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Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

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Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II. Migration. tom.h.wilson [email protected]. Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown, WV. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II tom.h.wilson [email protected] .edu Department of Geology and Geography West Virginia University Morgantown, WV Migration Migration
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Page 1: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

[email protected]

Department of Geology and GeographyWest Virginia University

Morgantown, WV

MigrationMigration

Page 2: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

In today’s lecture we address basic issues associated with the process of migration which attempts to eliminate the geometrical distortions we have become intimately familiar with during the semester.

Can we collapse diffractions back to their point of origin? Can we uncross the dipping limbs of synclines, eliminate the reverse branches, move dipping reflectors back up dip … ?

Page 3: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Look over this section for a few minutes - where are the faults?

Page 4: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Briefly look over this section and identify the faults.

Page 5: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Coincident source-receiver view of a horizontal reflector

Page 6: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Two-way travel times are accurately converted to depth when multiplied by V/2. The depth converted surface is referred to as the record surface.

Page 7: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

In the above display both the reflector surface and record surface are plotted. The record surface is plotted in a pseudo depths which would be obtained from the travel time transformation V/2.

Page 8: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Note that the actual reflector has dip whereas the depth converted record surface has dip .

Page 9: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The pseudo depth display provide useful information. The pseudo depths of the ends of the record surface correspond to the path lengths traveled by wavefronts to the the ends of the reflector surface. Note that two triangles can be formed each of which has sides of length SS’ and l2 - l1 = .

S S’

Page 10: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The ratio of to SS’ forms the tan where is the apparent dip of the record surface and sin where is the dip of the reflector surface. Once we know what the actual dip is we can reconstruct the position of the reflector surface from the distances l1 and l2.

Page 11: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

From our record section (depth converted time section) we measure , l1 and l2.

Page 12: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The reflector surface - whatever is configuration - is a common tangent to the population of wavefronts emitted by the coincident source-receivers along the profile.

Page 13: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The record point appears at a depth l2 which corresponds to the radius of the wavefront incident on the reflection point B. Derived from a record of arrival time, it plots directly beneath the surface recording point.

Page 14: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The record point from an isolated reflection point could arise anywhere along the wavefront. We are able to determine direction from which the event originated from the dip of the record surface.

Page 15: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

From , we compute . l1 and l2 are the distances to the actual reflection points. We rotate l1 and l2 through the angle in the updip direction to locate the actual points of reflection B and B’. We now know where the reflector surface is located.

B

B’

Page 16: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The foregoing approach is referred to as the tan-sin method. The relationship between record points, wavefronts and reflection points can also be used to derive the location of the reflector another way.

Page 17: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Each point on the record surface AA’ can be swung out along a circular arc (the wavefront). Find all points tangent to the population of wavefronts and draw a line connecting them. That line is the reflector surface.

wavefronts

Page 18: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The last geometrical approach we will consider is referred to as the maximum convexity front approach. Don’t let this fancy name baffle you. This is just what we call a diffraction when it is plotted as a record surface in pseudo depth.

Page 19: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Each point on the record surface lies along on a maximum convexity front whose apex coincides with the actual reflection point.

The record surface is the common tangent to the maximum convexity fronts.

Maximum convexity front

Page 20: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II
Page 21: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Time Response

Page 22: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Record section, pseudo depth format - 2/V x V/2 = 1

Page 23: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

A

A’

The record surface

Maximum Convexity Fronts

How can we use the maximum convexity front relationship to locate the reflector surface given the record surface?

Page 24: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Points on the record surface that form points of tangency to a maximum convexity front migrate or are relocated to the apex of the maximum convexity front. Thus, in the above, A’ is a point of tangency and B’ - the reflection point - lies at the apex of the maximum convexity front.

Page 25: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Note that the wavefront and the maximum convexity front intersect at two points. One point is located on the reflector surface and the other on the record surface.

Page 26: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Based on the foregoing geometrical argument we can see that reflection events observed in time are simply a superposition of diffractions from points on the reflector surface. In the above simulation, the apex of individual diffractions coincide with the locations of reflection points.

Page 27: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The reflection or record surface represents a zone of constructive interference associated with the superposition of point diffractions arising from individual reflection points. In the limit that the spacing between diffraction points used to represent the reflector surface drops to zero, destructive interference between diffractions eliminates the diffraftion limbs that hang below the record surface.

Page 28: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

We have presented three different approaches to migration each of which illustrate basic geometrical interrelationships between the reflector surface and record surface.

These methods include

I) tan-sin migration

II) Wavefront migration

III) Maximum Convexity Front migration

Page 29: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Class Exercise:You will find the simple section below in your handout. Use the tan-sin and wavefront migration methods to determine the location of the reflector surface.

Page 30: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Measure and for the two record surfaces below and then move the end points for each record-surface to the corresponding end-points on the reflector surface. Use compass provided in class.

Page 31: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Using the compass, trace out wavefronts in the updip direction for each record surface. Use a straight-edge to locate the tangent to the wavefronts. The common tangent corresponds to the reflector surface. Do for both record surfaces and compare the results of the wavefront method to the tan-sin method.

Page 32: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

The maximum convexity method requires that the interpreter have a set of maximum convexity curves. The maximum convexity curves are easily constructed.

Page 33: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

First, measure off distances from surface points to the two diffraction points.

Page 34: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

In the record section (and time section) the diffraction arrivals plot vertically beneath the source-receiver locations. The Maximum convexity front or diffraction form hyperbola in the record or time section.

Page 35: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Move the maximum convexity front into points of tangency with individual reflection points. Move the record point to apex of the maximum convexity front.

Page 36: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Look over this section for a few minutes - where are the faults?

Page 37: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

After migration fault locations are often easier to identify.

Page 38: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Briefly look over this section and identify the faults.

Page 39: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II
Page 40: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Take a few moments to interpret this section

Page 41: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

How did you do? Note the familiar pattern of stretched anticlines, collapsed synclines with reverse branches.

Page 42: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

At any single surface point, the coincident source-receiver record views normal incidence reflections off to the side from dipping structure.

Page 43: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Thus reflections from a continuous reflector will be displaced relative to their actual surface location and may even appear discontinuous.

Page 44: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

anticline

syncline

vertical limb

Left limb of anticline

Page 45: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

Make a quick interpretation of this section.

Page 46: Environmental and Exploration Geophysics II

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