Environment Mangement Concept.docx

8/10/2019 Environment Mangement Concept.docx

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Environment Management Concept

Definition

Its an attempt to control human impact on and interaction with the environment in order to

preserve natural resources

Environmental management focuses on the improvement of human welfare for present and

future generations.

Administrative functions that develop, implement, and monitor the environmental policy of an

organization.

Sustainable Development

is a pattern of resource use, that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment

so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.

The development initiatives be initiated in such a way that the future generations can enjoy the

benefits of Nature without any compromise.

Using the resources to the extent to which it is sustained.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs


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Significance in India

WHY factor

India is the world's sixth largest and second fastest growing producer of greenhouse

gases.

Delhi , Mumbai and Chennai are three of the world's ten most polluted cities.

Two-thirds of city dwellers lack sewerage; one-third lack potable water.

India urban population grows equivalent of another New York City every year. This

equals to a projected urban population of over 500 million in 20 years.

Trends in Environmental Management

Impact Assessment and Planning (IAP)

Assessing environmental and social impacts prior to setting up operations and obtaining environmental

approval from the authorities is almost mandatory in most project categories. IAP assessments may be

required not only for newly constructed facilities, but also for new operations that will be housed in an

existing building.

Environmental Liability and Clean-up

Foreign investment has resulted in heightened scrutiny of current and historic environmental liabilities

associated with property transactions in India.

Sustainability and Regulatory Compliance

The increasing desire of Indian companies to meet world class standards has caused established

companies in India to take on sustainability initiatives as a means of improving their global brand and

reputation.

Climate Change

While India still lags the West in coming up with concrete regulations based on the development versus

environment debate, there is an increasing awareness in India that climate change is not about scoring

points but about the existence of entire communities inside and outside of India.

National Environmental Policy

The National Environment Policy seeks to extend the coverage, and fill in gaps that still exist, in

light of present knowledge and accumulated experience.

It does not displace, but builds on the earlier policies.


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National Forest Policy, 1988

National Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment and Development,

1992

Policy Statement on Abatement of Pollution,1992

The National Environment Policy is intended to mainstream environmental concerns in all

development activities.

Objectives of the National Environment Policy

Conservation of Critical Environmental Resources

To protect and conserve critical ecological systems and resources, and invaluable natural and man-made

heritage, which are essential for life support, livelihoods, economic growth, and a broad conception of

human well-being.

Intra-generational Equity: Livelihood Security for the Poor

To ensure equitable access to environmental resources and quality for all sections of society, and in

particular, to ensure that poor communities, which are most dependent on environmental resources for

their livelihoods, are assured secure access to these resources.

Environmental Governance

To apply the principles of good governance (transparency, rationality, accountability, reduction in time

and costs, participation, and regulatory independence) to the management and regulation of use of

environmental resources.

Enhancement of Resources for Environmental Conservation

To ensure higher resource flows, comprising finance, technology, management skills, traditional

knowledge, and social capital, for environmental conservation through mutually beneficial

multistakeholder partnerships between local communities, public agencies, the academic and research

community, investors, and multilateral and bilateral development partners.

Multilateral Development Banks are institutions that provide financial support and professional advice

for economic and social development activities in developing countries. The term Multilateral

Development Banks (MDBs) typically refers to the World Bank Group and four Regional DevelopmentBanks:

The African Development Bank

The Asian Development Bank

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

The Inter-American Development Bank Group


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Principles National Environment Policy

Human Beings are at the Centre of Sustainable Development Concerns

The Right to Development

The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental

needs of present and future generations.

Environmental Protection is an Integral part of the Development Process

The Precautionary Approach

Where there are credible threats of serious or irreversible damage to key environmental resources, lack

of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent

environmental degradation.

Economic Efficiency

The services of environmental resources be given economic value, and such value to count equally with

the economic values of other goods and services, in analysis of alternative courses of action.

Example: Polluter Pays

Entities with Incomparable Values

Significant risks to human health, life, and environmental life-support systems, besides certain other

unique natural and man-made entities, which may impact the well-being, broadly conceived, of large

numbers of persons, may be considered as Incomparable in that individuals or societies would not

accept these risks for compensation in money or conventional goods and services.

Equity

The cardinal principle of equity or justice requires that human beings cannot be treated differently

based on irrelevant differences between them.

Legal Liability

The principle of legal liability may be viewed as an embodiment in legal doctrine of the polluter pays

approach.

Fault Based Liability

In a fault based liability regime a party is held liable if it breaches a preexisting legal duty,

for example, an environmental standard.


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Strict Liability

Strict liability imposes an obligation to compensate the victim for harm resulting from actions or

failure to take action, which may not necessarily constitute a breach of any law or duty of care.

Public Trust Doctrine

The State is not an absolute owner, but a trustee of all natural resources, which are by nature meant for

public use and enjoyment, subject to reasonable conditions, necessary to protect the legitimate interest

of a large number of people, or for matters of strategic national interest.

Decentralization

Decentralization involves ceding or transfer of power from a Central Authority to State and Local

Authorities, in order to empower public authorities having jurisdiction at the spatial level at which

particular environmental issues are salient, to address these issues.

Integration

Integration refers to the inclusion of environmental considerations in sectoral policymaking, the

integration of the social and natural sciences in environment related policy research, and the

strengthening of relevant linkages among various agencies at the Central, State, and Local Self-

Government levels, charged with the implementation of environmental policies.

Environmental Standard Setting

Environmental standards must reflect the economic and social development situation in which they

apply. Standards adopted in one society or context may have unacceptable economic and social costs if

applied without discrimination in another society or context.

Preventive Action

It is preferable to prevent environmental damage from occurring in the first place, rather than

attempting to restore degraded environmental resources after the fact.

Environmental Offsetting

There is a general obligation to protect threatened or endangered species and natural systems that are

of special importance to sustaining life, providing livelihoods, or general well-being.


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Regulatory Reforms

Revisiting the Policy and Legislative

Framework

Process Related Reforms

Substantive Reforms

Process Related Reforms

Approach

The objective is to reduce delays and levels of decision-making, realize decentralization of

environmental functions, and ensure greater transparency and Accountability.

Framework for Legal Action

A judicious mix of civil and criminal processes and sanctions will be employed in the legal regime for

enforcement, through a review of the existing legislation.

Substantive Reforms

Environment and Forests Clearances

Under the new arrangements, there would be significant devolution of powers to the State/UT level.

Coastal Areas

Living Modified Organisms (LMOs)

Environmentally Sensitive Zones

Monitoring of Compliance

Use of Economic Principles in Environmental Decision-making

LMOs

In order to ensure that development of biotechnology does not lead to unforeseen adverse impacts, the

following actions will be taken:

Review the regulatory processes for LMOs so that all relevant scientific knowledge is

taken into account, and ecological, health, and economic concerns are adequately

addressed.

Periodically review the National Bio-safety Guidelines, and Bio-safety Operations

Manual to ensure that these are based on current scientific knowledge.


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Ensure the conservation of bio-diversity and human health when dealing with LMOs

Environmentally Sensitive Zones

The following actions will be taken:

Identify and give legal status to Environmentally Sensitive Zones in the country havingenvironmental entities with Incomparable values requiring special conservation efforts.

Formulate area development plans for these zones on a scientific basis, with adequate

participation by the local communities.

Create local institutions with adequate participation for the environmental management of such

areas, to ensure adherence to the approved area development plans, which should be prepared

in consultation with the local communities.

Monitoring of Compliance

The following actions will be taken:

Take measures, including capacity development initiatives to enable Panchayati Raj Institutions

and urban local bodies to undertake monitoring of compliance with environmental management

plans. Measures will also be taken to encourage municipalities to annually report their

environmental performance to their governing bodies.

Develop feasible models of public-private partnerships to leverage financial, technical, and

management resources of the private sector in setting up and operating infrastructure for

monitoring of environmental compliance, with ironclad safeguards against possible conflict of

interest or collusion with the monitored entities.

Use of Economic Principles in Environmental Decision-making:

It is necessary that the costs associated with the degradation and depletion of natural resources be

incorporated into the decisions of economic actors at various levels, to reverse the tendency to treat

these resources as free goods and to pass the costs of degradation to other sections of society, or to

future generations of the country.

Environment

The term environmentrefers to an organizations natural and human surroundings. An organizationsenvironment extends from within the organization itself to the global system, and includes air, water,

land, flora, fauna, as well as human beings.

Current Condition in India

Rapid growing Population


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Economic Development

Uncontrolled Growth of Urbanization

Industrialization/ Globalisation

Expansion and Massive Intensification of agriculture

Destruction of Forests

Rapid Growth of Population

50% of population to be in Urban cities by 2020

UN projection half of world population to stay in Urban cities by 2008

Environmental Conflict

India lags behind in putting forward any system for planned management of its fragile eco-

system that is in constant conflict with the needs of development .

Indian scenario is bleak, what with all round failures in arresting the population growth with

attendant pressures on land and scarce natural resources , increasing urbanisation ,

industrialisation , growth in rapaciousconsumption , wasteful life styles

In India, relationship between westernised models of development and the preservation

environment on the face of its fight against poverty, the conflict exists broadly on three levels:-

o Some castigate excessive concern for environment as a result of conspiracy of the

developed nations against progress in the underdeveloped countries like India and

maintain that India may address issues concerning environment only after it reaches the

level of production and consumption of the industrialised nations.

Some others feel that concern for environment is bound to divert attention from the problems

of the poor. Environment, to this group has nothing to do with trying to give a better deal to the

large and ever growing population.

Some believe that in India at least the very large and ever-growing population is responsible for

the environment crises.

Environmental Issues in India

Forest and Agricultural Degradation of land

Resource depletion(water, mineral, forest, sand, rocks etc.) is an economic term referring to

the exhaustion of raw materials within a region.

Environmental Degradation


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Public health

Loss of biodiversity

Loss of resilience in ecosystems

Livelihood security for the poor

Forest and Agricultural Degradation of land

Degradation means reduction of

Forest quality - the density and structure of the trees, the ecological services supplied,

the biomassof plants and animals, the species diversity.

Fertility and output Quality of Agricultural Land.

Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.

Causes:

Land clearance, such as clearcuttingand deforestation.

Agricultural depletion of soil nutrients through poor farming practices.

Livestock including overgrazing.

Inappropriate Irrigation and overdrafting.

Urban sprawl and Commercial development.

Land pollution including industrial waste.

Vehicle off-roading.

Quarrying of stone, sand, ore and minerals.

Overdraftingis the process of extracting groundwater beyond the safe yield or equilibrium yield of the

aquifer.

An aquiferis a wet underground layer

The Urban sprawl is the spreading of urban developments (as houses and shopping centers) on

undeveloped land near a cityA commercial clear cut is when cutters remove only the valuable trees and leave others standing.

Effects

Accelerated soil erosion by wind and water

Soil acidification and the formation of acid sulfate soil resulting in barren soil.


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Soil alkalinisation owing to irrigation with water containing sodium bicarbonate leading

to poor soil structure and reduced crop yields.

Soil salination in irrigated land requiring soil salinity control to reclaim the land.

Soil waterlogging in irrigated land which calls for some form of subsurface land drainage

to remediate the negative effects.

Destruction of soil structure including loss of organic matter.

Environmental Degradation

is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleteriousor

undesirable.

Environmental degradationis the deterioration of the environment through

depletionof resources such as air, water and soil

the destruction of ecosystems

the extinction of wildlife.

Water resources

Usage of Ground and Underground water by the Industry - causes huge droughts and

contamination to a massive area by exploiting an excessive amount of ground water and then

replacing it with toxic discharge.

85% of rural drinking water and 55% of urban water comes from underground sources has

caused the national water table to suddenly and very dramatically drop.

The rivers are slowly being polluted and destroyed by sewage, chemicals and other agricultural

and industrial waste.

Deforestation

almost 5.3 Million hectares of forest have been destroyed since the independence for housing,

industrialisation and river projects.

Poor management and abuse of power are again the increasingly sad cause behind the massdeforestation- Poaching.

The invasion of foreign tree species such as Eucalyptusetc.

Eucalyptusis water intensive and nutrient intensive.


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Eucalyptusis toxic, due to allelopathic properties, which serve to reduce not only other plant life,

including crops, by restricting germination of other species, but is also detrimental to soil micro and

macrofauna.

macrofauna(biology), in soil science, animals that are one centimetre or more long but smaller than an

earthworm. Potworms, myriapods, centipedes, millipedes

Public Health

Public health has often been defined as a science dealing with the determinants and defence of

health at the population level, while clinical medicine deals with multiple maladiesand their

remedies at the level of an individual patient.

Public health aims to understand and influence the social, cultural and economic determinants

of health as well as to study and structure health systems as efficient channels for health

services delivery.

Loss of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the distribution and number, variety and variability of living organisms over time.

Biodiversity may be diversity within species (genetic diversity), between species (species

diversity), and between ecosystems (ecosystem diversity).

Biodiversity includes all ecosystemswildlands, nature preserves or national parks, plantations,

farms, croplands, aquaculture sites, rangelands and urban parks too have their own biodiversity.

Loss in biodiversity has direct and indirect negative effects on Food security, Vulnerability,

Health, Energy security, Clean water and Social relations.

Fragmentation of habitats and the sharp decline in small subpopulations of plants and animals

bring them on the edge of decline.

18 domestic poultry breeds are under threat and around 40 species of plants and animals have

extincted.

India has lost about 40% of its mangroves and some crucial part of its wetlands.

Major problems with biodiversity conservation

Low priority for conservation of living natural resources.

Exploitation of living natural resources for monetary gain.

Values and knowledge about the species and ecosystem inadequately known.

Unplanned urbanization and uncontrolled industrialization.


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Major biodiversity threats

Habitat destruction.

Extension of agriculture.

Filling up of wetlands.

Conversion of rich bio-diversity site for Human settlement and industrial development.

Destruction of coastal areas.

Uncontrolled commercial exploitation.

Loss of resilience in ecosystem

Ecosystem resilience describes the capacity of an ecosystem to cope with disturbances, such as

storms, fire and pollution, without shifting into a qualitatively different state.

A resilient ecosystem has the capacity to withstand shocks and surprises and, if damaged, to

rebuild itself.

In a resilient ecosystem, the process of rebuilding after disturbance promotes renewal and

innovation.

Without resilience, ecosystems become vulnerable to the effects of disturbance that previously

could be absorbed.

Livelihood security for the poor

Poor farmers are unable to cope with adverse climatic conditions can only resort to seasonal

migration due to lack of any productive assets or availability of alternative employment options

in the village.

Slowdown in agricultural growth and productivity, changing cropping patterns, increase in

distress migration, changing consumption patterns, government policies favouring industrial

houses, among others have seriously undermined the food and livelihood security of the poorer

households.

Environmental issues in India

Water pollution

Growing water scarcity

Air pollution

Poor management of waste


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Falling groundwater tables

Preservation and quality of forests

Biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation

Water pollution

Discharge of untreated sewage is single most important cause for pollution of surface and

ground water in India.

Large gap between generation and treatment of domestic wastewater in India.

India lacks sufficient treatment capacity.

Sewage treatment plants that exist do not operate and are not maintained.

Improper design or poor maintenance or lack of reliable electricity supply to operate the plants,

together with absentee employees and poor management.

The untreated industrial wastes have resulted in calcium, magnesium, fluoride, mercury, beta-

endosulphanand heptachlorpesticide were more than permissible limit (MPL) in ground and tap

waters.

The water has high concentration of COD and BOD (chemical and biochemical oxygen demand),

ammonia, phosphate, chloride, chromium, arsenic and chlorpyrifos pesticide in many of the

dwellings along the industrial belt.

The ground water also contains nickel and selenium, while the tap water has high concentration

of lead, nickel and cadmium.

Endosulfanis an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally.

Heptachloris an organochlorine compound that was used as an insecticide.

Acaricide: An agent, usually a chemical, that kills mites.

Water is Precious and scarce Resource

Only a small fraction (about 3%) is fresh water

India is the wettest country in the world, but rainfall is highly uneven with time and space (withextremely low in Rajasthan and high in North-East)

On an average there are only 40 rainy days

Out of 4000 BCM(Billion Cubic Meter) rainfall received, about 600 BCMis put to use so far.

Water resources are over-exploited resulting in major Water Quality problems.


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Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Preamble: Maintaining and restoring of wholesomeness of water level of WQ

Provision for consent.

Every polluter (industry or municipality) has to obtain consent from SPCBs/PCCs-State Pollution

Control Board (SPCB) Pollution Control Committee (PCC)

Consent is conditional.

Standards prescribed for effluents.

Monitoring the compliance.

Major Factors Responsible for WQ Degradation

Domestic: 423 class I cities and 499 class II towns harboring population of 20 Crore generate

about 26254 mldof wastewater of which only 6955 mldis treated.

Industrial: About 57,000 polluting industries in India generate about 13,468 mld of wastewater

out of which nearly 60% (generated from large & medium industries) is treated.

Non-point sources also contribute significant pollution loads mainly in rainy season. Pesticides

consumption is about 1,00,000 tonnes/year of which AP, Haryana, Punjab, TN, WB, Gujarat, UP

and Maharashtra are principal consumers.

Domestic sewage is the major source of pollution in India in surface water which contribute

pathogens, the main source of water borne diseases along with depletion of oxygen in water

bodies.

Sewage along with agricultural run-off and industrial effluents also contributes large amount of

nutrients in surface water causing eutrophication

A large part of the domestic sewage is not even collected. This results in stagnation of sewage

within city, a good breeding ground for mosquitoes and contaminate the groundwater, the only

source of drinking water in many cities.

WATER POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY

Urban sourcesNational River Action Plan

Industrial Sourcesthrough consent ( SPCB)

Special Drives: 17 categories of industries

Industries discharging into rivers and lakes


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24 Problem areas action plan

Environmental auditing

Common effluent treatment plants for cluster of SSI units (124)

Promotion of low-waste and no-waste technology

Recent efforts to address water issues

US$100 billion project to interlink all major river networks in India.

Connect water-deficient areas to water-abundant ones by interlinking 37 Indian rivers.

Transfer water through 30 links across 9,600 kilometers and the project would connect 32

dams.

Aims a transformation of India's water treatment, management, transmission and distribution.

Water Scarcity- Indian Scenario

The thirst of water for Indias rapid development is growing day by day.

Large area under the less water conditions/drought prone.

The quality of groundwater is not good.

Water supply of the 90% of Indias territory is served by inter-state rivers.

Growing number of conflicts across the states on water sharing issues.

Major Reasons behind Water Scarcity

Population growth and Food production (Agriculture)

Increasing construction/ infrastructure development Activities

Massive urbanization and industrialization throughout the country

Climatic change and variability- Depleting of natural resources due to changing climate

conditions (Deforestation etc.)

Lack of implementation of effective water management systems.

http://youtube/XGgYTcPzexE


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Air Pollution

Vehicle emissionsare responsible for 70% of the countrys air pollution.

Air pollution from vehicle exhaust and industry is a worsening problem for India.

Exhaust from vehicles has increased eight-fold over levels of twenty years ago; industrial

pollution has risen four times.

At average trip speeds between 20 to 40 kilometers per hour, the cars pollutant emission was

twice and At average trip speeds between 5 to 20 kilometers per hour, the cars pollutant

emissions were 4 to 8 times as much as much as when the average speed was 55 to 75

kilometers per hour.

Some Indian taxis and auto-rickshaws run on adulterated fuel blends.

Some adulterants increase emissions of harmful pollutants from vehicles, worsening urban air

pollution.

Fuel adulteration is essentially an unintended consequence of tax policies and the attempt to

control fuel prices, in the name of fairness.

Indias environmental problems are exacerbated by its heavy reliance on coal for power

generation.

Emits a high amount of carbon and greenhouse gases.

Harmful pollutants like nitrogen and sulphur oxides emitted by aircraft at approximately

35,000ft combine with other gases in the atmosphere to create noxious particulate matter.

8,000 people will die due to aircraft pollutants this year, and 3,500 of them would be from India

and China.

Fuelwood and biomass burning is the primary reason for near-permanent haze and smoke

observed above rural and urban India, and in satellite pictures of the country.

Fuelwood and biomass cakes are used for cooking and general heating in over 100 million

Indian households, and are used two to three times a day, daily.

World Health Organization, claim 300,000 to 400,000 people die of indoor air pollution and

carbon monoxide poisoning in India because of biomass burning and use of chullahs.

Recent trends in India's air quality

Most Indian cities continue to violate India's and world air quality PM10 targets. Respirable

particulate matter pollution remains a key challenge for India.


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A decreasing trend has been observed in sulphur dioxide levels in residential areas of many

cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Lucknow, Bhopal during last few years. The decreasing trend in

sulphur dioxide levels may be due to recently introduced clean fuel standards, and the

increasing use of LPG as domestic fuel instead of coal or fuelwood, and the use of LPG instead of

diesel in certain vehicles.

PM10 (meaning Particulate Matter 10 micrometers or less in diameter).

Most Indian cities greatly exceed acceptable levels of suspended particulate matter. This is

because of refuse and biomass burning, vehicles emissions, power plant emissions, industrial

sources.

The Indian air quality monitoring stations reported lower levels of PM10 and suspended

particulate matter during monsoon months possibly due to wet deposition and air scrubbing by

rainfall. Higher levels of particulates were observed during winter months

Poor management of waste

Huge amount of wastage pileups have been created in the cities because of high population

densityand congestionin most Indian cities.

Large numbers of factorieshave been established across the city area and in the outer circles

of the city which ignore the system of proper waste disposal.

Unplanned drainscoming out of the slum areas.

Drainage water gets added to the drinking water and resulting in serious health problem to the

public.

In India, ineffective drainage has been a major reason for the spread of water borne diseases.

Improper disposal of bio-medical waste by several health centres, mainly dental clinics, primary

health centres, community health centres and diagnostic centres poses a health hazard to the

general public, sanitation workers and rag pickers.

Lack of regular supervision of health centres by the Pollution Control Board on disposal of bio-

medical waste


Groundwater levels have dropped in many places across the globe over the past nine years.

The decline is due to expanding agriculture which in turn has increased water demand.

Climate change may also accelerate declines in groundwater in some places as precipitation

patterns are becoming more extreme, increasing the severity of droughts.


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Groundwater currently makes up about 97 percent of all the available fresh water on the planet

and presently accounts for about 40 percent of our total water supply

Precipitation is Rain, sleet, hail, snow and other forms of water falling from the sky.


Groundwater is a key driver of the global economy. If it becomes depleted, entire industries may

be forced to shut down or move. Whole regions could face acute water scarcity.

Over-extraction also has serious implications for the environment, especially when the climate is

warming, as falling water tables can lead to emptying lakes and rivers and dying landscapes as

the water they depended on is withdrawn.

In the 10 years since Coca-Cola started operations (2000-2010), groundwater levels have

plummeted 25.35 meters (83.2 feet)


When deforestation perpetrates, a whole gamut of consequences from soil infertility to global

warming arises.

Depletion of forests increases the risk of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere with the resultant

effect of the reduction of the ozone layer, which leads to global warming.

Global warming is said to pose a serious danger to civilisation because of its devastating effects

on the ecosystem.

Deforestation changes the quantity of water that percolates into the soil which results inreduction of evaporation.


Forestry in Indiais a significant rural industry and a major environmental issue.

India's forest cover to be about 68 million hectares, or about 20 percent of the country's area.

India's consumption of fuelwood is about five times higher than what can be sustainably

removed from forests.

The variety and distribution of forest vegetation is large. There are 600 species of hardwoods

To achieve sustainable forest and ecological security

India must pursue rural development and animal husbandry policies to address local

communities need to find affordable cattle fodder and grazing.


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To avoid destruction of local forest cover, fodder must reach these communities on reliable

roads and other infrastructure, in all seasons year round.

Revenue generated from lease of mines must be pooled into a dedicated fund to conserve and

improve the quality of forests in the region where the mines are located.

Power to declare ecologically sensitive areas must be with each Indian state.

Sustainable agro-forestry and farm forestry must be encouraged through financial and

regulatory reforms, particularly on privately owned lands.

Government should reform regulations and laws that encourages sustainable Growth of Forest.

Social organisations and Local people be involved in activities that preserve and conserve forest

and to maintain ecological security.

Biodiversity loss

Biodiversity is defined as the variability among living organisms from all sources, including

terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are

a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.

India has a total of 89,451 animal species accounting for 7.31% of the faunal species in the

world and the flora accounts for 10.78% of the global total.

44 plant species are critically endangered, 113 endangered and 87 vulnerable. Amongst

animals, 18 are critically endangered, 54 endangered and 143 are vulnerable.

The major proximate causes of species extinction are habitat loss and degradation.

However, the Underlying causes of biodiversity loss are:

Poverty

Macroeconomic policies

International trade factors

Policy failures

Poor environmental law/weak enforcement

Unsustainable development projects and lack of local control over resources

Population pressures and concomitant increases in the collection of fuelwood and fodder, and

grazing in forests by local communities too take their toll on the forests, and consequently its

biodiversity.


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Industrial Ecology, CSR and Sustainability

Industrial Ecology

Industrial ecology is the study

of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and consumer activities,

of the effects of these flows on the environment,

and of the influence of economic, political, regulatory, and social factors of the flow,

use, and transformation of resources .

Industrial Ecology has been defined as a "systems-based, multidisciplinary discourse that seeks

to understand emergent behaviour of complex integrated human/natural systems".The field

approaches issues of sustainability by examining problems from multiple perspectives, usually

involving aspects of sociology, the environment, economy and technology.

Industrial ecology operates at 3 levels

o Firms

design for environment

pollution prevention

eco-efficiency

green accounting

environmental management

o Across Firms

industrial symbiosis

product life-cycles

industrial sector initiatives

o Regional / Global

materials and energy flow studies

policies and strategies

supply chain management


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Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is about business and industry taking responsibilities

beyond that of creating economic value.

A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business

operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis

CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby a business monitors and

ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and international

norms.

The goal of CSR is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive

impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities,

stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere.

Corporate Social Responsibility in India

The problem with corporate social responsibility (CSR) is that nobody is very clear about what

exactly it encompasses.

The Indian government has been trying to make it mandatory for companies to spend at least

2% of net profits on CSR.

Facing strong criticism, it gave up the effort in mid-July 2011 and made the spending voluntary.

Instead of defining CSR, the Indian government recast it as "responsible business" in a set of

voluntary guidelines for firms.

No Clear Definition, but Plenty of Debate

CSR should actually relate to the way you conduct your business, whereas it gets confused with

giving to the local communities in which you operate.

Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the

ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development in India

Sustainable development in India encompasses a variety of development schemes in social,

cleantech (clean energy, clean water and sustainable agriculture) and human resources

segments.

India is expected to begin the greening of its national income accounting, making depletion in

natural resources wealth a key component in its measurement of gross domestic product (GDP).


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Major Achievements

The number of carbon credits issued for emission reduction projects in India is set to triple to

246 million by December 2012 from 72 million in November 2009.

This will cement India's second position in the global carbon credits market (technically called

Certified Emission Reduction units or CERs).

India's renewable energy capacity to increase to 20,000 megawatt (MW) by December 2012,

from the current 15,542 MW.

The contribution of renewable energy to the power business in India has now reached 70 per

cent, compared to 10 per cent in 2000.

Growth in use of green technologies has put India on the green-building leader board with

countries such as the US. About 2-3 per cent of all construction in India is green, as good as (in)

the US. In the next two or three years, we want to bring it up to 10 per cent, which will put us on

top

The US$ 1.79 billion Indian lighting market is estimated to be growing at 18 per cent annually

and switching rapidly to energy-efficient systems.

On the back of the incentive package for electric vehicles average monthly sales of electric two-

wheelers has risen 20 per cent.

National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO), the Navratna PSU, under the Union Ministry of

Mines, Govt. of India, has become the first PSU in the country by implementing a pilot-cum-

demonstration project on Carbon Sequestration in its captive power plant at Angul.

Corporate Investments

State-owned Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited (GACL) has entered into an agreement with

a Germany-based specialty chemicals maker, Evonik Industries for setting up a multi-million

Hydrogen Peroxide and Propylene Oxide (HPPO) project at Dahej in Gujarat. This project would

be based on an innovative, environment friendly HPPO technology.

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), an agency of the US Government, has signed

an agreement with Azure Power to fund its 15 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) project in Gujarat.

The investment in the US$ 40 million project will be led by OPIC.

The worlds first facility to manufacture carbon foam batteries will be set up at Bavla near

Ahmedabad. Firefly Energy India is planning to build a plant to produce carbon foam batteries at

an investment of US$ 28 million.


23/24

State Bank of India (SBI), the countrys largest lender, has become a signatory investor in the

Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a collaboration of over 550 global institutional investors with

assets under management of US$ 71 trillion.

CDP is an independent not-for-profit organisation, holding the largest database of primary corporate

climate change information in the world. Over 3,000 organsations across the worlds largest economiesmeasure and disclose their greenhouse gas emissions and climate change strategies through CDP. These

disclosures aid them in setting reduction targets and make performance improvements.

National Solar Mission

The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has informed that the progress in

implementing the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is satisfactory and according to

schedule.

The Ministry has sanctioned 802 MW capacities of grid-connected solar projects and 36 MW of

off-grid solar projects.

In addition, six major research projects include setting up of National Centre for Photovoltaic

Research and Education at IIT-Bombay were also approved.

Government Initiatives

Planned launch of National Mission in hybrid and electric vehicles.

Allocations of US$ 89.41 million from National Clean Energy fund for speeding up The National

Mission for a Green India.

The budget of the Environment Ministry increased by around US$ 67.1 million.

Extension of Tax holiday for the power sector by one year.

A budgetary provision (2011-12) of US$ 56.6 million has been made for research and

development in new and renewable energy for the first four years of the 11th Five Year Plan of

the MNRE.

The government would dole out US$ 335 million over the next two years to banks and finance

companies to lend money to solar energy projects at a generous 5 per cent interest rate, top

government official said. The money would be lent to small solar projects adding up to 200 MW

by companies like Sidbi, Nabard and National Housing Bank. These lenders would be provided

interest-free loans by IREDA.

IFC will provide up to US$ 15 million in corporate equity financing to Simran Wind Project Private

Limited (Simran), a privately-owned entity which is into wind-based power production. The

company will use the money to finance its pipeline projects worth US$ 40 million in Tamil Nadu.


24/24

IFC International Finance Corporation is a member of the World Bank Group. It finances and provides

advice for private sector ventures and projects in developing countries.

Punjab government has initiated an ambitious clean energy project to generate 1,500 MW

power from the run of the canal turbines. The Punjab Energy Development Agency (Peda) has

already developed an indigenous prototype of the turbines.

To facilitate fast track exploration of shale gas, the Ministry for Petroleum and Natural Gas

expects the process of carving out suitable blocks to be completed by April 2011, which would

allow floating of the first round of auctions of shale gas blocks in August 2011.

Solairedirect Energy India is in talks with the Gujarat government to set up a 20 MW plant at the

Solar Energy Park in Kutch at an estimated cost of US$ 67.1 million.

Shale gas refers to natural gas that is trapped within shale formations. Shales are fine-grained

sedimentary rocks that can be rich sources of petroleum and natural gas.

Reference Text

Krishnamoorthy: Environmental Management (Prentice - Hall India)

Vijay S Chitris : Changing face of the planet and Environmental Law (Snow White)

Tietenberg. Environmental & Natural Resources Economics (Pearson)

G.N. Pandey: Environment Management (Vikas)

Y.K. Saxena & N.K. Oberol: Environment Emplaned (Excel)

N.K. Oberol: Environmental Management (Excel Books)

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