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Table 4.1
Profile of the Entrepreneurs in the Sample
Profile Number ofRespondents
% to Total
Gender
Male 146 96.7
Female 5 3.3
Age (in years)
Up to 30 40 26.5
31 40 57 37.7
41 50 38 25.2
> 50 16 10.6
ReligionHindu 129 85.4
Non-Hindu 22 14.6Community
SC/ST 24 15.9
MBC 28 18.5
OBC 77 51.0
Others 22 14.6
Marital Status
Married 120 79.5
Single 31 20.5Family Type
Joint 62 41.1
Nuclear 89 58.9
Nature of Education
Technical 45 29.8
Non-technical 106 70.2
General Education
SSLC 69 45.7
HSC 28 18.5
Degree / Diploma 39 25.8Post Graduate 15 9.9
Origin
Native 98 64.9
Migrant 53 35.1Previous Occupation
Yes 107 70.9
No 44 29.1
All Sample 151 100.0
Source: Primary Data.
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It can be seen from the table that 96.7 per cent of the entrepreneurs in
the sample are male entrepreneurs. The respondents with age between 31-40
years are maximum at 37.7 per cent followed by 26.5 per cent, 25.2 per cent
and 10.6 per cent of the respondent group with age up to 30 years, 41-50
years and above 50 years respectively.
By religion, the Hindu group is much higher at 85.4 per cent. By
community, OBC (Other backward community) is major group followed by
MBC (Most backward). The entrepreneurs belong to SC/ST (Schedules
caste / Scheduled tribe) and Other community is 15.9 per cent and 14.6 per
cent respectively. Married entrepreneurs (79.5%) outnumbers the
unmarried/single counterparts (20.5%). More than 50 per cent of the
entrepreneurs in the sample belong to nuclear family (58.9%) and non-
technical persons (70.2%) are much higher than the technical counterparts
(29.8%).
The general education of the single largest group of entrepreneurs is
SSLC (45.7%). Following this, 25.8 per cent of the respondents are degree /
diploma holders while 18.5 per cent and 9.9 per cent of the respondents are
educated up to higher secondary level and post graduate level respectively.
As far as the origin of the respondents is concerned, it is understood that
64.9 per cent of the respondents are natives and 35.1 per cent of them are
migrants. Out of total 151, 107 entrepreneur respondents had occupation
previously.
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Table 4.2
Nature of Previous Occupation
Nature of Occupation Number ofRespondents
% to Total
Employed 37 34.6
Self Employed 32 29.9
Profession 11 10.3
Business 27 25.2
Total Sample 107 100.0
Source: Primary Data.
Note: Only cases with Yes opinion for previous occupation
According to Table 4.2, 34.6 per cent of entrepreneurs in the sample
was employed before starting their business. While 29.9 per cent were self-
employed, 25.2 per cent were running business earlier. Only 10.3 per cent
of the respondents are found with profession as their occupation before
becoming entrepreneurs.
Table 4.3
Usefulness of Previous Experience to Present Business
OpinionNumber of
Respondents% to Total
Not at all use 1 0.9
No use 6 5.6No Opinion 6 5.6
Useful 36 33.6
More useful 58 54.2
Total Sample 107 100.0
Source: Primary Data.
Note: Only cases with Yes opinion for previous occupation
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As reported in Table 4.3, the previous occupational experience is
more useful to present business for 54.2 per cent, and it useful for 33.6 per
cent of the respondents. That is, for more than 85 per cent of the
respondents, the previous occupational experience are useful for successful
running of present enterprises.
The relationship between nature of previous occupation and its
usefulness to present business is analyzed and the results of the analysis are
reported in Table 4.4.
Table 4.4
Relationship between Nature of Previous Occupation Vs Usefulness
Nature of
Previous
Occupation
Usefulness
TotalKruskal
Wallis HNot atall use
No useNo
OpinionUseful
More
useful
Employed1 3 2 6 25 37
(2.70) (8.11) (5.41) (16.22) (67.57) (100.00)
Self
Employed0 2 0 11 19 32 5.35NS
(0.00) (6.25) (0.00) (34.38) (59.38) (100.00) (3, 107)
Profession0 1 0 7 3 11
(0.00) (9.09) (0.00) (63.64) (27.27) (100.00)
Business0 0 4 12 11 27
(0.00) (0.00) (14.81) (44.44) (40.74) (100.00)
All Sample1 6 6 36 58 107
(0.93) (5.61) (5.61) (33.64) (54.21) (100.00)
Figures in brackets are percentage to row total; NS Not Significant.
The statistics significance of the relationship between two factors is
ascertained by Kruskal Wallis ANOVA H test. This test calculates H values
after ranking the perceptions and summing the ranks by groups. The
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statistical significance of the H value is tested with chi-square distribution.
This test is used in place of Chi-square test, where chi-square test is not
appropriate (when cell frequencies is zero or below 5). It can be observed
from the table that the previous occupation is more useful for 67.57 per cent
of the employed, 59.38 per cent of self-employed and it is useful for 63.64
per cent of professionals, and 44.74 per cent of business persons. From
Kruskall Wallis ANOVA H value of 5.35 is insignificant. Hence, from the
results, it is found that there is no association between nature of previous
occupation and usefulness to present business.
Table 4.5
Undergoing Entrepreneurial Development Programme
OpinionNumber of
Respondents% to Total
Yes 40 26.5
No 111 73.5
Total Sample 151 100.0
Source: Primary Data.
From table 4.5, it can be seen that 73.5 per cent of the present
entrepreneurs have never undergone any entrepreneurial development
programmes. Only 40 out of 151 respondents in the sample have stated that
they have undergone entrepreneurial development programme.
Between entrepreneur group with technical and non-technical
qualification, undergoing for developmental programmes is compared in
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order to ascertain the relationship between two factors. Table 4.6 present the
results.
Table 4.6
Undergoing entrepreneurial development Programme Comparison
between Technical and Non-Technical Educated Entrepreneurs
Nature of Previous
Occupation
Undergoing ProgrammeTotal
Chi Square
ValueYes No
Technical13 18 31 5.62**
(41.94) (58.06) (100.00) df=1
Non-Technical15 61 76
(19.74) (80.26) (100.00)
All Sample28 79 107
(26.17) (73.83) (100.00)
Figures in brackets are percentage to row total; **Significant at 5% level
It can be observed from the table, 41.94 per cent of the technically
qualified respondents against 19.74 per cent of non-technical respondents
have undergone entrepreneurial development programme. That is, attending
entrepreneurial development programme is found to be more among
technically qualified respondents. As the cell frequencies are more than
five, the chi-square test is used to find out the statistical significance of the
association between two factors. The calculated chi-square value, 5.62 is
significant at 1 per cent level, in turn revealing the fact that there is
significant difference in undergoing entrepreneurial development
programme between entrepreneurs with technical and non-technical
qualification.
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Table 4.7
Family Members and Friends in Business
Opinion Number ofRespondents
% to Total
Yes 98 64.9
No 53 35.1
Total Sample 151 100.0
Source: Primary Data.
It can be noted from Table 4.7 that 64.9 per cent, that is, 98 out of
151 respondents family members and friends run the business. Only 53 out
of 151 respondents have said no to running business by family members
and friends.
In order to know how the entrepreneurs fell about the performance of
their present business, they were asked to give their level of satisfaction
ranging from fully dissatisfied to fully satisfied, in between
dissatisfied, no opinion (neither dissatisfied nor satisfied), and
satisfied. The opinion are then converted into to numeric values as
follows: 1 for fully dissatisfied, 2 for dissatisfied, 3 for no opinion, 4
for satisfied and 5 for fully satisfied. The opinion of a group of sample
or entire sample is considered to be fully dissatisfied, dissatisfied, no
opinion, satisfied and fully satisfied when mean score is < 1.50,
>=1.50 < 2.50, >=2.50 < 3.50, >=3.50 < 4.50 and >=4.50
respectively.
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Table 4.8
Feeling about business performance
Comparison by Status of Entrepreneurs
Profile N Mean SDTest
Stat
Test
Value
Age (in years)
Up to 30 40 4.33 0.76 F 1.62NS
31 40 57 4.25 0.91 (3, 147)
41 50 38 4.53 0.51
> 50 16 4.63 0.81
Religion
Hindu 129 4.44 0.71 t 2.50**
Non-Hindu 22 4.00 1.07 (149)
Community
SC/ST 24 3.79 0.93 F 7.02***
MBC 28 4.50 0.64 (3, 147)
OBC 77 4.42 0.75
Others 22 4.73 0.55
Marital Status
Married 120 4.41 0.78 t 0.95NS
Single 31 4.26 0.77 (149)
Family TypeJoint 62 4.34 0.89 t 0.51NS
Nuclear 89 4.40 0.70 (149)
Nature of Education
Technical 45 4.22 0.88 t 1.60NS
Non-technical 106 4.44 0.73 (149)
General Education
SSLC 69 4.51 0.63 F 2.23*
HSC 28 4.46 0.74 (3, 147)
Degree / Diploma 39 4.13 0.86Post Graduate 15 4.27 1.10
Origin
Native 98 4.43 0.77 t 1.09NS
Migrant 53 4.28 0.79 (149)
Previous Occupation
Yes 107 4.48 0.73 t 2.47**
No 44 4.14 0.85 (149)
All Sample 151 4.38 0.78
Source: Primary Data. Figure in brackets are degrees of freedom
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As presented in Table 4.8, mean perception of the respondent group
with age up to 30 years and between 31-40 years is satisfied (Mean scores
are >= 3.50 and < 4.50, the satisfied range) whereas that of respondent
group with age between 41-50 years and above 50 years is fully satisfied
(Mean scores are >=4.50, the fully satisfied range). When compared by
community, the MBC and Other communities are fully satisfied while
SC/ST and OBS are just satisfied. The level of satisfaction is significantly
less among SC/ST groups (F value = 7.02, p < 0.01). Both Hindu and Non-
Hindu groups are satisfied but the level of satisfaction is remarkably less
among non-Hindu groups compared to that of their Hindu counterparts (t
value = 2.50, p < 0.01). The scenario is very similar to that of above
between respondent groups by previous occupation (t value = 2.47, p = 2.50
and < 3.50, the remained constant range). On the other hand, social status,
business network and competition to this business tend to increase (Mean
values are >= 3.50 and < 4.50, the increased range). Hence, it is found
that sales, profit and net worth, economic status and problem to the business
are remained constant while there has been an increase in social status and
business network of the entrepreneurs and also an increase in competition to
the business.
4.3 Attitudinal Competency and Socio-Economic Characteristics
The attitudinal competency of the entrepreneurs, which consists of
seven dimensions, namely Concern for High Quality, Self Confidence,
Locus of Control, Dealing with Failures, Tolerance for Ambiguity, Self
Esteem and Performance, are related to socio-economic characteristics of the
entrepreneurs. To compare the attitudinal competency dimensions between
two respondents groups by religion, marital status, family type, technical
education, origin and previous occupation, t-test is used. For the comparison
of the attitudinal competency dimensions across more than two respondent
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groups by age, community and general education, one way ANOVA (also
called F test) is used.
Table 4.12
Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs Comparison by Age
Attitudinal
Competency
Age (in Years)
F Value21-30 31-40 41-50Above
50
n = 40 n = 57 n = 38 n = 16
Concern for High Quality
17.73 17.84 18.00 16.44 2.99**
(1.71) (1.68) (1.82) (2.58)
Self Confidence17.83 17.37 17.89 19.06 2.84*
(1.82) (1.88) (1.93) (3.32)
Locus of Control16.40 16.53 16.58 17.50 1.41
(1.98) (1.64) (1.87) (2.34)
Dealing with Failures15.83 15.53 14.74 15.19 1.28
(2.21) (2.56) (3.10) (2.04)
Tolerance for Ambiguity19.13 18.98 18.97 20.19 1.28
(1.77) (2.36) (2.48) (2.64)
Self Esteem17.13 17.19 17.18 17.31 0.04
(1.74) (1.80) (1.96) (1.58)
Performance16.38 15.54 15.71 16.44 1.91
(1.63) (1.88) (1.96) (2.92)
Figures in brackets are standard deviation; **Significant at 5% level.
From the examination of the table, it is apparent that the concern for
high quality is less among the respondents with age above 50 years (Mean =
16.44) and it is high for 41-50 years age group (Mean = 18.00). The
difference in the concern for high quality among age groups is found to be
significant at 5 per cent level (F value = 2.99, p < 0.05). Similarly, self
confidence is significantly more among respondents with age above 50 years
(Mean = 19.06) compared to those in other age groups (Mean scores are
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between 17.37 and 17.89) (F value = 2.84, p < 0.01). However, from
insignificant F values, it is apparent that the locus of control, dealing with
failures, tolerance for ambiguity, self esteem and performance are found to
be at similar extent among entrepreneurs of all age groups. It is summed
that concern for high quality and self confidence differ by age whereas
other dimensions of attitudinal competency is independent of it for
entrepreneurs in the sample region.
Table 4.13
Attitudinal Competency Level of Entrepreneurs
Comparison by Religion
Attitudinal Competency
Religion
t ValueHindu Non-Hindu
n = 129 n = 22
Concern for High Quality17.75 17.41 0.79
(1.92) (1.56)
Self Confidence17.71 18.32 1.25
(2.09) (2.17)
Locus of Control16.74 15.86 2.03**
(1.91) (1.55)
Dealing with Failures15.36 15.45 0.16
(2.60) (2.54)
Tolerance for Ambiguity19.21 18.77 0.83
(2.36) (1.82)
Self Esteem17.21 17.05 0.40
(1.81) (1.68)
Performance15.90 15.91 0.02
(2.06) (1.57)
Figures in brackets are standard deviation. **Significant at 5% level.
It can be seen from Table 4.13 that the attitudinal competencies, such
as concern for high quality, self-confidence, dealing with failures, tolerance
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for ambiguity, self esteem and performance have been at similar level
between Hindu and non-Hindu religious group. However, the locust of
control among Hindu entrepreneurs (Mean = 16.74) is significantly higher
than that of Non-Hindu counterparts (Mean = 15.86) (t-value = 2.03, p