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ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLELEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE TITTLE BASIC ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING

COURSE CODE ChEg 3161

PROJECT WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN PHARMACUETICAL FACTORY

STUDENT NAME ID NO. SECTION ONE

1. LETEBRHAN BAHTA……………………………. 0963/06

2. LETU DESALEGN…………………………………0969/06

3. MEKONEN G/WAHID……………………………….1064/06

4 .MIHRET G/MESKEL…………………………………..1121/06

5. TEKLAY GODEFA………..……………………………1429/06

SUBMITTED TO INSTRUCTUR Mebrhatom H. SUBMISSION DATE

20/09/2008 E.C

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Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………1

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….2

2. Literature review……………………………………………………………………..3

2.1 modern waste water treatment in pharmaceutical………………………………….4

2.2 Why should waste water be treated before disposal………………………………..5

3. Method of waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry……………………….7

3.1 physical unit operation……………………………………………………………….8

3.2 chemical unit processes…………………………………………………………… .9

3.3 biological unit processes……………………………………………………………10

4. Statement of the problem…………………………………………………………….10

4.1 major unit operation construction and vessel size…………………………………..10

4.2 processes flow diagram or flow sheet……………………………………………….11

5. Processes and raw material used to treat ww in pharmaceutical……………………..11

6. Site selection and economic analysis in pharmaceutical……………………………..13

6.2 Location of the plant in pharmaceuticals industry………..………………….……..14

6.3 economical analysis in pharmaceutical industry…………………………………….15

7 .Environmental impact and analysis solution………………………………………….17

7.1. Impact of waste water in environment……………………..……………………...17

7.2. Controlling pollution air in pharmaceuticals industry………………..……………17

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Acknowledgement First and for most we would like to say thank to god as well as to who giving information how to

do this project.

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List of figure

Fig1 membrane filtration technology

Fig3 typical waste water treatment in pharmaceutical

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List of abbreviations

AOP Advance oxidation processes

API active pharmaceutical ingredient

BOD Biological oxygen demand

COD Chemical oxygen demand

MBR membrane bioreactor

TSS total suspended solid

UV ultraviolet

WWT waste water treatment

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Abstract

The main purpose of Sewage treatment process is to remove the various constituents of

the polluting load: solids, organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts, metals, and

pathogen.

And also to solve problem in waste water treatment in pharmaceutical factories

properly designing unit operation and selective material that used to constructed unit

operation in order to maximize its profit.

Pharmaceuticals have an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in

both humans and animals. Since they are designed either to be highly active or interact

with receptors in humans and animals or to be toxic for many infectious organisms, they

may also have unintended effects on animals and microorganisms in the environment.

Traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as activated sludge, are not sufficient

for the complete removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other wastewater

constituents from these waters. As a result, complementary treatment methods such as

membrane filtration, reverse osmosis and activated carbon are often used in

conjunction with the traditional methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. The

evaluation of the treatment methods of activated sludge, advanced membrane treatment,

and constructed wetlands help to determine which of these options should be improved

or replaced by different strategies. Additionally, there are other ways of solving this

issue, such as developing more environmentally-friendly drugs and different ways of

treating health problems.

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1. Introduction

In this study, wastewater was collected from a pharmaceutical company manufacturing

antibiotics (penicillin). Two distinct wastewater streams are produced on-site: a strong

stream corresponding to the formulation effluent and characterized by very high organic

load and a weak stream.

Pharmaceutical wastewater generated by an antibiotics (penicillin) company was treated by

aerobic membrane bioreactor Pharmaceutical wastewater is generally characterized by high

toxicity and the presence of refractory compounds that limit its biodegradability, making it a

potential threat to the natural environment and to wastewater treatment plants, and sequencing

batch reactor .

Pharmaceuticals have an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in both

humans and animals. Since they are designed either to be highly active or interact with receptors

in humans and animals or to be toxic for many infectious organisms, they may also have

unintended. Therefore, the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment and

their potential effects on human and environmental health has become an active subject matter of

actual research. The manufacturing of pharmaceutical compounds typically involves a variety of

stages including conversion of natural substances into pharmaceutical ingredients through

fermentation and extraction processes and mostly chemical synthesis.

Water is the main component which is used in all type industries. it may use

Dilution

Formation and condensing of steam

Pharmaceuticals are being used at an increasing rate, and end up in wastewater through

excretion and disposal. They also end up in the effluent water of wastewater treatment plants

Pharmaceutical wastewater streams.

Because they are not specifically designed for pharmaceutical removal be difficult to treat with

conventional physical/chemical and biological treatment systems. High chemical oxygen demand

(COD), variable strength waste streams, and shock loads are just a few of the conditions that

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limit the effectiveness of these conventional systems. Activated sludge is a common method for

wastewater treatment; this is a biological treatment method in which microorganisms.

In general from treatment objectives were concerned with

i. The removal of suspended and floatable material from wastewater,

ii. The treatment of biodegradable organics (BOD removal) and

iii. The elimination of disease-causing pathogenic micro-organisms

Anaerobic treatment is an energy generating process, in contrast to aerobic systems that

generally demand a high energy input for aeration purpose

Pharmaceutical industry represents a range of industries with operation and processes as diversas

its product. Hence effluents coming from pharmaceutical industries vary from industry to

industry. Thus it is almost impossible to describe a typical pharmaceutical effluent because of

such diversity. Waste water is generally evaluated in terms of temp, pH, Total suspended solid

(TSS), BOD, COD, oil & grease, chlorides and sulphates. These methods are broadly

categorized into physic-chemical, biological and advanced oxidation processes.

generation in pharmaceutical industries

2 literature review

Waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry

Traditional end of pipe solutions for dealing with effluents coming out of the production plant

have being gradually substituted for an increasingly decentralized approach to treat selected

wastewater streams in the most effective and economically sound way.

Moreover, additional goals like reducing overall effluent emissions by reusing treated

wastewater towards zero-discharge strategies or minimizing waste generation and disposal costs

have been gradually incorporated to a growingly holistic water and wastewater management

approach.

The future of industrial wastewater treatment has mainly two

Both the monitoring and abatement of trace pollutants

minimize costs and optimize resource consumption

As in many other industrial branches, production managers at the pharmaceutical industry are

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Adopting an increasingly decentralized approach when dealing with well characterized waste

water streams. The removal efficiency of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products,

Pharmaceutical Active Components and Endocrine Disruptive Components has been

tested for many different technologies which are available. Results vary from zero abatement

effectively by traditional coagulation and flocculation processes (alum &ferric chloride) to high

and very high removal rates as those achieved by active carbon filtration, biological degradation,

membrane filtration technology.

Such as

reverse osmosis

ultra filtration at membrane biological reactors

Advanced Oxidation Processes like ozonation1, hydrogen peroxide with radiation

from UV light

The main purpose of modern effluent treatment are reduce the overall footprint of the wastewater

treatment plant by implementing state .

the art MBR technology and/or a modular design approach

in activate streams containing biologically active ingredients (e.g. hormones, antigens,

etc.)by means of thermal sterilization technology

eliminate pharmaceuticals implementing advanced oxidation processes (e.g. ozonation)

2.1 modern waste water treatment at pharmaceutical production environment

they are not the only technological approaches available for production managers in the

pharmaceutical and life science industry.

For instance, membrane technology is more broadly implemented than only as ultra filtration

modules in MBRs. One very interesting application is that of reverse osmosis modules as tertiary

treatment after a biological treatment stage (most likely based on MBR technology).

The potential of reverse osmosis membranes to retain in their concentrate phase almost every

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dissolved substance (including monovalent ions), makes this technology a very suitable solution

for final treatment of industrial effluents containing micro pollutants.

Fig 1 membrane filtration technology

Other options available to eliminate micro-pollutants from effluents generated at a

pharmaceutical production site are active carbon adsorption, anaerobic treatment and thermal

inactivation. As a matter of fact, MBR technology has become the standard keystone in almost

every state-of the art wastewater treatment plant in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus MBR

played a major role.

Wastewater was analyzed and segregated into three main effluents which are treated in two

parallel line based basically on MBR and reverse osmosis technologies.

The different characteristics of membrane filtration determine the efficiency of pharmaceutical

removal during the wastewater treatment method of advanced membrane treatment.

Nan filtration and reverse osmosis membranes both have structures that are very tight, but are

still semi-permeable to some pharmaceuticals.

2.2 Why should Wastewater be treated before disposal?

Wastewater treatment involves breakdown of complex organic compounds in the

Wastewater into simpler compounds that are stable and nuisance-free, either physicochemical

and or by using biological treatment.

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The adverse environmental impact of allowing untreated wastewater to be discharged in

groundwater or surface water bodies and/or land is as follow

(i) The decomposition of the organic materials contained in wastewater can lead to the

production of large quantities of malodorous gases,

(ii) Untreated wastewater containing a large amount of organic matter, if discharged into a

river/stream, will consume the dissolved oxygen for satisfying the biochemical oxygen demand

of wastewater .treatment of waste water in pharmaceutical industry employ a wide array of

wwt and disposal method.

Waste generate from industry vary not only in composition but also in magnitude (volume) by

plant. And even time depending on raw material and the processes used in manufacturing of

various pharmaceutical processes.

Hence it is very difficult to specify a particular treatment system for such a diversified

pharmaceutical industry. Many alternative treatment processes are available to deal with the

wide array of waste produced from this industry. Various treatment methods employed for

treating pharmaceutical waste fall into one of the following category:

1. Physico-Chemical Treatment

2. Biological Treatment Method

3. Advanced Oxidation Process(AOP)

2.21 Physio-chemical treatment options

These technologies include membrane separation chemical, removal activated carbon

chlorination and other novel approaches. The efficiency of these methods for the treatment of

pharmaceutical.

2.2.1.1 Membrane processes

Several membrane types and applications were evaluated for the removal of APIs at pilot and

full scale. including microfiltration ,ultra filtration, nano filtration, reverse osmosis, Membrane

bioreactors and combinations of membranes

Microfiltration and ultra filtration are generally not fully effective in removing organic

contaminants as pore sizes vary from 100-1000 times larger than the micro pollutants which can

slip through the membranes.

b. Chlorination

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Chlorination has been to be effective for the removal of pharmaceuticals.

It is economical than other method of treatment.

2.2.2 Biological Treatment Methods

The biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater includes both aerobic and

an aerobic treatment systems. This aerobic treatment method of treatment include

activated sludge process

extended aeration activated sludge

Anaerobic treatment includes membrane reactors. continuously stirred

tank reactors (an aerobic digestion). Up flow filters (anaerobic filters), fluidized bed

reactors. and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket rea

3 Method of waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry

There are several method used to treat waste water in pharmaceutical industry. these are

Physical Unit Operations.

Waste water treatment is the process of removing contaminants from domestic, industrial and

commercial waste water. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove

physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Waste water treatment generally involves three

stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment

Primary treatment; typically involves screening, grit and grease removal and

sedimentation of suspended solid materials. The settled and floating materials are

removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary

treatment.

Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter including

organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and might involve both biological and chemical

processes. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-

organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.

More stringent treatment (also known as tertiary treatment) is additional treatment that

follows primary and secondary processes. It is employed when primary and secondary

treatment cannot accomplish all that is required. The purpose of tertiary treatment is in

most of cases to have additional nitrogen or phosphorus removal or, where required,

removal of pathogens and/or removal of specific hazardous substance.

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There are conventional and non-conventional wastewater treatment methods which have

been proven and found to be efficient in the treatment of wastewater. Conventional methods

compared to non-conventional wastewater treatment methods has a relatively high.

Fig 3 typical waste water method in pharmacuetical

3.1 Physical Unit Operations

Common physical unit operations include among other processes screening, flow equalization,

sedimentation, clarification and aeration.

3.1.1Screening; A screen with openings of uniform size is used to remove large solids such as

cloth, which may damage process equipment, reduce the effectiveness of the ETP or contaminate

waterways.

3.1.2 Sedimentation and Filtration;

The flocs formed in flocculation (see chemical unit processes for a description of flocculation)

are large enough to be removed by gravitational settling, also known as sedimentation. This is

achieved in a tank referred to as the sedimentation tank, settling tank or clarifier.

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Sedimentation is also used to remove grit and suspended solids, to produce clarified effluent, and

to thicken the sludge produced in biological treatment.

Flocculation and sedimentation should remove most of the suspended solids and apportion of

the BOD.

3.1.3 Aeration; Aeration is required in biological treatment processes to provide oxygen to the

microorganisms that breakdown the organic waste . Two main methods are used for this, either

mechanical agitation of the water so that air from the atmosphere enters the water, or by

introducing air into the tank through diffusers.

3.2 Chemical Unit Processes

Chemical unit processes are always used with physical operations and may also be used with

biological treatment processes, although it is possible to have a purely physico-chemical plant

with no biological treatment. Chemical processes use the addition of chemicals to the wastewater

to bring about changes in its quality. They include pH control, coagulation, chemical

precipitation and oxidation.

3.2.1pH Control;

Waste from pharmaceutical industries is rarely pH neutral. Certain processes such as reactive

dyeing require large quantities of alkali but pretreatments and some washes can be acidic. It is

therefore necessary to adjust the pH in the treatment process to make the wastewater pH neutral.

This is particularly important if biological treatment is being used, as the microorganisms used in

biological treatment require a pH in the range of 6-8 and will be killed by highly acidic or alkali

wastewater. Various chemicals are used for pH control. For acidic wastes (low pH)

sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, may be added

among other things. For alkali wastes (high pH) sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid may be

added. Acids can cause corrosion of equipment and care must be taken in choosing which acid

to use. Hydrochloric acid is probably better from an environmental view point but can corrode

stainless steel. Therefore plastic or appropriately coated pumps and pipes must be used.

3.2.2 Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation

Coagulation is a complex process but generally refers to collecting into a larger mass the minute

solid particles dispersed in a liquid. Chemical coagulants such as aluminum sulphate (alum) or

ferric sulphate may be added to wastewater to improve the attraction of fine particles so that

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they come together and form larger particles called flocs. A chemical flocculent, usually a

polyelectrolyte, enhances the flocculation process by bringing together particles to form larger

flocs, which settle out more quickly. Flocculation is aided by gentle mixing which causes the

particles to collide.

3.3 Biological Unit Processes

The objective of biological treatment of industrial wastewater is to remove, or reduce the

concentration of, organic and inorganic compounds.

There are two main types of processes, these involve suspended microbial growth (e.g. activated

sludge) and attached microbial growth biological treatment plants must be carefully managed as

they use live Micro organisms to digest the pollutants.

4. Statement problems

Untreated waste water generally contains high level of organic material, numerous

pathogens micro organisms which entail environment and health hazard through causing

environmental pollution.

During west water treatment in pharmaceutical there are are several problem. these problems can

cause through several reason.

4.1 major unit operation with material of construction and vessel size

Constructed wetlands are a form of secondary wastewater treatment built with substrates

and vegetation that imitate the way natural wetlands filter out impurities in water. There are

many different designs that can be built along with various vegetation and substrate options.

Since a constructed wetland contains aspects found in a natural wetland, several species may be

attracted, including those such as mosquitoes, which are seen as pests which may also carry

disease. The most waste water treatment pharmaceutical unit operation construction unit

operation very corrosive and required stainless steel. There are a different problems during

waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industries.

Engineering factor

Environmental factor

Processes consideration

Cost consideration

A. Engineering factor ;the problem consider on

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Design period, stage wise population to be served and expected swage flow and

flocculation

Topography of the area to be served it is slope of and terrine; tentative site available for

treatment plant, pumping station and disposal work.

Ground depth and its seasonal fluctuations affecting construction

On site dispose facilities including the possibilities of segregating sullage and sewage

reuse or recycling of sludge water with in household.

B Process consideration; include

Waste water flow and characteristics

Degree of treatment required

Performance characteristics

Availability of land ,power requirement, equipment and skilled staff for handling and

maintenance.

4.2 processes flow diagram or flow sheet

The waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry. these problem include

Processes monitoring

Manual and technical support

Knowledge of operating staff

5 processes and raw material used to treat waste water in pharmaceutical

industry

General process descriptions for each type of process operation are described in the following

subsections. Based on the processes involved pharmaceutical industry can be subdivided in to

five major subcategories

1. Fermentation

2. Synthesis organic compound

3. Both fermentation and synthesis organic compound

4. Biological production

5. Drug mixing

5.1 fermentation

The Most antibiotics and steroids are produced by the fermentation process, which involves three

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basic steps:

inoculums and seed preparation

product recovery

fermentation

Production of a fermentation pharmaceutical begins in the seed preparation step with spores

from the plant master.

a fermentation batch becomes infested with a phage, a virus that attacks microorganisms

necessary to the fermentation process.

5.2 Biological production plant

Many materials used as pharmaceuticals are derived from such natural sources as the roots and

be leaves of plants, animal glands, and parasitic fungi. These products have numerous and

diverse pharmaceutical applications, ranging from tranquilizers and allergy-relief medications to

insulin and morphine. Also included in this group is blood fractionation, which involves the

production of plasma and its derivatives.

The extraction process consists of a series of operating steps beginning with the processing of a

large quantity of natural or biological material containing the desired active ingredient. After

almost every step, the volume of material being handled is reduced significant.

5.3 chemical synthesis

Chemical synthesis is the process of manufacturing pharmaceuticals using organic and

inorganic chemical reactions. Since most of these compounds are produced in batch operations,

the conventional batch reaction vessel is the major piece of equipment used on the process line.

The reaction vessel is one of the most standardized equipment designs in the industry. Generally,

it is made of either stainless steel or glass-lined carbon-steel, and it contains a carbon-steel outer

shell suitable for either cooling water or steam. Inside the vessel is a motor-driven agitator and a

5.4 drug mixing

Pharmaceutically active ingredients are generally produced by batch processes in bulk form and

Must be converted to dosage form for consumer use. Common dosage forms for the consumer

market are tablets, capsules, liquids, and ointments. In addition, active ingredients can also be

in corporate into patches and time release capsules.

Tablets are formed in a tablet press machine by blending the active ingredient, filler, and binder.

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The primary objective of mixing, compounding, or formulating operations is to convert the

Manufactured products into a final, usable form. The necessary production steps typically have

Small wastewater flows because very few of the unit operations generate wastewater. The

primary use of water is in the actual formulating process, where it is used for cooling and for

equipment and floor washing.

5.5 raw materials used to treat waste water in pharmaceutical industry stocke primary

goal of risk assessment exercise should be minimize the risk that a raw material may have on

the quality ,safety and effectiveness of the drug.

A risk assessment should

Have comprehensive scope

Have appropriate pritrazation

Be capable re assess

6 site selection and economic analysis in pharmaceutical industry

6.1 Establishments of Pharmaceutical Factories

When pharmaceutical manufacturers of domestic medicines establish new factories, relocate,

expand, reopen for business, or add raw medicinal materials, dosage forms, items of processing

or product.

6.2 Basic Requirements for the Establishment of Factories

Pharmaceutical factories shall possess the following basic requirements and common facilities.

Factory buildings shall be solid and safe, and designed to prevent rodents, insects and

dust; interior ceilings, walls and floors shall be smooth and free of cracks and crevices,

easy to clean, and nonconductive to the collection of dust; where necessary, materials that

are easily cleaned and disinfected may be used; all operation areas shall be well

illuminated and ventilated; where necessary, equipment for the regulation of temperature,

humidity and air purity may be installed.

Operation areas shall be clearly delineated (e.g. powder manufacturing room, liquid

manufacturing room); in factories that environmental sanitation medicines are also

manufactured, the operation areas shall be separated by an appropriate distance from

manufacturing factories of other medicines; when necessary, separation walls may be

installed

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Warehouses for the storage of raw materials, supplies, semi-finished products and end

products shall be established .

There shall be facilities for the treatment of dust and powder, wastewater, hazardous

wastes, toxic containers, hazardous gases, biological components and other hazardous

components or materials.

There shall be testing departments (laboratory and instrument room), and appropriate

testing equipment. However, if tests are conducted on a contract basis by an organization

approved by the competent authority, in accordance with the Contract Drug

Manufacturing and Testing Operating Principles, and clear document is provided,

establishment of said facilities may be waived.

6.2 Location of the plant of pharmaceutical industry

Plant location means the establishment of an industry at a particular place. The performance of

an enterprise is considerably affected by its location. The selection of site for any enterprise

mainly depends on its size and nature. Sometimes, The nature of the product itself suggest some

suitable location.

A Small scale industry mainly select the site where in accordance with its capacity, the local

market for the product is available. It can easily be shifted to other place, when there is any

change in the market. But in the case of Large scale industries, Where huge amount of

investment has already been done the selection of proper site is very important.

The selection of appropriate location is important due to the following reasons

Location of plant partially determines operating and capital costs. It determines the nature

of investment costs to be incurred and also the levels of operating costs.

Location fixes some of the physical factors of the overall plant designs. e.g. heating and

ventilation requirements, storage capacity of raw material taking into consideration their

local availability, transportation need for raw materials and finished goods, power needs,

cost of labors, taxes, land construction, fuel, etc

Each prospective location implies a news allocation of capacity to respective market area.

Government sometimes plays an important role in the choice of location keeping in view

the national benefits.

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOCATION CHOICES pharmaceutical industry:

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The choices of the plant location is based on the following factors

Availability of Raw material: An ideal location is one where the main raw material

required to manufacture the product is adequately available. This will ensure regular

supply of the material and will reduce the transportation costs.

Nearness to the potential market: marketing of finished goods efficiently is an important

function of an enterprise. If the plant is located near the market, then the management can

keep close touch with their changes in market environment and formulate its production

policies accordingly. Moreover, the transportation and other overhead expenses are

reduced.

Location should be near to source of operating power: in some industries, continuous and

adequate power supply is needed.

There are certain industries for which cheap electricity may be very important. In such situation,

location of the plant near to the hydelpower situation will provide cheap electricity.

Supply of labour: labour is one of the most important inputs in any industrial enterprise.

There should be regular and cheap supply of labour, specifically the unskilled labour. If

there is adequate supply of local labour near the plant, then naturally it will be available

at cheaper rates.

6.2 SELECTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:

Once an appropriate area is chosen for certain plant, next step is location analysis to choose

suitable site in that area. The choice of site is important both for objective and subjective reasons.

The following points should be kept in mind for the selection of the site

It should be well connected with rail, road and river transports.

2. There should be efficient sewage system for the disposal of water and waste materials.

3. The surroundings should be good and peaceful.

4. The sub-soil should be capable of bearing the load of the building plant and equipment.

5. There should be sufficient land to meet the present as well as the future space requirements of

the plant. There should be provision for the parking of transport and sufficient space for

residential accommodation for staff and labour.

6.3 economical analysis in pharmaceutical factory

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A. Calculating Quantities and Construction Expenses ;The most important building expenses

for the construction of any treatment unit can be classified as follows

Tanks and other concrete or steel constructions

Installed equipment.

Building and housing.

Electrical work, control systems and other installations.

The purchasing cost of the mechanical equipment is a function of size or capacity .

The construction of wastewater treatment plants depends not only on the construction of the

processing units, but also on the completion of the supporting plant and piping network, in order

for the whole unit to be operational. Other important construction costs include the contractors’

profit and contingent expenses.

Since these costs are calculated based on the total construction cost, net procedure expenses are

multiplied by a percentage that defines a value for contractors’ profit and contingent expenses.

Total construction expenses are calculated as the sum of processing units’ expenses, other

construction expenses (service networks, surrounding area

etc), contractors’ profit.

A ,Calculating Operation and Maintenance Cost;

The analysis of the operation and maintenance and contingent expenses includes:

Personnel salaries, labor wages for maintenance and operation

Necessary operating electrical energy

Material required for repairs

Chemical substances and other demands

The personnel required for each treatment unit depends on its size.

The total man-hours requirements and the salaries expenses are also related to plant size. The

administrative working group includes management and office personnel. The laboratory group

consists of personnel required to run the necessary tests, to check the several parameters that

ensure an effective treatment. The total man-hours requirement for these groups is related to the

plant.

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7 ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT AND ANALYSIS SOLUTION

Pharmaceutical residues from humans and animals, personal care products, and their metabolites

are continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures. They can enter the

water from discharge of treated domestic wastewater, treated industrial wastewater, commercial

feeding operations, and surface application of manure.

Pharmaceuticals initially enter wastewater treatment plants. the active pharmaceutical

compounds and their metabolites are excreted from the body; and from the disposal of unused or

expired medications down the toilet or drain.

7.1 Impact of waste water in the environment

The waste water very dangerous for living things to the environment and leads to a different

diseases. It has unpleasant odor and very contaminated. the dieses can cause by the

contaminated waste water are cancer ,cholera and money different dieses .

7.2 Controlling of pollution air in pharmaceutical industry

There is limited documentation regarding the direct cause and effect relationships of

pharmaceuticals in the environment. The major concerns to date have been the promotion of

pathogen resistance to antibiotics and disruption of endocrine systems, but many other active

pharmaceutical compounds make their way into the water and have unknown consequence.

In treating hazardous waste materials, toxic containers, hazardous gases, dust, wastewater,

Biological components and other hazardous components or materials, pharmaceutical factories

shall act not only in accordance with relevant laws, but also with the following principles:

1)For hazardous waste materials and toxic containers, storage facilities shall be established, and

these materials and containers shall be decomposed in accordance with their properties, and then

Appropriately incinerated or buried. If toxic containers are to be reused, they shall be washed

and rigorously controlled, and may not be used to hold food products.

2) For hazardous gases and dust, airtight facilities, local exhaust ventilation systems and

negative pressure procedures shall be established; these substances shall, in accordance with

their properties, be scrubbed, collected, oxidized, reduced, combusted, or otherwise appropriately

treated. If exhaust gas contains dust, it shall first be subjected to centrifuging, filtering,

scrubbing, or some other form of dust removal processing; the emission of such gases must

comply with air pollutant emission standards.

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3) For the processing of wastewater, impermeable storage pools shall be established, and

acidification, alkalization, neutralization, active carbon adsorption, or other effective methods

shall be used to break down or remove wastewater toxins; the release of wastewater must comply

with water.

Pharmaceutical factory sites shall be situated in sanitary locations with fresh air; factory

production, processing and packaging areas shall be constructed in accordance with relevant

building codes, and located at a sufficient distance from factory boundaries to prevent pollution

and fires.

7.3 recommendations to reduce air pollution in pharmaceutical industry

When developing policy for future change there are issues that are unforeseen and those that are

unforeseeable. Even though the impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment at trace levels has

not been clearly determined, there are many pollution prevention measures that could be

implemented in a precautionary way. These measures follow the hierarchy of minimize/reduce,

reuse/recycle, and finally proper disposal. Several potential approaches to this issue are possible:

relying on government regulation, implementing proper disposal methods, rethinking and

redesigning sewage treatment, developing more environmentally friendly pharmaceuticals.

I believe best approach to reduce trace contamination of pharmaceuticals in the environment and

the drinking water is to substantially reduce the quantities entering raw sewage at the source.

Any measures at the source will facilitate the removal in the treatment process afterwards.

Source measures include, but are not limited to; proper disposal of unwanted or expired

medications, prescription control, ecologically friendly pharmaceuticals, product stewardship,

and urine separation.

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Reference

1Pharmaceutical technology

2 Fundamental environmental engineering

3L. K. Wang, N. S. Shammas, and Y. T. Hung (eds.), Advanced Physicochemical Treatment

Processes. Humana Press,

4. L. K. Wang, Y. T. Hung, H. H. Lo, and C. Yapijakis (eds.), Handbook of Industrial procesesse