EnlightenmentEnlightenmentAmerican RevolutionAmerican Revolution

French RevolutionFrench RevolutionHaitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution

<Congress of Vienna>Congress of Vienna> and more revolutions………

The EnlightenmentInspired by the Scientific Revolution

and the English Revolutions

All things have natural causes that can be discovered by using

experimentation, observation and reason

Deism• The universe reflects a divine intelligence• Divine Intelligence created the world to

function according to natural laws• Divine Intelligence does not break [his] own

natural laws; does not interfere/intervene in universe –

• Reason is our guide to understanding the universe and so the Divine Intelligence also

• A few philosophes were atheists but most were deists

• Why anti-Christianity?• Saw it as perpetuating superstition, ignorance

and persecution• So rejected miracles, Jesus’ divinity, clerical

authority, and that spiritual texts were from God

Some philosophers:• Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire,

Montesquieu, Rousseau

MATCH with Philosophers• Power of the government should

be absolute• Elite trick population into

accepting inequality• Due process necessary• Government derives from human

need• No separation of church and state• Freedom of speech• Reason should drive government

decisions• Separation of powers required• A woman could head the gov’t• Everyone’s rights should be

protected equally• Focus on individual liberty

• Rejects divine right• Anti-slavery• Rights and liberties are created by

agreement of society• Civilization has corrupted society• Written during the English Civil War• Subjects must accept abuses of

power• No separation of powers• People must put community before

private• In the “State of Nature”, humanity is

free to do anything• Religious toleration• Based on Social Contract theory• Purpose of government is to protect

people’s rights

Political spectrum

Rousseau const. Hobbes Divine monarchy Right

Monarchy

“LEFT” “RIGHT”

These terms arise during the French Revolutions

Enlightened Despotism• A despot is an absolute ruler or autocrat• An Enlightened despot was an absolute monarch

that tried to apply the principles of reason to their rule – while still holding on to all their power!– No constitution & no legislature

• Encouraged education, religious toleration, organized, rational law code, tax reform, industry

• Catherine the Great of Russia• Frederick the Great of Prussia• Joseph II of Austria (&HRE)• Expansion

Impact of the Enlightenment

• Laws based more on reason• Reduction of torture• Reliance on evidence for truth• Application of scientific method to study

of history, coins, chronology, linguistics• Belief in progress• Neo-classical art & architecture• DESIRE FOR POLITICAL CHANGE

Neoclassical Art

Neoclassical Architecture

Monticello

University of Virginia

Milton High School!

Thomas Paine

• What techniques and allusions does Paine use to draw people into his argument against the English government?

• Who is he trying to appeal to?

• Would the framers of the constitution support his ideas?

The “AmericanAmerican RevolutionRevolution”

• What were the causes?• How/why were the colonies able to defeat

Britain?• Why/how were the Articles of Confederation

overturned (in a “coup d’etat”)• What was the purpose of the Bill of Rights?

• How/why did the American Revolution impact France?

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution• Financial bankruptcy• Meeting of the Estates General• “rebellion” of the 3rd estate delegates

– “National Assembly”– Tennis Court Oath

• Bastille • Great Fear – peasant uprisings• Women’s march to Versailles

The Oath of the Tennis Court

Reforms of the National AssemblyReforms of the National Assembly• Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen• Constitutional Monarchy• End to noble privilege and equality

before the law• End of monopolies and guilds• State control of the French Catholic

church• Civil liberties• Voting rights limited to men of property

Tri-couleur - French national Flag

Problems during the National Assembly• Divisions in the legislature; Difficulty in getting

things done• Dissatisfaction of supporters of the revolution

who had not seen their circumstances improve• Clergy who refused to take an oath of loyalty to

the government• Royal family caught trying to flee• France went to war against Austria and Prussia• inflation• Propaganda

22ndnd Revolution Revolution • Radicals in the legislature along with the sans

culottes of Paris: • attack the royal palace• Seize city government of Paris• Seize control of the Legislature (National

Assembly)• Establish new government:

– French RepublicFrench Republic; – legislature: National Convention

Changes made by Changes made by The RepublicThe Republic• No monarchy (king executed Jan 1793)• Universal male suffrage; abolition of slavery• Conscription/ military draft• Elimination of Catholic church• New calendar; no “Sunday”• Committee of Public Safety – to run the war and

guard against counterrevolutionaries inside France/ one of the leaders: Robespierre

• gov’t began reign of Terror reign of Terror – fear that the revolution would be overthrown

David;The Death of Marat

Post-Reign of Terror

• New government more restrictive but still a “Republic”

• Corruption, uprisings, ineffectual govt• France still at war with everyone• General Napoleon Bonaparte gains fame for

victories over Austria and in Egypt• Coup d’etat by Napoleon - 1799

NapoleonNapoleon• Napoleon’s expansion of power:

– Consulate– Consul for life “Code Napoleon”– Emperor of France (1804)

• Land:– Netherlands, Italy, N. Germany, Spain– Alliances with Prussia, Austria, Russia

• Only Britain kept fighting…

Military• Reorganized• Comprised of many

nationalities• Viewed as “liberators” • No looting & pillaging• Loyal and proud – fighting

for “freedom”– Liberte, egalite,

fraternite • Won every land battle –

rapid movement of troops (until 1813)

Why was Napoleon popular?• Land to peasants• Support for business (National Bank)• National board of education• Promotion on the basis of merit• Amnesty to nobles who had fled from France• Food at good prices for the people of Paris• Peace with the Catholic Church• STABILITY – tried to please everyone

• National prideNational pride

So what happened?So what happened?• Britain never gave up – caused continual

war & higher taxes

• Naval loss at Trafalgar (but followed by HUGE land victory at Austerlitz)

• Blockade against Britain became unpopular• Growing nationalism among non-French

groups• 1812 - Invasion of Russia – devastating• 1813 – loss at Leipzig to new coalition

Exile – return - exile• Exiled to island of Elba

(made King of Elba) • Returned and retook

France• Defeated at Battle of

Waterloo (in Belgium)• Exiled to St. Helena

(Middle of South Atlantic)

The French Monarchy was restored but the Code was retained

St. Helena

• Napoleon died 1821– Cause?

• Body was moved back to France 1840

Did Napoleon betray or preserve the ideals of the French

Revolution?

Haitian Revolution• French colony Saint-Domingue • Plantocracy –

– Grand Blancs– Petit Blancs– Gens de couleur (mulattos)– 90% African slaves (1/2 of all the slaves in the

Caribbean!)• Gens de couleur wanted equality with the Blancs

(But NOT racial equality for blacks or the end to slavery)

• 1791 -French National Assembly granted equality to free blacks & gens de couleur

• Grand Blancs refused• conflict

• Questions about authority led to a slave rebellion

• Former slave Toussaint Toussaint L’OvertureL’Overture became a leader

• 1792 – French Republic – National Convention abolished slavery

• Rebels joined the French troops to enforce

• After the Terror, new French government – reinstate slavery?

Toussaint L 'OvertureToussaint L 'Overture• T L’O led in creation of a

constitution 1801• Napoleon reinstated

colonial slavery 1802• T L’O was captured; died in

French prison• But Napoleon’s troops

eventually withdrew (1804)• 1804- 2nd new American

state! HaitiHaiti

Problems in new Haiti• Island destroyed by the wars• Dominated by Gens de Couleur • New elite sought to better their position at the

expense of the masses…• Government corruption • Isolated from slave states• Lack of markets• Lack of production• Poverty

Congress of Vienna

Goals of the CongressGoals of the Congress• Make a peace settlement• legitimacy: restore “legal” governments

(hereditary monarchy)• compensation: reward nations that helped

to defeat Napoleon• balance of power: agree to keep any one

country from getting too powerful• surround France with strong countries

Key Key Representatives…….Representatives…….

• AustriaAustria: Count Metternich• Great BritainGreat Britain: Lord Castlereagh• PrussiaPrussia: King Frederick William III• RussiaRussia: Czar Alexander I

• FranceFrance: Talleyrand

1815

Post Vienna:Post Vienna:• Concert of Europe –cooperation among the big 5• countries had regular meetings to settle

international problems• Quadruple Alliance (B,P,R,A)• Holy Alliance (P,R,A)

• “Metternich SystemMetternich System” • defend absolute monarchy• stamp out nationalism and liberalism• Metternich of Austria especially concerned

because revolutions would destroy the Austrian Empire – comprised of multiple nationalities

But new forces grow in Europe• NationalismNationalism – national pride; the desire of

groups of people to have their own country and independent government based on nationality – Germans, Italians, Poles, Czechs, etc.

• LiberalismLiberalism – based on the ideas of the Enlightenment and the moderate French Revolution; supported freedoms of speech, press, religion & trade and equality before the law

• So what was considered “radical”?

Impact of New Ideas• Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire• Belgium independent• 1830 French revolution: Louis Philippe – the

“citizen” king• 1848 Revolutions –

– Everywhere– Desire for independent or unified state

Or– Desire for political reforms

• Only Britain and Russia did not have a revolution in 1848

1830 French Revolution

Napoleon III(Napoleon’s nephew)

President in 1848Emperor 1851-1871

BritainBritain • Had instituted some reforms:• Parliamentary reform- 1832 (more middle

class voters)• Ended the Corn Laws

• Nicholas I: Severe repression 1825 continued until 1855

• So both avoided revolutions in 1848, but for different reasons

RussiaRussia

The Industrial Revolution!!! Began in Great Britain