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Entrepreneurial Networks Entrepreneurial Networks and Social Capital of and Social Capital of Academic ScientistsAcademic Scientists
Ms. Agrita Kiopa, Doctoral Student Dr. Julia Melkers, Associate ProfessorSchool of Public PolicyGeorgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USAPrepared for the S&T Research Symposium Chicago, IL, March 2009
Data analyzed in this presentation were collected under the auspices of the 2005-09 project, Women in Science and Engineering: Network Access, Participation, and Career Outcomes, a project funded by the National Science Foundation (Grant # REC-0529642).
Research Question:Research Question:
What type of networks provide more/better/right social capital?
Intuition: Entrepreneurial
Roots:Social capital literature:
◦ “investment in social relations with expected returns (Lin 2001)
Network literature:◦ Structural holes are source of social capital
(“early” Burt, 1992)◦ The content of social relationships is as
important in instrumental action as structure (Podolny and Baron, 1997)
◦ Right balance of open and close relationships in network (“late” Burt, 2001)
Our Data: Who are those ngnot(s)?
Entrepreneurial networks:Entrepreneurial networks:
Individual networks that are rich in the structural holes (Burt, 1992, 2000, 2004, 2005)
Individual networks that consist of strong ties with individuals outside of ones organization (Higgins and Kram, 2001)
General model: Creation and Use of the Social General model: Creation and Use of the Social Capital (Adapted from Lin, 2001)Capital (Adapted from Lin, 2001)
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Individual Characteristics
Structural Position
Network Properties: Structure; Content; Resources
Mobilized Resources
Returns: *Instrumental (e.g. reputation) *Expressive (e.g. satisfaction)
Context
Inequality Instrumental action Outcomes
Hypotheses: Hypotheses: Effects of Network PropertiesEffects of Network Properties
H1: Individuals with networks rich with structural holes will mobilize more social capitalNetworks that are rich in the structural holes are source of social capital (Burt, 1992, 2000, 2004, 2005)
H2: Individuals with networks rich with multiplex relationships will mobilize more social capital
Strong ties are source of social capital (Ibarra, 1995, Krackhardt, 1992, Nelson, 1989, Lin et al, 1981, among others)
Hypotheses: Hypotheses: Effects of Network PropertiesEffects of Network Properties
H3: Individuals with networks rich with multiplex relationships with unconnected alters will mobilize more social capital
In other words
H3: Individuals with entrepreneurial networks will mobilize more social capital
Hypotheses: Hypotheses: Effects of Network PropertiesEffects of Network Properties
H3a: Men with entrepreneurial networks with will mobilize more social (van Emmerik, 2006)
Overlap of name generator networks•Assistant and Associate Profs only•Excluding Primary Mentors
N= 837
Close Collaborators in Same University
Close Collaborators Outside Respondent
University
Individuals from whom respondents seek career advice
N= 91
N= 66N= 776
N= 97
N= 297
N= 1353 N= 1790
N= 53 N= 117
N= 521
N= 6
N= 21N= 240
N= 2
Individuals from whom respondents seek advice re: deptmatters
Individuals with whom respondents seek advice about their research,
but have not collaborated.
Explanatory ModelExplanatory Model
Mobilized Resources=f (Gender, Position, Network Structure, Network Content, Embedded Resources)
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Individual Characteristics
Structural Position
Network Properties: Structure; Content; Resources
Mobilized Resources
Returns: *Instrumental (e.g. reputation) *Expressive (e.g. satisfaction)
Context
VariablesVariables:Dependent - Mobilized Resources:
Mean Reviews (0-1)Mean Introductions (0-1)Mean Nominations (0-1)Mean Range of Career Support Resources (0-3)
Independent - Individual Characteristics & Network Properties: Male (0, 1)Network Efficiency (0-1) Mean Multiplexity (0-4)Multiplex Efficiency (0-1)Resources – Mean Seniority (0-1)
Control - Structural Position And resources: Associate Professor (0, 1)Full Professor (0, 1)Mean seniority (0-1)Mean equality of seniority (status homophily) (0-1)
Findings: Network Properties and Findings: Network Properties and Mobilized ResourcesMobilized Resources
Effect of Structural Holes - NOEffect of Multiplexity – MaybeEfficient Multiplexity - YES
Dependent variable Beta Sig. Beta Sig. Beta Sig. Beta Sig.
Independent variablesIndividual Properties and Position:
Male -0,03 0,51 0,00 0,91 -0,02 0,55 -0,05 0,19Associate Professor -0,06 0,20 0,06 0,19 0,10 0,03 0,00 0,97
Full Professor -0,12 0,02 0,08 0,12 0,22 0,00 -0,11 0,02Network Properties:
Effi ciency -0,06 0,28 0,01 0,87 -0,02 0,68 -0,06 0,19Multiplexity -0,30 0,33 -0,17 0,58 -0,59 0,06 0,00 1,00
Effi cient Multiplexity 0,47 0,12 0,21 0,49 0,75 0,01 0,43 0,12Status homophily 0,15 0,00 0,27 0,00 0,23 0,00 0,13 0,00
Seniority 0,16 0,00 0,25 0,00 0,20 0,00 0,07 0,09Adjusted R Square 0,09 0,07 0,10 0,25
N 602 602 602 602
Table 3 Linear Regression Results: Mobilized ResourcesNominations RangeIntroductionsReviews
Findings by position:
Assistant ProfessorsEfficient Multiplexity - YES,for Reviews and Range of Resources
Associate Professors Efficient Multiplexity - YES,for Nominations
Discussion:Discussion:Measure of efficient multiplexity can be
used to understand the entrepreneurial activities of academic scientists;
Different network structures and properties of relationship may be beneficial for mobilization of different resources;
Relationships within the individual research discussion networks differ by position;
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Further Steps:Analysis of other types of relationships in our data;Conceptual expansion of entrepreneurial networks:
◦ “right” balance of “open” and “close” relationships (“late” Burt, 2001, Kadushin, 2002);
◦ “right” balance of “open talk network” and “closed collaboration networks”
Operationalization of entrepreneurial network as one that is rich with multiplex relationships outside of respondents university, country
Thank YOU!Thank YOU!Questions and Feedback Welcome!Questions and Feedback Welcome!