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ENV 510
Air Pollution and
Risk Assessment
By
K.Subramaniam, PJK
MSc(Envt); BSc(Hons)(Envt&Occ.Health); Dip.RSH(London).
ELEMENTS OF AIR POLLUTION
1) Composition of the atmosphere
2) Sources of air pollution
3) Scales of air pollution
4) Effects of air pollution
COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
Constituents % Volume % Mass
Nitrogen 78.1 75.5
Oxygen 20.9 23.1
Argon 0.9 1.3
Water Vapour Variable Variable
Carbon Dioxide 0.037 0.040
Aerosols Variable Variable
Others <0.001 <0.001
RESIDENCE TIME OF GASES IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
Group 1: Quasi permanent
Group 2: Variable
Group 3: Very variable
GROUP 1: QUASI PERMANENT
> 10,000 – 10 million years
N2, O2, Ar, Ne, He, Kr, Xe
GROUP 2: VARIABLE
Few years
CO2, CH4, CO, H2, N2O
Chlorofluorocarbons
GROUP 3: VERY VARIABLE
Few days to month
O3, NO3, NO, HNO3, NH3, SO2, H2S
AIR POLLUTION
Defined as the presence of undesirable materials in air, in quantities large enough to produce effects (harmful or otherwise).
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
Natural
Anthropogenic
Natural Sources
Volcanoes
Forest fires
Dust storms
Sea surface
Pollutants (Natural)
Particulate matter
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Hydrogen sulphide
Anthropogenic Sources
Stationary
Mobile
Anthropogenic Sources
Industrial sources
Utilities
Individuals
Agriculture
Pollutants (Anthropogenic)
Particulate matter
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Hydrogen sulphide
Heavy metals
CFC, Halons, etc.
Sources of airborne pollution are many: home cooking, power generation, industry, traffic,
biomass burning …
Each year we add more than 30 billion tons of carbon dioxide to the air mainly by:
a). Burning fossil fuels b). Cutting down and burning trees
Each year we add 350 to 500 million tons of methane to the air mainly by:
i. Raising livestock ii. Coal mining and drilling for oil and natural gas iii. Rice cultivation iv. Disposing of garbage in landfills v. Burning forests and fields
0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 m 10 m 100 m
CombustionParticles
Atoms Molecules CoarseCoarse, PM 10, PM 10
.. .... . .. ...
Clouds
Natural Processes
Gas-ParticleConversion
Sea salt, Mineral dust
FFinine, PM 2.5e, PM 2.5UltrafinUltrafinee
„„Nanoparticles“Nanoparticles“
Size &Sources of Particles (PM)
AEROSOL SOURCE STRENGTH (Estimate)
SOURCESSOURCES SOURCES STRENGHSOURCES STRENGH
( billion tons/year)( billion tons/year)
OCEANICOCEANIC 1 to 21 to 2
SOLID DUSTSOLID DUST 22
GAS TOGAS TO––PARTICLE PARTICLE CONVERSIONCONVERSION 1.31.3
VOLCANOSVOLCANOS 0.0200.020
BIOSPHERE & BIOMASS BIOSPHERE & BIOMASS BURNINGBURNING 0.450.45
SCALES OF AIR POLLUTION
Defined by these four parameters
i. Horizon
ii. Vertical Height
iii. Time
iv. Organization
Scales (five)
i. Local
ii. Urban
iii. Regional
iv. Continental
v. Global
i. Local
Streets
Height of buildings
Hours
Local council
ii. Urban
< 100 km
Boundary layer
Days
State level
iii. Regional
> 100 km, 1000km
Troposphere
Weeks to month
National / Regional
iv. Continental
Continents
Stratosphere
Months to year
Regional / International
v. Global
Whole globe
Whole atmosphere
Years / decades
International (UN, WMO, WHO)
A Variety of Scales Need to Be Considered
Air Quality Analysis
SatelliteProducts
Global Assimilation
RegionalPrediction
Public Impact
Requires Close Integration of
Observations and Models
Effects of Air Pollution
i. Human health and welfareii. Biosphere (fauna & flora)iii. Material & Structuresiv. Atmospherev. Soilvi. Water bodies
Human health and welfare
i. Acute
ii. Chronic
iii. Respiratory
iv. Ingestion
v. Surface
EFFECTS OF AEROSOL ON HEALTHEFFECTS OF AEROSOL ON HEALTH
i. ULTRAFINE PARTICLES SMALLER THAN LUMIN DIAMETER HAVE HIGHER POTENTIAL TO PENETRATE INTO THE LUNG AND CAUSE INFLAMATION.
ii. SUSPENDED PARTICLES IN THE SIZE RANGE BELOW 10µM CAN INCREASE THE NUMBER OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES.
iii. HEALTH IMPACTS OF AEROSOL CONSIST OF BOTH SHORT TERM ACUTE SYMPTOMS LIKE ASTHMA, BRONCHITIS etc.
iv. LONG TERM CHRONIC IRRITATION AND INFLAMATION OF RESPIRATORY TRACK, DEVELOPMENT OF LUNG CANCER.
Fauna & Flora
Fauna – commercial animals
Yield
Growth
Forest
Cash crop
Material & Structures
a) Metal corrosion
b) Stone decay
c) Fabric and dyes
d) Rubber / plastics
e) Paint / paper / leather
Impacts of acid rain
Soil and Water Bodies
Leaching
Contamination
Atmosphere
a) Visibility
b) Stability
c) Composition
d) Weather
e) Climate
IMPACT ON VISIBILITY
PM2.5 < 10 ug/m3 (8/16/00) PM2.5 = 15 ug/m3 (8/7/00)
PM2.5 = 35 ug/m3 (8/26/00)
PM2.5 = 20 ug/m3 (8/24/00)
PM2.5 = 30 ug/m3 (8/15/00)PM2.5 = 25 ug/m3 (8/25/00)
Impact of PMImpact of PM2.52.5 on Visibility on Visibility
EFFECT OF AEROSOL ON EFFECT OF AEROSOL ON CLIMATECLIMATE
CHANGING OF AEROSOLS IN THE CHANGING OF AEROSOLS IN THE
ATMOSPHERE CAN CHANGE THE ATMOSPHERE CAN CHANGE THE
FREQUENCY OF CLOUD OCCURRENCE, FREQUENCY OF CLOUD OCCURRENCE,
AND RAINFALL AMOUNTS.AND RAINFALL AMOUNTS.
WITHOUT AEROSOLS IT IS VERY WITHOUT AEROSOLS IT IS VERY
DIFFICULT TO START THE FORMATION OF DIFFICULT TO START THE FORMATION OF
CLOUD DROPLETS.CLOUD DROPLETS.
IMPACTS OF AEROSOLS ON IMPACTS OF AEROSOLS ON CLIMATECLIMATE
AEROSOLS TEND TO CAUSE COOLING OF THE AEROSOLS TEND TO CAUSE COOLING OF THE
EARTH’S SURFACE IMMEDIATELY BELOW THEM.EARTH’S SURFACE IMMEDIATELY BELOW THEM.
MOST AEROSOLS REFLECT SUNLIGHT BACK INTO MOST AEROSOLS REFLECT SUNLIGHT BACK INTO
SPACE, REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR SPACE, REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF SOLAR
RADIATION THAT REACHES THE SURFACE.RADIATION THAT REACHES THE SURFACE.
THE AEROSOL COOLING MAY PARTIALLY OFFSET THE AEROSOL COOLING MAY PARTIALLY OFFSET
EXPECTED GLOBAL WARMING THAT IS EXPECTED GLOBAL WARMING THAT IS
ATTRIBUTED TO INCREASES IN THE AMOUNT OF ATTRIBUTED TO INCREASES IN THE AMOUNT OF
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM HUMAN ACTIVITY.CARBON DIOXIDE FROM HUMAN ACTIVITY.
Pollutants that cause Global Warming
(Hansen et al., Senate testimony, May 1, 2001;Hansen and Sato, PNAS)
CO2
CH4N2O
O3
NOx NMVOC
SO4
SO2
BC
OC dust
Elements of Air Pollution
a) Definition
b) Source
c) Scales
d) Effects
e) General knowledge
API Status Indicator
http://www.doe.gov.my/
Ambient Air Data And Monitoring
Introduction
In 1989, the Department of Environment (DOE)
formulated Recommended Malaysian Air Quality
Guidelines (RMG) for air pollutants, defining the
concentration limits of selected air pollutants
which might adversely affect the health and
welfare of the general public.
Based on the MG, DOE later developed its first air
quality index system, known as the Malaysian Air
Quality Index (MAQI) in 1993.
An index system has an important role in conveying to both
decision-makers and the general public the status of ambient air
quality, ranging from good to hazardous.
Application of the index system, particularly in industrialised
countries, has demonstrated its useful role in providing a sound
basis for both the effective management of air quality, as well as
the effective protection of public health.
In line with the need for regional harmonisation and for easy
comparison with countries in the region, the Department revised
its index system in 1996, and the Pollutant Index (API) was
adopted.
The API system of Malaysia closely follows the Pollutant
Standard Index (PSI) system of the United States.
Industrial Emission and Open Burning
How does air pollution occur?
Air pollution occurs when air impurities in the form of
gaseous or particles are emitted into the atmosphere.
It is important to recognize that air pollution is not a
single entity but an alphabet soup of foregoing
materials mixed with the normal constituents of air.
Air pollutant comes from a variety of natural and man-
made sources.
Man made sources include emission from
industrial activities, emissions from motor
vehicles and burning of fossil fuels and
biomass.
Environmental issues relating to industrial
emissions and open burning activities will
be discussed in detail.
Industrial Emission and Open Burning
Air ToxicsAir Toxics
Climate Climate ChangeChange
Stratospheric Stratospheric Ozone Ozone
DepletionDepletion
Acid RainAcid Rain
Water QualityWater QualityEutrophicationEutrophication
Human HealthHuman Health(Risk)(Risk)
Visibility andVisibility andEcosystemEcosystem
Impacts of Air Pollution
Risk Assessment
Risk Controls
INTEGRATED L.I.F.T APPROACH
i. LEGISLATION
ii. INSTITUTIONAL
iii. FINANCIAL
iv. TECHNOLOGY
PLAN OF ACTION
SHORT TERM PLANNINGSHORT TERM PLANNING
LONG TERM PLANNINGLONG TERM PLANNING
CONCLUSION
INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY, FINANCIAL INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGY, FINANCIAL
AND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES AREAND INNOVATIVE APPROACHES ARE
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS THAT NEED TO BEESSENTIAL ELEMENTS THAT NEED TO BE
ADDRESSED SERIOUSLY IN ORDER TOADDRESSED SERIOUSLY IN ORDER TO
TACKLE THE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTION TACKLE THE PROBLEM OF AIR POLLUTION
IN THE LONG RUN. IN THE LONG RUN. HOWEVER, THIS CAN ONLY BE ACHIEVEDHOWEVER, THIS CAN ONLY BE ACHIEVED
THROUGH A COMPREHENSIVE ANDTHROUGH A COMPREHENSIVE AND
EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTIONEFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF ACTION
PLAN.PLAN.
Thank you