ENGLISH GRAMMER

BACK BONE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Definition of Grammar

The definition of grammar is as

follows:

Grammar applies rules for

standard use of words and how

their component parts combine to

form sentences.

A grammar is

also a system for classifying and

analyzing the elements of

language including inflections,

functions, rules and relations in

the sentence.

ALPHABETS

WORDS

The group of alphabets

THE SENTENCEA GROUP OF WORDS THAT

MAKE COMPLETE SENSE

GROUP OF WORDS :-

The east in rises the sun.

SENTENCE:-

The sun rises in the east.

STRUCTURE OF A SENTENCE

THE SENTENCE

RULES :---

1. The first word of a sentence always begins with a capital letter.

2. A full stop (.) must be place at the end of a sentence.

THE PHRASE

The group of words that make sense but not complete sense.

At ten o’clock ,

for two hours ,

in the west ,

in the east ,

by day ,

by night ,

at night ,

on a table.

VERB

The sentence has a

in it; but a phrase hasn’t.

VERB

The sentence has a

in it; but a phrase hasn’t.

EXAMPLE

SENTENCE:

I will be giving you a presentation.

PHRASE:

For an hour.

EXAMPLE

SENTENCE:

I will be giving you a presentation.

PHRASE:

For an hour.VERB

HAS NO VERB

EXAMPLE

SENTENCE:I will be giving you a presentation.

PHRASE:For an hour.

VERB

HAS NO VERB

A verb is a word which says something about a subject.

VERB

KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARES

SOMETHING.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARES EXAMPLE:>>

SOMETHING. 1. The boys were swimming in the

river.

2. The sun rises in the east.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A

QUESTION.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A EXAMPLE:>>

QUESTION. 1. Who has broken the glass?

2. Where is the aero plane?

KINDS OF SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES

A COMMAND, A REQUEST OR

A DESIRE.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSES EXAMPLE:>>

A COMMAND, A REQUEST OR 1. Peter, shut the door.

A DESIRE. 2. Please bring me a glass of water.

3. I wish to play chess.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS

SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN

FEELING.

KINDS OF SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS EXAMPLE:>>

SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN 1. How beautiful this rose is!

FEELING. 2. What a noise they are making!

PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

THE PERSON OR THING WE SPEAK ABOUT.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

WHAT IS SAID ABOUT THE

SUBJECT.

PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we are talking about

cow

PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT PREDICATE

The cow is grazing in the field.

we say about cow that it is grazing in the field.

PARTS OF SPEECH

THE PARTS OF SPEECH

Every name is called a NOUN,As field and fountain, street and town

In place of noun the PRONOUN standsAs he and she can clap their hands

The ADJECTIVE describes a thing,As magic wand and bridal ring

The VERB means action, something done -To read, to write, to jump, to run

How things are done, the ADVERBS tell,As quickly, slowly, badly, well

The PREPOSITION shows relation,As in the street, or at the station

CONJUNCTIONS join, in many ways,Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase

EXAMPLE

TENSES

TYPES OF TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENTSIMPLE PASTSIMPLE FUTUREPRESENT CONTINUOUSPAST CONTINUOUSFUTURE CONTINUOUSPRESENT PRFECTPAST PERFECTFUTURE PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT

CONTINUOUSPAST PERFECT CONTINUOUSFUTURE PERFECT

CONTINUOUS

SIMPLE & PERFECT TENSES

SIMPLE TENSES

Simple present Bill walks his dog.

Simple Past  Bill walked his dog.

Simple future Bill will walk his dog.

PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfect  Bill has walked his dog.

Past Perfect  Bill had walked his dog.

Future Perfect  Bill will have walked his dog.

CONTINUOUS TENSES

CONTINUOUS TENSES

Present Continuous Tense Bill is walking his dog.Past Continuous Tense Bill was walking his dog.Future Continuous Tense Bill will be walking his dog.

PERFCT CONTINUOUS

Present Perfect Continuous Tense Bill has been walking his dog.Past Perfect Continuous Tense Bill had been walking his dog.Future Perfect Continuous Tense Bill will have been walking his dog.

ACTIVE VOICE

Active voice

In most English sentences with an action verb, the subjectperforms the action denoted by the verb.These examples show that the subject is  doing the verb action.

PASSIVE VOICE

One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the verb - or passive.Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.

ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

1.  Move  the active sentence's direct object into the

sentence's subject  slot

2. Place the active sentence's subject into a  phrase beginning with the preposition by

ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

3.  Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the  main verb's form

PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice

sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.

1.  Move  the passive sentence's subject into the

active  sentence's  direct object slot

2.  Remove  the auxiliary verb be from the main verb and change main verb's form if needed

PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

•  3. Place the passive sentence's object of the preposition

by into the subject slot.

NARRATION

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct

speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks

("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

NARRATION

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),

doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person

said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is

because when we use reported speech, we are usually

talking about a time in the past (because obviously the

person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs

therefore usually have to be in the past too.

NARRATIONFor example:

NARRATION

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech   Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

She said, "It's cold." She said it was cold.

Present continuous Past continuous

She said, "I'm teaching She said she was teaching English

English online." online.

NARRATION

Present perfect simple Past perfect simple

She said, "I've been on the She said she had been on

web since 1999." the web since 1999.

Present perfect Past perfect continuous

continuous

She said she had been

She said, "I've been teaching teaching English for seven

English for seven years.“ years.

NARRATION

Past simple Past perfect

She said, "I taught online She said she had taught

yesterday." online yesterday.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, "I was teaching She said she had been

earlier." teaching earlier.

NARRATION

Past perfect Past perfect

She said, "The lesson had NO CHANGE - She said the already started when he lesson had already started arrived. " when he arrived.

Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, "I'd already been NO CHANGE - She said teaching for five minutes." she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

NARRATION

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech Indirect speech

will would

She said, "I'll teach She said she would teach

English online tomorrow." English online tomorrow.

can could

She said, "I can teach She said she could teach

English online." English online.

NARRATION

must had to

She said, "I must have a She said she had to have

computer to teach English a computer to teach English

online." online.

may might

She said, "May I open a She asked if she might open

new browser? " a new browser.

NARRATION

Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might and ought to.

Direct speech Indirect speech

"I might go to the cinema", He said he might go to the

he said. cinema.

You can use the present tense in reported speech if you want to say that something is still true i.e. my name has always been and will always be Lynne so:-

NARRATION

Direct speech Indirect speech

"My name is Lynne", She said her name was

she said. Lynne.

or She said her name is Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a future event.

Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)

"Next week's lesson is on She said next week's lesson

reported speech ", she said. is on reported speech.

NARRATION

• Time change • If the reported sentence contains an expression of time,

you must change it to fit in with the time of reporting. • For example we need to change words like here and

yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and place of reporting.

Today + 24 hours - Indirect speech

"Today's lesson is on She said yesterday's lesson

presentations." was on presentations.

NARRATION

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

this (evening) › that (evening)

today › yesterday ...

these (days) › those (days)

now › then

(a week) ago › (a week) before

last weekend › the previous weekend

here › there

next (week) › the following (week)

tomorrow › the next/following day

NARRATION

Reporting Verbs

Said, told and asked are the most common verbs used in

indirect speech.

We use asked to report questions:-

For example: I asked Lynne what time the lesson started.

We use told with an object.

For example: Lynne told me she felt tired.

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told and

asked.

These include:-

accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged,

boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered,

ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought.

NARRATION

Use of 'That' in reported speech

In reported speech, the word that is often used.

For example: He told me that he lived in Greenwich.

However, that is optional.

For example: He told me he lived in Greenwich.

!Note - That is never used in questions, instead we often

use if.

For example: He asked me if I would come to the party.