3 6.07.0
mposition by ash (% oxides by wt)60.4 56.9 7111.5 9.24 119.3 8.27 1.61nt growth and providing nutrients for microorganismn. Regardless of the concentration and bioavailabilitytrients in SBE, it is well established that the presence ofositive impact on the growth of owers and fruits, whileaffect leaves growth and K catalyzes photosynthesis.presence of NPK is required in any form of fertilizer fort growth. Based on the analyses, SBE has almost all the
778 S.K. Loh et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 49 (2013) 775 781
Table 4Characteristics of spent bleaching earth (SBE) before and after composting.
Fertilizer characteristic SBE SBE-based bio organic Mineral soil Soil: SBE-based bio organic (50:50)
Water holding capacity, ml/100 g 5.76.5 1320 14 137140Organic carbon (%) 7.06 15.8117.23 1215 11.85Organic matter content (%) 12.17 27.2630.04 1530 20.43Cation exchange capacity, cmol/kg 8.03 31.536.0 29.2 3239C:N 290 921 2535 32pH 4.55.2 5.46.5 5.56.5 5.89
nutrients required for plant growth although not in an optimizedlevel.
Another important aspect is that SBE contains Si and Al (Table 2)that strengthens the ability of soil to hold nutrients. Due to the iso-morphous substitution of Si4+ by Al3+ in the mineral structure ofthe earth and the containment of the negatively charged organicmatter in it, SBE has a net negative surface charge. The negativecharge associated with isomorphous substitution is considered per-manent, that is, the charge does not change with pH changes. Inthis case, when SBE is associated with soil, it enhances soil char-acteristics and strengthens the negativity of soil surface charges inexchanging the positively charged ions of common nutrients suchas Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Fe2+, Na+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+. This furthersupports the increases of CEC in the presence of increased organiccarbon (OC) in composted SBE.
Besides, a total pore volume of 0.165 cm3 g1 for the SBE isindicative of a material that is not as good an adsorbent as activatedcarbon (0.459 cm3 g1) but sufces to loosely bind the nutrients andrelease them slowly when needed by the crops. It shows adequatesorption/desorption capability. Once it is enhanced or composted,it increasescapacity of at the momSBE was ind
3.2. SBE-ba
Organic occurring minclude mi
rock phosphate which is naturally occurring too. Organic fertilizeris produced naturally or via natural biological processes such ascomposting. The majority of nitrogen supplying organic fertilizerscontain insoluble nitrogen and act as a slow-release fertilizer. SBEwhich is a naturally occurring montmorillonite/bentonite clay con-taining mineral deposits that is mined and physically treated intopowder form without using chemicals. Hence, they can be consid-ered organic. By co-composting SBE with other naturally occurringorganic materials such as agricultural by-products and oil palmbiomass, the composted nished products can still be consideredas organic fertilizers.
3.3. Composting process
A signicant problem in the reuse of SBE from vegetable oilprocessing is its hydrophobic nature in the presence of residualoil on its surfaces as well as its acidic nature. The average pHof the 1:5 extract SBE solutions (20% suspension) and the water-holding capacity of SBE were 4.9 and 6.1 mL/100 g, respectively.Through the co-composting of SBE with chicken litter and palm oil
by-alterpos
incralkalg prosencs as ty, bining
Fig. 1. Compa*Data obtained**Fertilizer spe water holding capacity, porosity and the adsorptionnutrients. Unfortunately, there is not enough evidenceent to show that the structure and texture of compostedeed improved.
sed bio organic fertilizer
fertilizers are naturally occurring fertilizers or naturallyineral deposits. In practice, organic fertilizers usually
neral-based fertilizers as well, such as greensand or
millingcantly co-comThe pHto the postinthe preprocescapaciin retarison of nutrient levels (%) between spent bleaching earth (SBE)-based bio organic and ot from commercially available organic fertilizer packaging labels.cication by Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia.products, the chemical attributes of SBE were signi-ed. The average pH and water-holding capacity of theted materials were 6.1 and 16.5 mL/100 g, respectively.eased with the addition of co-composted material dueine nature and alkalinity generated through the com-cess. The hydrophobic nature of SBE was high due toe of adsorbed residual oil associated with the bleachingwas evidenced by the measurement of water-holdingut the composted SBE showed an increased capacity
water, thus declining in the hydrophobic nature. Ither commercial organic fertilizers (A, B, C).
S.K. Loh et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 49 (2013) 775 781 779
was evident that this was attributed in part to an active micro-bial rejuvenation during the composting in consuming the residualoil. The increase in water-holding capacity also was indicative ofan increase in total porosity.
3.4. Characteristics of SBE-based bio organic fertilizer
The novel composting method has the ability to modify themorphology of the clay structure in SBE, in remedying and improv-ing other chemical attributes besides eliminating the acidic andhydrophobic nature of the earth. The resulting SBE has beentransformed into an effective bio organic material with improvedorganic carbon (OC) content from 7.1 to 16.5%, the CEC from 8.0 to33.8 cmol/kg, the water-holding capacity from 6.1 to 16.5 ml/100 gand the C:N ratio from 290 to 921. The OC increased due to theresidual oil in SBE and the high OC content of the co-compostedmaterials. Most of the degradable organic matter was decomposedand replenished. An increase in OC after composting would havecontributed to the observed increase in CEC, thereby enhancing thenutrient supplying capacity of the bio organic fertilizer made. Sur-prisingly, the C:N ratio improved tremendously after composting.This showed that the microorganisms present in SBE, 8000 colonialform unit (CFU) in 10 mL of diluted SBE supernatant, had utilizedthe residual oil and the organic matter readily available in SBE ascarbon source to manipulate and transform SBE into a suitable basematerial facilitating microbial activities.
When SBE is associated with soil, the CEC of soil will be improved(Table 4) by weakly binding the exchangeable cations onto thenegatively charged soil surface via electrostatic forces. The CECof the mineral soil mixed with composted SBE at SBE:soil ratio of50:50 has increased from its original 8 cmol per kg to 3239 cmolper kg. This is indicative of an increase in organic matter (sourceof negative electrostatic sites), thus an increase in ability of the
Fig. 2. Fresh matter production (total biomass, shoot and root) of kangkung in a pottrial after a month of cultivation with composted spent bleaching earth (SBE).
soil to exchange, attract and retain nutrient elements from SBEin a loosely bound bonding. This will prevent nutrient loss vialeaching by allowing plants to extract them from the soil via swap-ping them with H+.
The high CEC is also indicative of greater water-holding capacityand slow release of water/nutrients once it is mixed and acti-vated with soil. It holds 20 mL of water per 100 g of SBE whilesoil mixed with composted SBE (50:50) can hold up to 140 mL ofwater (Table 4). The resulting bio organic material thus has a slowrelease property in managing the controlled-released efciency ofnutrients and water in soilfertilizer interaction. This is because thetransformed SBE tends to entrap/encapsulate volatile nutrient ele-ments (such as N) and then releases them slowly into the soil it isapplied to. An optimal C:N ratio ranged 921 in SBE-formulated bioorganic fertilizer was achieved approaching C:N ratio for adequatemicrobial soil function, thus shows evident that it contributes to
Fig. 3. Compa m diameter and (d) fruit size] of okra in different fertilizer treatment (A)Control, (B) ch ial.rison of the plant growth performance [(a) height of plant, (b) size of leaf, (c) steicken litter and (C) composted spent bleaching earth (SBE), after a 3-month eld tr
780 S.K. Loh et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 49 (2013) 775 781
Table 5Example of results of a eld trial on groundnut var. magenta using composted spentbleaching earth (SBE).
Parameter [per plot (0.5 ha)basis]
Composted SBE-based Standard fertilizer
Average planNo. of pods1 pod 2 pods 3 pods % of 2 podsAverage fres
plant nutritother commdecomposit
The SBEgive good bnatural bin
3.5. Perform
Small sckangkung aa bio organ
3.5.1. IpomThe t-tes
and the selafter a mongrowth of tand clearlyfresh weighthe plants ttreatment (treated witleaves and
3.5.2. AbelmIt was ob
signicantlthe stem dcompared thad healthi
The t-tesand the seletivation witon the oveshowed an otion for thand for thesame treatmdemonstratleaf (p = 0.7evidence (pweights whof okra for yield and 37
The obsand efcacment (60%It was obsebio organic population clear leaf bo
resh and dry matters production of the selected harvested biomass of okra trial at (a) a month and (b) 3 month of cultivation with composted spentg earth (SBE).
ce, the pot and eld trials that have been conducted so fard that composted SBE-based bio organic fertilizer enhancestility, promotes rapid root and plant growth, and improvesality while increasing crop productivity and yield. Currently,rials are under way to investigate the effects of this organicer on oil palm productivity. Nevertheless, it would be oft to focus on incorporating SBE with other wastes gener-r potential application on a wide range of other crops in the
clusion
ough composting SBE with agricultural and palm oil millingducts, the physicochemical properties such as the acid reac-and hydrophobic nature of the composted SBE improvedbio organic fertilizer package
t height (cm) 61.3 100.1
195 110351 226
3 264 67
h weight (g) 1201.2 756.2
ion when applied to the soil, and that it is superior toercial organic fertilizers (Fig. 1) in terms of biologicalion of organic residue and bioavailability of C, N and P.-based bio organic fertilizer is favourably pelletized toinding effect to the fertilizer due to the presence ofder vis--vis the residual oil in SBE.
ance of pot and eld trials
ale pot assays was conducted on (i) I. aquatic ornd (ii) A. esculentus or okra, using composted SBE asic fertilizer.
oea aquatic or kangkungt of the fresh weights of the total biomass (whole plant)ected parts of the harvested biomass (shoot and root)th of cultivation showed, on average, a more signicanthe plants shoot (p = 0.02) than that of its root (p = 0.72)
demonstrating an overall 50% increase in kangkungt production (m = 18.1, SD = 2.0, t(3) = 3.2, p = 0.018) forreated with composted SBE compared to that withoutm = 12.5, SD = 0.5) (Fig. 2). It was observed that kangkungh composted SBE has a better germination rate, morehealthier growth compared to the control.
oschus esculentus or okraserved that okra treated with composted SBE improvedy in the plant height (Fig. 3a), the size of the leaf (Fig. 3b),iameter (Fig. 3c), the yield and the fruit size (Fig. 3d)o that of the plants without treatment. The treated okraer growth too.t of the fresh weights of the total biomass (whole plant)cted parts of the harvested biomass after a month of cul-h the composted SBE showed signicant improvementsrall plant growth and fruit yield (Fig. 4a). The resultsverall 2- to 3-fold increase in okra fresh weight produc-e total biomass (m = 19.8, SD = 1.7, t(4) = 2.8, p = 0.0003)
fruit (m = 16.1, SD = 1.5, t(3) = 3.2, p = 0.003). Under theent and after a complete 3-month trial, the okra plants
ed insignicant growth in both the root (p = 0.18) and0) in the dry weight basis. However, there is enough
= 0.01 and 0.04, respectively for the fresh and dry fruitich are < = 0.05) to show that the yield productivity
Fig. 4. Fin a potbleachin
Henshowesoil fercrop qusome tfertilizinteresated fofuture.
4. Con
Thrby-protivity this treatment increased signicantly i.e. 60% for fresh% for dry yield, respectively (Fig. 4b).
ervations conducted on the big scale eld evaluationy testing showed that there was a signicant incre-) in the fresh weight of groundnut magenta (Table 5).rved that the plot treated with composted SBE-basedfertilizer in groundnut magenta cultivation showed lessof wild grass as well as having brighter leaf colour andnes.
drastically.izer properand OC conact as an esoilfertilizconducted productivitcompost caof crops. The resulting compost exhibited some enhanced fertil-ties such as the C:N ratio, water-holding capacity, CECtent that was able to rejuvenate degraded soil, and tofcient water/nutrients controlled release fertilizer iner interaction. Results from the pot assays and eld trialfurther revealed a signicant biomass growth and yieldy for the tested crops. In general, the developed SBEn be used as a bio organic fertilizer for a wide range
S.K. Loh et al. / Industrial Crops and Products 49 (2013) 775 781 781
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Director-General of Malaysian Palm OilBoard (MPOB) for nancial support, and for permission to publishthe ndings. The technical assistance provided by the staff of theEnergy and Environment Unit of MPOB is also deeply appreciated.
References
ASTM, 2010. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM D2980-04(2010) Standards Test Method for Volume Weights, Water HoldingCapacity, and Air Capacity of Water Saturated Peat Materials. ASTM Interna-tional, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/D2980-04R10www.astm.org
ASTM, 2009. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ASTM 5142-09Standard Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of the Analysis Sample of Coaland Coke by Instrumental Procedures. ASTM International, West Conshohocken,PA, http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/D5142-09 www.astm.org
ASTM, 2002. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM D5373-93(2002) Standard Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon,Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Laboratory Samples of Coal and Coke. ASTM Interna-tional, West Conshohocken, PA, 2002, http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/D5373-93R02www.astm.org
Arias-Estvez, M., Lpez-Periago, E., Nvoa-Munoz, J.C., Torrado-Agrasar, A., Simal-Gndara, J., 2007. Treatment of an acid soil with bentonite used for wine ning:effects on soil properties and the growth of Lolium multiorum. J. Agric. FoodChem. 55, 75417546.
Aziz, A.R., Harcharan, S., Elkanzi, E.M., Lam, L.S., Liew, S.H., 2001. Feasibility study ofoil recovery from used bleaching earth using waste solvents. In: Proceedings ofPalm Oil Research Institute Malaysia (PORIM), International Palm Oil Congress(PIPOC), pp. 126133.
Bermdez-Couso, A., Fernndez-Calvino, D., Pateiro-Moure, M., Nvoa-Munoz, J.C.,Simal-Gndara, J., Arias-Estvez, M., 2011. Adsorption and desorption kineticsof carbofuran in acid soils. J. Hazard. Mater. 190, 159167.
Chanrai, N.G., Burde, S.G., 2004. Recovery of oil from spent bleaching earth. US PatentNo. 6,780,321 B2.
Cheah, K.Y., SieOil Board http://palm
Chen, Q., ZhanEvaluationin Beijing
Croker, J., Posstonite addsandy soil
Damodaran, RBusiness N
Ho, S.P., Yuancompostin8280828
Loh, S.K., Choo, Y.M., Ma, A.N., 2007. Residual oil from spent bleachingearth (SBE) for biodiesel and biolubricant applications. Malaysian Palm OilBoard (MPOB) Information Series 381, MPOB TT No. 367. Available fromhttp://palmoilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/TOT/TT-367.pdf
Loh, S.K., Cheng, S.F., Choo, Y.M., Ma, A.N., 2006. A study of residual oils recoveredfrom spent bleaching earth: their characteristics and applications. Am. J. Appl.Sci. 3 (10), 20632067.
Ng, W.K., Koh, C.B., Din, Z.B., 2006. Palm oil-laden spent bleaching clay as a substitutefor marine sh oil in the diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquacult.Nutr. 12 (6), 459468.
Nvoa-Munoz, J.C., Simal-Gndara, J., Fernndez-Calvino, D., Lpez-Periago, E.,Arias-Estvez, M., 2008. Changes in soil properties and in the growth of Loliummultiorum in an acid soil amended with a solid waste from wineries. Bioresour.Technol. 99 (15), 67716779.
Park, E.Y., Kato, A., Ming, H., 2004. Utilization of waste activated bleaching earthcontaining palm oil in riboavin production by Ashbya gossypii. J. Am. Oil Chem.Soc. 81 (1), 5762.
Pateiro-Moure, M., Nvoa-Munoz, J.C., Arias-Estvez, M., Lpez-Periago, E.,Martnez-Carballo, E., Simal-Gndara, J., 2009. Quaternary herbicides retentionby the amendment of acid soils with a bentonite-based waste from wineries. J.Hazardous Mater. 164 (23), 769775.
Rayment, G.E., Higginson, F.R., 1992. Australian Laboratory Handbook of Soil andWater Chemical Methods. Inkata Press, Melbourne, Australia.
Soda, W., Noble, A.D., Suzuki, S., Simmons, R., Sindhusen, L., Bhuthorndharaj, S., 2006.Co-composting of acid waste bentonites and their effects on soil properties andcrop biomass. J. Environ. Qual. 35, 22932301.
Soda, W., Noble, A.D., Suzuki, S., Simmons, R., Sindhusen, L., Bhuthorndharaj, S., 2005.Composting of bentonite wastes from vegetable oil processing with rice husk,rice husk ashes and chicken litter to lower the hydrophobicity and acid reactiv-ity of bentonite wastes. In: Proceeding of The XV International Plant NutritionColloquium, Beijing, China, pp. 11861187.
SIRIM, 1980. Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). Rec-ommended Methods for Soil Chemical Analysis MS678: Part I to V, Malaysia.
Walkley, A., Black, I.A., 1934. An examination of the degtjareff method for determin-ing soil organic matter and prepared modication of the chromic acid titrationmethod. Soil Sci. 34, 2938.
Wang, X.Q., Zhang, J.Q., Liu, B.H., Qiu, D.L., 2010. Spent bleaching clay (SBC) from oilrening as a substrate for the spawn production of shiitake mushroom (Lentinulaedodes). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 953, 90079011.
H., Ma: Dete
Oil RH., Ma): Detute MH., Ma): Detute MH., M(13.0
hod, Bi.w, W.L., 2004. Regeneration of spent bleaching clay. Malaysian Palm(MPOB) Information Series 237, MPOB TT No. 230. Available from:oilis.mpob.gov.my/publications/TOT/TT-230.pdf
g, X.S., Zhang, H.Y., Christie, P., Li, X.L., Horlacher, D., Liebig, H.P., 2004. of current fertilizer practice and soil fertility in vegetable productionregion. Nutr. Cycling Agroecosyst. 69 (2004), 5158., R., Hartmann, C., Bhuthorndharaj, S., 2004. Effects of recycled ben-ition on soil properties, plant growth and nutrient uptake in a tropical. Plant Soil 267 (2004), 155163.., 2008. Ecooils Invests RM6.5m in Second Plant. New Strait Times,ews, Malaysia., S.T., Jien, S.H., Hseu, Z.Y., 2010. Elucidating the process of co-g of biosolids and spent activated clay. Bioresour. Technol. 101,6.
Zulkii, (9.1)Palm
Zulkii, (10.1Insti
Zulkii, (11.1Insti
Zulkii, ysis MetBangsnon, Z.M., 1993a. PORIM Soil Analysis Manual Part 1 Soil Analysisrmination of Organic Carbon (Walkley and Black), Biology Division.esearch Institute Malaysia (PORIM), Bangi.snon, Z.M., 1993b. PORIM Soil Analysis Manual Part 1 Soil Analysistermination of Total Nitrogen, Biology Division. Palm Oil Researchalaysia (PORIM), Bangi.snon, Z.M., 1993c. PORIM Soil Analysis Manual Part 1 Soil Analysis
termination of Total Phosphorus, Biology Division. Palm Oil Researchalaysia (PORIM), Bangi.
asnon, Z.M., 1993d. PORIM Soil Analysis Manual Part 1 Soil Anal-): Determination of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) by Leachingiology Division. Palm Oil Research Institute Malaysia (PORIM),
Enhancement of palm oil refinery waste Spent bleaching earth (SBE) into bio organic fertilizer and their effects on crop...1 Introduction2 Methods2.1 Materials2.2 Pilot setup of a SBE recovery plant2.3 Formulation and production of SBE-based bio organic fertilizer2.4 Pelletization of SBE-based bio organic fertilizer2.5 Analyses2.6 Pot assay2.6.1 Ipomoea aquatic (kangkung)2.6.2 Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)
2.7 Field evaluation and efficacy test2.8 Statistical analysis
3 Results and discussion3.1 Characteristics of SBE3.2 SBE-based bio organic fertilizer3.3 Composting process3.4 Characteristics of SBE-based bio organic fertilizer3.5 Performance of pot and field trials3.5.1 Ipomoea aquatic or kangkung3.5.2 Abelmoschus esculentus or okra
4 ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences