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FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTAMINATED SITETREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
A Lecture Series
Presented
at
The China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT)
Xuzhou, Peoples Republic of China
by
Professor Hilary I. Inyang Honorary Professor, China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT)
Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
Duke Energy Distinguished and Professor of Environmental Engineering and Science
University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC USA
Pro-term Chancellor, African Continental, University (ACUS) Initiative, Abuja, Nigeria
September, 2010
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Examples of option categories and specific options (option categories have greater
performance uncertainties and specific options).
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A surface pond polluted by crude oil and brine behind Prof. H. I. Inyang,
outside the City of Nizhnevartovsk, Russia
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One of the several ponds polluted by oil leakages and drainage in the Samotlor Oil
Field in the Khanty-Mansisk Region of Western Siberia, Russia
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illustration of the spatial distribution of biogeochemical zones that may
occur at a site contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. (NAVAL FACILITIESENGINEERING SERVICE CENTER Users Guide UG-2035-ENV, 1999)
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CRITERIA FOR WASTE CLASSIFICATION
AS BEING HAZARDOUS
Corrosivity
Ignitability
Reactibility
Toxicity
CORROSIVITY pH < 2 or > 12.5
Corrodes steel at the rate of 6035 mm/year
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IGNITABILITY
Substance is a liquid with a flash point
< 60o C
Non-liquid that can cause fire and burnsvigorously when ignited
Compressed gas
Oxidizer
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Reactivity
Unstable substances
Reacts with water
Can generate toxic gases in combination with water
When mixed with other substances it can explode
Substance is a cyanide or sulfide-bearing (these generate
toxic gases) Substance can explode when decomposing
Toxicity Substance is poisonous
Substance is carcinogenic
Substance is listed as being EP-Toxic (or TCLP- toxic) as listed
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RISK AND RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK FOR WASTE
STORAGE SYSTEMS
IN = the intake defined as the amount of a specific chemical in a
contaminated medium taken (mg/kg of body weight per day). C = the average chemical concentration contacted over the
exposure period (mg/L for liquid and gases, and mg/mg for
solids);
IR = the intake rate defined as the amount of the contaminated
medium contacted per unit of time or event (mg/day or L/day) EF = the upper-bound value of the exposure frequency (day/year)
ED = the upper-bound value of the exposure duration (years)
BW = the average body weight over the exposure period (kg)
AT = the average time defined as the time period over which
exposure is averaged (exposure duration for non-carcinogens and 70 years for carcinogens)
The exposure Assessment Basic Equation:
))(())()()((
ATBW
EDEFIRCIN
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Control of Risks through Design, Siting and Management Options
EXPOSURE
PARAMETER
APPROACH MEASURE
EF: exposure frequency Minimization
Siting controls
Scavenging bans
Reduction in work frequency
Process automation
ED: exposure duration Minimization
Siting controls
Scavenging bans
Reduction in work frequency
Process automation
C: Contaminant
exposure
concentration
Minimization
Reduction in stored waste quantity
Occupational health and safety
controls
Effective waste coverage
Effective leachate barrier system
Exclusive distances for water
wells
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SUMMARY OF DEFAULT EXPOSURE FACTORS USED BY THE US EPA SUPERFUND PROGRAM FOR
ESTIMATING THE REASONABLE MAXIMUM EXPOSURE (RME)
U.S. EPA - RISK ASSESSMENT GUIDANCE FOR SUPERFUND VOLUME I: HUMAN HEALTH EVALUATION MANUAL
http://www.hanford.gov/dqo/project/level5/hhems.pdf
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SOIL AND GROUNDWATER ACTION LEVELS AND RISK GOALS AT EXAMPLE SUPERFUND METAL-
CONTAMINATED SITES (USEPA, 1995)
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SOIL AND GROUNDWATER ACTION LEVELS AND RISK GOALS AT EXAMPLE SUPERFUND METAL-
CONTAMINATED SITES (USEPA, 1995) (CONTD)
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CLEANUP LEVELS FOR HYDROCARBON-CONTAMINATED SOIL MASSACHUSETTS
(STOKMAN/SOGOKA, 98)
Product Parameter/Constituent Notification Level Cleanup Level A/B/C
Benzene 10/60g/g 10-200g/g
Toluene 90/500g/g 90-2500g/g
Ethylbenzene 80/500g/g 80-2500g/g
Total Xylenes 500/500g/g 500-2500g/g
MTBE 0.3/200g/g 0.3-200g/g
Naphthalene 4/1000g/g 4-1000g/g
C5-C8 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 100/500g/g 100-500g/g
C9-C12 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 1000/2500g/g 1000-5000g/g
Gasoline
C9-C10 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 100/500g/g 100-500g/gNaphthalene 4/1000g/g 4-1000g/g
2-Methylnapthalene 4/1000g/g 4-1000g/g
Phenanthrene 100/100g/g 100g/g
Acenaphthene 20/2500g/g 20-4000g/g
C9-C18 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 1000/2500g/g 1000-5000g/g
C19-C36 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 2500/5000g/g 2500-5000g/g
Diesel/#2 Fuel
C11-C22 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 200/2000g/g 200-500g/g
NS=Not Specified in regulation, MT
1 Two notification thresholds have been established for "high" and "low" exposure potential areas.
2 Nine generic cleanup standards have been established depending upon exposure potential/accessibility of soil, and
use/classification of underlying groundwater. Alternative cleanup levels are permissible based upon a site-specific risk
characterization. See Massachusetts regulations 310 CMR 40.000 and associated support/policy documents for
complete details and requirements
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RATINGS OF THE RELATIVE EASE OF CLEANING UP OF CONTAMINATED
GROUNDWATER (MACDONALD AND KAVANAUGH, 1994)
HydrogeologyMobile, Dissolve
(degrade/volatilize)
Mobile,
Dissolve
Strongly Sorbed,
Dissolve
(degrades/volatilizes
Strongly
Sorbed,
Dissolve
DNAPL LNAPL
Fractured 3 3 3 3 4 4
Heterogeneous,multiple layers
2 2 3 3 4 3
Heterogeneous,
single layer2 2 3 3 4 3
Homogeneous,
multiple layers1 1-2 2 2-3 3 2-3
1 is easiest and 4 is most difficult
DNAPL = Dense Nonaqueous-phase liquid
LNAPL = Light Nonaqueous-phase liquid
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Change of waste hazardous characteristics fits within the following general
hazard reduction techniques
1. Changes in chemical function of the
contamination to reduce mobility
2. Changes in chemical form to reduce toxicity3. Changes in form to reduce volume
4. Changes in characteristics of the contaminant
transport media5. Removal of waste from the site
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GENERAL TYPES OF WASTE TREATMENT APPROACHES
Chemical Treatment Processes
These processes are mainly intended to accomplish
one or more of the following functions.
pH adjustment Oxidation
Reduction
Pre-treatment
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BASIC APPROACHES TO MITIGATING HAZARDOUS CHARACTERISTICS
Waste hazard Basic Response action
Corrosive waste pH adjustment
Ignitive waste Oxidation or reduction
Reactive waste Oxidation or reduction
Toxic waste Oxidation, reduction, lysisfor organics
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Soil Technologies
Bioremediation (ex situ)
Bioremediation (in situ)
Contained recovery of Oily wastes (CROWTM)
Cyanide oxidation
De-chlorination
Hot air injection
In situ flushing
Physical separation
Plasma high temperature metals recovery
Soil vapor extraction Soil washing
Solvent extraction
Thermal desorption
Vitrification
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Groundwater Technologies
Air sparging
Bioremediation (in situ)
Dual-phase extraction In-situ oxidation
In-situ well aeration
Passive treatment walls
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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY SELECTION APPROACHES
Factors considered:
1. Chemical Factors
Effectiveness of technology relative to the chemistry and concentrationsof contaminants, affected by:
a) Reaction conditions
b) Concentration variations
c) Composition variations
2. Physical Factors
Effectiveness of the technology with respect to media of concern.
3. Other Factors
Physical restraint at the site
Health and safety
Sensitivity of the site
* All the factors relate to the costs associated with
the implementation of a particular site treatment technology
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ASSESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A TECHNOLOGY
A) Bench scale treatability studies
For demonstrated technologies,
Duration: 2 - 6 weeksCost: $10,000 - $50,000
For innovative technologies,
Duration: 4
16 weeks
Cost: $25,000 - $200,000
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ASSESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY OF A TECHNOLOGY
B) Plot scale treatability studies
For demonstrated technologies with available testingunits
Duration: 3
12 monthsCosts: $100,000 - $ 1milion
These studies are conducted if,
1) The level of certainty of success of technology islow
2) Consequence of failure of technology is high
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SUPERFUND REMEDIAL ACTIONS: TREATMENT
TRAINS WITH INNOVATIVE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
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SUPERFUND REMEDIAL ACTIONS: TREATMENT
TRAINS WITH INNOVATIVE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
(Contd)
Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Eleventh Edition),
EPA-542-R-03-009, February 2004
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Schematicillustration of the
arrangement of
injection extraction,
treatment and
disposal network for
reactants used inenhancement of
pump-and-treat
systems
(EPA, 1996, Pump-and-Treat Ground-Water Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners)http://www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/pumptreat/pumpdoc.pdf
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Pulsed pumping removal of residual contaminants from saturated media
(EPA, 1996, Pump-and-Treat Ground-Water Remediation A Guide for Decision Makers and Practitioners)
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Schematic illustration of solubility and diffusion limitations to pump-and-treat
Systems: (a) Contaminants are mobilized; (b) sorption of contaminant onto
mineral surface
USEPA - Introduction to Pump-and-Treat Remediationhttp://www.epa.gov/ORD/WebPubs/pumptreat/pumpdoc.pdf
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ALKYLBENZENE SULFONATE
An illustration of the configuration of a type of surfactant (USEPA, 1992)
Hydrophobic Moiety Hydrophobic Moiety
AGGREGATION OF SURFACTANT MOLECULES INTO A MICELLE (USEPA
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AGGREGATION OF SURFACTANT MOLECULES INTO A MICELLE (USEPA,
1992)
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Model of an Air Sparging System
Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Ninth Edition),EPA-542-R99-001, Number 9, April 1999
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VAPOR PRESSURE OF COMMON PETROLEUM CONSTITUENTS (USEPA,
1995)
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THE MOST PREVALENT NATURAL ATTENUATION MECHANISM
(USEPA, 1995)
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SCHEMATIC OF CROSSHOLE SEISMIC TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING SYSTEM (US DOE, 1994A)
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Model of Phytoremediation
(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov)
M d l f Ph t di ti
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Model of Phytoremediation
Illustration of nickel uptake through the process of phytoremediation(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov)
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Model of Phytoremediation
Illustration of nickel uptake through the process of phytoremediation(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov)
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Model of Phytoremediation
Illustration of nickel uptake through the process of phytoremediation(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov)
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Model of Phytoremediation
Illustration of nickel uptake through the process of phytoremediation(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov)
M d l f Ph t di ti
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Model of Phytoremediation
Treatment Technologies for Site Cleanup: Annual Status Report (Ninth Edition),EPA-542-R99-001, Number 9, April 1999
EXAMPLES OF HYPERACCUMULATORS OF METALS (USEPA
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EXAMPLES OF HYPERACCUMULATORS OF METALS (USEPA,
1996B)
Metal Plant Species
% of Metal in Dry
Weight of
Leaves
Native Location
ZnThlaspi calaminare 3Southern Europe
and Turkey
Sebertia acuminata 25 (in latex) New Caledonia
Stackhousia tryonli 4.1 Australia
Pb Brassuca juncea
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EFFECTS OF ADDING EDTA TO Pb-CONTAMINATED SOILa WITH TOTAL SOIL Pb mg/kg ON Pb
CONCENTRATION IN XYLEM SAP AND Pb ACCUMULATION IN SHOOTSb OF 21-DAY-OLD CORN
GROWN IN CONTAMINATED SOIL (Huang et al; 1997)
EFFECTS OF ADDING EDTA TO Pb-CONTAMINATED SOILa WITH TOTAL SOIL Pb mg/kg ON Pb
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EFFECTS OF ADDING EDTA TO Pb-CONTAMINATED SOIL WITH TOTAL SOIL Pb mg/kg ON Pb
CONCENTRATION IN XYLEM SAP AND Pb ACCUMULATION IN SHOOTSb OF 21-DAY-OLD CORN
GROWN IN CONTAMINATED SOIL (Huang et al; 1997)
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF FIVE SYNTHETIC CHELATESa IN ENHANCING Pb
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RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF FIVE SYNTHETIC CHELATESa IN ENHANCING Pb
ACCUMULATION IN SHOOTS OF CORN AND PEA PLANTS GROWN IN Pb-
CONTAMINATED SOIL WITH A TOTAL PB OF 2500 MG/KG (HUANG ET AL; 1997)
A SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER
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A SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER
BIORECLAMATION (USEPA, 1986)
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Illustration of the effects of Oxygen access on biodegradation of a
contaminant plume (USEPA, 1995)
REFRACTORY INDICES OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (data from
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REFRACTORY INDICES OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (data from
Lyman et al; 1982)
REFRACTORY INDICES OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (data from
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REFRACTORY INDICES OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (data from
Lyman et al; 1982) (contd)
BOD5/COD RATIOS FOR VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Lyman et al;
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BOD5/COD RATIOS FOR VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Lyman et al;
1982)
BOD5/COD RATIOS FOR VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Lyman et al;
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BOD5/COD RATIOS FOR VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Lyman et al;
1982)
BOD5/COD RATIOS FOR VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Lyman et al;
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BOD5/COD RATIOS FOR VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Lyman et al;
1982)
BOD5/COD RATIOS FOR VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Lyman et al;
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O 5/ O OS O OUS O O OU S ( y a e a ;
1982)
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Principal mechanisms through which chlorinated hydrocarbons reduced by
iron (Wilson, 1995)
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Suggested pathways for the reduction of chloroethylenes by zero-valent
iron (courtesy of undated USEPA information sheet)
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Effects of zero-valent iron metal surface area concentration on pseudo-
first-order reaction rate constant for nitrobenzene reduction (Agrawal andTratnyek, 1996)
A SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF IN SITU VITRIFICATION PROCESS IN WHICH
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ELECTRODES ARE USED FOR HEAT APPLICATION
(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov/)
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An example of a silicate glass network structure (Mc Lelland and Strand, 1984)
TYPICAL RANGES OF OXIDE COMPOSITIONS IN SODA-LIME GLASS, BOROSILLICATE
( ) ( )
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GLASS AND IN SITU VITRIFIED (ISV) GLASS (COMPILED BY USEPA, 1992)
APPROXIMATE RANGES OF SOLUBILITY OF ELEMENTS IN SILICATE
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GLASSES (Volf, 1984)
TCLP EXTRACT METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN LEACHATE FROM IDAHO NATIONAL
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ENGINEERING LABORATORY VITRIFIED SOILS (USEPA, 1994b)
ORGANICS DESTRUCTION AND REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES (DRE) RECORDED FOR
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CONTAMINATED MEDIA VITRIFICATION SYSTEMS (HWC, 1990)
COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY COMPOUNDS IN
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PORTLAND CEMENT
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Schematic Diagram of One Electrode Configuration and Geometry Used in
Field Implementation of Electrokinetic Remediation
(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4_6.html )
ELECTROACOUSTICAL SOIL DECONTAMINATION PROCESS
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(USEPA, 1997)
Model of Phytoremediation
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y
Illustration of nickel uptake through the process of phytoremediation(Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable - http://www.frtr.gov)