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Language: English
Original: English
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWROK (ESMF) SUMMARY
Project Title: AFLATOXIN CONTROL IN MAIZE AND GROUNDNUT VALUE CHAINS
Project Number: P-TZ-A00-008.
Country: TANZANIA Department: AHAI
Division: Project Category: 2
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Tanzania is officially known as the United Republic of Tanzania. It is located in East Africa
bordering Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the
Congo to the west, Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south and the Indian Ocean to the
east. The most prominent physical features are Mt. Kilimanjaro at the border with Kenya, Mt.
Meru located not far away from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Lake Victoria in the north and the Usambara
Mountains. Tanzania remains a rural based country with nearly 70% of its population living in the
rural areas. This rural population depends on subsistence agriculture for their livelihoods. Maize
is the major and most preferred staple crop, with around 45% of the land (or over 4.9 million
hectares) used for maize production. More than 85% of maize production is by smallholder
farmers, and maize and groundnuts together account for about 44 percent of the calorie intake in
the country.
The information available shows that persistent and chronic aflatoxins exposure is widespread and
highly prevalent throughout the country. Aflatoxins are poisonous and cancer-causing chemicals
that are produced by certain types of fungi of which two known ones are Aspergillus flavus (the
main aflatoxins producing fungus) and Aspergillus parasiticus. These fungi are commonly
available in any soils in the world. The aflatoxin infestation has been found to occur just before
crop flowering. During this time, if the crop is stressed due to limited water supplies like during
droughts or pest attack, such as by birds, insects or other animals, then the mycotoxins causing
fungi will infest the crop. The word AFLATOXIN is a combination of three words A coming from
the name of the fungus Aspergillus, FLA from the common aflatoxin producing type flavus and
TOXIN which means poison. Because there is no known agents to kill the fungi, scientists have
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proposed a biological control method that involves manipulating the population levels that will
ensure that the toxin causing strains are outcompeted by the atoxigenic strains to reduce their
infection potentials. Aflatoxin contamination has many negative impacts such as reducing the
volume and value of the agricultural output and does impact negatively on each of the four pillars
of food security which are food availability, food access, food utilization and food stability.
Aflatoxins have been linked to numerous health problems that include suppression of the immune
system hence accelerating HIV, malaria, and other opportunistic communicable diseases such as
tuberculosis. The micro-toxins are also known to interact in an adverse way with hepatitis B virus
(HBV) and have been linked to liver diseases including liver cancer besides being a major cause
of stunting in children.
This ESMF has been prepared based on an overall environmental and social assessment, which
includes (i) analysis of the general baseline at project areas; (ii) evaluation of potential
environmental and social impacts of different project components and subcomponents; (iii)
assessment of environmental requirements and practices in different ongoing and completed
projects; (iv) national requirements by the Government of Tanzania for implementation of similar
projects; and, (v) African Development Bank Safeguard requirements before implementation of
any development project. The ESMF provides the guidelines for the preparation of all mitigation
plans (such as Environmental and Social Management Plans, Construction Management Plan and
Compensation Action Plans) to respond to the anticipated project impacts, once the project sites
and specific communities and locations are identified.
1.2. Environmental and Social Management Framework requirements
The purpose of the ESMF is to provide a procedure for environmental and social assessment of
the proposed Tanzania Agricultural Value Chain Support Project. The ESMF was selected because
even though the footprint of the project is known, design and other details about the project and
specific project locations are not yet available prior to appraisal mission proposed for the month
of August 2017. The framework will guide the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
(MALF) in determining the appropriate level of environmental and social assessments required.
1.3. Purpose of the ESMF
This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is an assessment tool that will
guide the implementation of the proposed Tanzania Agricultural Value Chain Development
Support Project. The project aims to minimize aflatoxin occurrence in the food system attained
through an integrated approach in maize and groundnuts food chain. Specifically, the project will
(i) improve pre- and post-harvest technologies as well as improve pre- and post-harvest
infrastructure and management practices; (ii) increase public knowledge and awareness; and (iii)
strengthen institutional capacities while enhancing innovative marketing incentives to increase
trade. The preparation of the ESMF was based on the fact that the African Development Bank
(AfDB) environmental and social safeguards policy requires the borrower to prepare an
Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) that establishes the mechanism
whereby any project implementing agency carries out preliminary assessments of environmental
and social impacts of its proposed activities.
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1.4. Objectives of the ESMF
The main objective of this ESMF is to ensure that the implementation of the AVDSP Project is
environmentally and socially sustainability. The specific objectives are: (i) to establish clear
procedures and methodologies for the environmental and social screening, planning, review,
approval and implementation of the project and its sub-projects; (ii) to specify appropriate roles
and responsibilities, and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring
environmental and social concerns related to sub-projects; (iii) to determine the training, capacity
building and technical assistance needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF;
(iv) to propose and establish the funding required to implement the ESMF; and, (v) to provide
practical information resources for implementing the ESMF. The responsibility to ensure that the
requirements of the ESMF are implemented will rest with the Project Coordinating Unit (PCU)
while its approvals will be the responsibility of the National Environment Management Council
(NEMC).
1.5. Environmental and Social Screening
The Laws of the Republic of Tanzania require that any development project must undergo
environmental and social screening. The objective of the screening process is to ensure that the
projects are designed and implemented in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner.
The MALF, especially its Environmental Management Unit (MALF-EMU) will be responsible for
preparing the Environmental and Social Screening Form whose results will determine the
appropriate level of environmental work. The appropriate level of environmental work could range
from the application of simple mitigation measures (using the Environmental and Social Checklist)
as will be proposed in the Environmental and Social Management Plan, to the preparation of a
comprehensive EIA Report. The project was also screened based on the guidleines provided in the
Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS) which provide for categorization of projects whose
site-speficic aspects are not very certain at time of preparation to prepare ESMF and subsequently
ESMPs once project sites have been identified at implementation stage.
1.6. Preparation and use of the ESMF
This ESMF has been prepared by an Environmental Consultant from the AfDB based on previous
experience on similar projects. The ESMF provides a guide to be used within the existing
Government Policy regulations for environment and social processes and other international
legislation by donor organizations. This ESMF will be a living document that will be subject to
periodic reviews to address specific concerns raised by stakeholders, and emerging policy
requirements. This framework has been prepared as a reference document for use by key
stakeholders in the planning, implementation, management and operation of the proposed
Tanzania Agricultural Value Chain Development Project and may act as reference for other future
agricultural development projects by both donors and the government.
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1.7. Organization of the ESMF
This Framework is organized in 12 chapters ranging from the introduction, general baseline
information, the methodology, description of the project, description of various potential
environmental and social impacts including their mitigation, the various legal, policy and
regulatory frameworks, and ends with conclusions.
2. ADMINISTRATION, POLICIES, LEGAL AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS
6.1. Background
In Tanzania, the Environmental Regulations are vested in the Division of Environment (DoE) in
the Office of the Vice-President (OVP) and the National Environmental Management Council
(NEMC), an independent statutory institution. The Division of Environment is mandated, by law,
to provide policy and technical back up to the responsible ministries. The National Environmental
Council is responsible for enforcement and compliance as well as reviewing and monitoring of the
various environmental management tools including Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs),
Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMP), Environmental and Social Management
Frameworks (ESMF), Strategic Environmental and Social Assessments (SESA) and
Environmental Audits.
Environmental Management in Tanzania is guided by several national policies and legislation.
These include (i) the National Environmental Policy of 1997; (ii) the Environmental Management
Act No. 20 of 2004; (iii) the National Environmental Action Plan of 2013; (iv) the National
Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty II (2010); and, (v) the Tanzania Development
Vision 2025. The National Environmental Policy of 1997 and the Environmental Management Act
No. 20 of 2004 provide the environmental governance structure and establish environmental
management units in the sectoral ministries in the country. The Environmental Management Unit
at the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries will be the principal environmental
management entity as regards the implementation and management of environmental matters
during the development and implementation of this project. The unit will be answerable to the
Division of Environment (DoE) at the Office of the Vice-President (OVP) and the National
Environment Management Council (NEMC).
2.1. Legal, policies and regulatory frameworks
The implementation of the proposed Agriculture Value Chain Development Support Project
(AVCDSP) will be guided under several laws, policies and regulations. (i) The Constitution of
Tanzania especially Article 27 which calls upon the public to ensure that the natural resources of
the country are managed properly; (ii) The Environmental Management Act of 2004 and its
Regulations, the Environmental Impacts Assessments and Audit Regulations of 2008 which ensure
that environmental concerns are adequately addressed in any development project, enable public
participation and contributions as regards environmental concerns during the preparation and
implementation of any project; establish clear, transparent and effective procedures for
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enforcement, monitoring and implementation of mitigation measures as regards all environmental
issues and ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into measures and instruments
designed for further sustainable development for the project. Several other laws will include: (iii)
The Agriculture Act; (iv) The plant Protection Act of 1997; (v) the Sector Guidelines for
Agriculture 2014; (vi) The Land Act of 1999 and the Village Land Act of 1999; and, (vii) the
Land Acquisition Act of 1967 which provides for compulsory acquisition of land for development
aspects and public purposes.
Additional Acts will include: (i) the Occupational Health and Safety Act which addresses issues
dealing with health safety of workers at work places; (ii) The National Land Use Planning
Commission Act of 1984 which establishes the National Land Use Planning Commission
(NLUPC), the principal advisory organ of the Government of the Republic of Tanzania on all
matters relating to land use; (iii) The Water Resources Management Act of 2009 that provides a
framework for the management and utilization of water for various needs; (iv) The Forests Act of
2002 that provides for the management of forests in Tanzania; (v) The Wildlife Conservation Act
of 2009 that provides for management and utilization of wildlife resources in Tanzania; and, (vi)
Industrial and Consumer Chemicals (Management and Control Act) of 2003 that provides a legal
basis for the management and control of industrial and consumer chemicals throughout their life
cycle.
A number of policies and regulations have been developed in the country that will be applied in
the implementation of the proposed. Discussed here are some of the Acts that will be useful or
may be invoked during the implementation of the project. Such policies and regulations will
include: (i) The Agriculture Policy of 2013 that envisions an agricultural sector that is modernised,
commercialised, that is highly profitable and that uses natural resources sustainably to ensure food
and nutritional security while reducing poverty; (ii) National Environmental Policy of 1997 which
is the principal basis for environmental management in Tanzania; (iii) The Environmental Impact
Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005; (iv)The National Land Policy of 1997 that addresses
various land use needs in the country; (v) The National Health Policy of 2007 to ensure food
quality; (vi) The Water Policy of 2002 that advocates for developing a comprehensive framework
for sustainable development and management of national water resources; and, (vii) Wildlife
Policy of 2007 that supports and promotes sustainable conservation and protection of wildlife and
wetlands in Tanzania. Other policies and guidelines of importance whose details must be sought
during the appraisal period are: (1) Climate Smart Agriculture Guidelines; (2) Biosafety Policy;
(3) Food Security Policy; (4) Nutrition Policy; (5) The National Gender Policy; (6) Agricultural
Climate Resilient Plan; (7) The Community Development Policy; (8) The Livestock Policy; (9)
The National Environmental Action Plan 2012 – 2017; (10) The National Investment Promotion
Policy of 1996; (11) The national Strategy for Gender Development.
2.2. The African Development Bank (AfDB) Safeguards
The Agriculture Value Chain Development Support Project will be developed and implemented
according to the requirements of the African Development Bank Operational Environmental and
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Social Safeguards. The AfDB’s 5 Operational Safeguard Policies are summarized in in the table
below.
OPERATIONAL SAFEGUARDS TRIGGERED BY THE
PROJECT(FOR THE MOMENT)
YES NO
OS1 -Environmental Assessment x
OS2 Involuntary Resettlement: Land Acquisition, Population Displacement
and Compensation
x
OS3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services x
OS 4: Pollution Prevention and Control, Greenhouse Gases, Hazardous
Materials
x
OS 5 Labor Conditions, Health and Safety x
The OS1 and OS2 Policies require Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank
financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve
decision making. This ESMF does establish a mechanism to determine and assess future potential
environmental and social impacts during implementation of AVSDP activities, and then to set out
mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during operations of the activities, to
eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable
levels.
2.3. International Regulations and Conventions
Tanzania has ratified many international conventions and Multilateral Environmental Agreements
pertinent to land administration, environmental protection and human rights. Among them are: (i)
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar
Convention), 2001; (ii) United Nations (UN) Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD),
1994; (iii) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992; (iii) the
Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; (iv) Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer; (v) Convention Concerning the Protection
of the World Cultural and National Heritage (World Heritage Convention), Paris, 1975; (vi)
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wildlife Animals, 1979; and, (vii)
African Convention on Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968.
3. THE GRICULTURE VALUE CHAIN SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
The Agriculture Value Chain Support Development Project (AVSDP) is being developed to
support the national agricultural sector goal of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania.
This national agriculture sector goal is to ensure food and nutritional security for its citizens, reduce
income poverty and increase climate change adaptation and mitigation. To achieve this goal, the
government has put in place strategies: (i) to ensure food security at household, district, regional
and national levels through increased food crop production and enhanced access to food by its
people; (ii) to maintain national grain reserve for at least 4 months of national food requirements;
(iii) to support the agricultural production of crops and livestock varieties that are climate change
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tolerant; and (iv) to develop and maintain early warning and early response to natural disasters
through a strengthened coordination framework.
Aflatoxin contamination affects maize and groundnuts both of which constitute the staple food
consumption by the majority of Tanzanians. Aflatoxin has several negative impacts such as
reduction in the volume and value of the agricultural sector’s outputs impacting negatively on
availability of food, access to food, good utilization of food and food stability. The aflatoxin
contaminations have also been linked to numerous health problems that include suppression of the
immune system hence accelerating deaths from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
malaria, and other opportunistic communicable diseases such as tuberculosis. The mycotoxins are
also known to interact in an adverse way with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and have been linked to
liver diseases including liver cancer. Aflatoxins are known to contribute significantly to the general
stunting in children currently affecting 42% of children under 5 years in Tanzania. This limits the
children’s development to their adult potential hence affecting their development capacities. The
reduction of aflatoxins contamination in maize and groundnuts will improve the health, as well as
improve income and food security of poor people of Tanzania. The project will also help Tanzania
in realising three of the 5 strategic goals of the African Development Bank, particularly the feed
Africa, integrate Africa and improve the lives of Africans.
The main objective of this project is to minimize aflatoxin occurrence in the food system attained
through an integrated approach in maize and groundnuts food chain. The specific objectives are:
(i) to improve pre- and post-harvest management technologies and storage infrastructure; (ii) to
increase public knowledge and awareness; and (iii) to strengthen institutional capacity and develop
innovative marketing incentives.
The proposed components of the project are: i) Infrastructure Development for Prevention of pre
and post-harvest contamination and enhancing Market Access, ii) Awareness Creation and
Capacity Building; and iii) Project Management. Activities of component 1 will include: (i)
construction of Aflasafe facility for the isolation and multiplication of atoxigenic strains of fungi;
(ii) construction of improved post-harvest storage; and, (iii) establishment of Reference Laboratory
for Aflatoxin Risk Assessment. The main technologies proposed include bio-control and improved
varieties resistant to pests and drought; drying and hermetic storage technologies for postharvest
measures; and education and awareness among farmers and other stakeholders. Component 2 and
component 3 do not have direct environmental implications even though they may have social
implications.
4. GENERAL BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Tanzania is one of the largest countries in Africa, located in the easternmost part of the continent,
covering an area of approximately 945,087 km2 of which the terrestrial area covers about 883,749
km2 and inland water bodies cover about 59,050 km2 (URT 2006). Its marine Exclusive Economic
Zone (EEZ) territory is about 241,541 km2 (Pew, 2012). The country’s land ecosystems reflect
variations in elevation, precipitation, and soils. Annual average rainfall ranges from 200 to 2000
mm, with most of the country receiving less than 1000 mm on average with unimodal distribution
in the southern and western parts of the country while in the northern, eastern, and northern coastal
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areas rainfall is bimodal. Tanzania’s tropical forests constituting a greater component its
biodiversity.
The highland areas in the north, around Kilimanjaro, Mt. Meru and the Eastern Rift and the
southern highlands have volcanic soils that are fertile supporting great agricultural production. The
red soils occupy most of central plateau and are rich and support good vegetation growth in the
grazing zones with limited rainfall. Light sandy soils are commonly found in the coastal areas. The
Ironstone soils are poor and acidic but can be productive with inputs and are found in the far west
of the country, mainly in Kagera, Kigoma and Sumbawanga areas. The mbuga black vertisols soils
are widespread and an important source of dry season grazing. Tanzania’s arid and semi-arid
northern and north-western zones are characterized by a mosaic of grassland savanna and
woodland savanna as well as bushland plant communities defined by soil type, rainfall quantities
and other factors. About 40% of the country’s land area is occupied by the Miombo Woodlands
(Burgess et al. 2010, Byers, B. et al, 2012). The coastal zone of the Tanzanian mainland and
islands of Zanzibar support a mixture of cover types (Burgess and Clarke, 2000). The Eastern Arc
Mountains contain some of the highest densities of endemic plant and animal species in the world
(Burgess et al., 2007).
The freshwater ecosystems of Tanzania include rivers and freshwater lakes, including Lake
Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Nyasa, Lake Rukwa and Lake Chala. Saline lakes, Natron,
Manyara, and Eyasi, are found in the Rift Valley. Tanzania has nine major river basins with a
variety of wetland ecosystems four of which have been designated as Wetlands of International
Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands as shown in the map below.
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The map was adopted from the Tanzania Environmental Threats and Opportunities Assessment
Report by the United States Agency for International Development, 2012.
Major environmental challenges in Tanzania include loss of tree cover due to increased human
population and expanding agriculture and poaching. It is estimated that more than 70% of the
original extent of the Eastern Arc Forests have been cleared (Burgess et al., 2007). Tanzania has
one of the highest population growths. The population of Tanzania is estimated to be 55 million
people, most of them being youthful (below the age of 25). This is largest population in East Africa
but with the lowest population density (59.1 persons per square km) due to the enormous land size
of the country. About 2/3 of the population is rural. The population growth rate is estimated at
nearly 3% annually. Major diseases include malaria and HIV. Total life expectancy (both sexes)
at birth is 52.9 years with male and female life expectancies at 51.3 and 54.4 years, respectively.
After the economic crisis in the 1970s, Tanzania undertook drastic structural reforms in the mid-
1980s under the International Monetary Fund (IMF) funding aimed at reducing poverty and
improving the economy. The greatest economic challenges include low per capita income, high
levels of poverty, poor infrastructural development, changes in climatic conditions, weak socio-
economic indicators, high donor dependence and rising debts. However, Tanzania has been
experiencing strong economic growth in the recent past with a GDP growth at about 7.1% in 2014
and 2015.
5. PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
This ESMF study sought to consider possible alternatives to the proposed project. These
alternatives included among other considerations the No Project Alternative and the Alternative
Locations. This study has therefore sought to identify and assess alternatives to the proposed
developments so as to have the best working models that may have none or those that have the
least minimal effects.
5.1. The “No Project” Alternative
This alternative implies the project does not proceed thereby maintaining the status quo. The status
of the environmental resources neither improves nor worsens since the state of the resources is not
interfered with at all. However, project implementation means improved environmental
conditions, improved food security, increased household incomes and employment as well as
upgrading the regional and national economies. As such the ‘No Alternative’ is not the best
alternative.
5.2. Alternative Locations
The selected sites are suitable for the project because they are the main maize and groundnut
growing areas in Tanzania. Some of the districts have been selected on the basis of their being
major consumption areas with need for bulk storage of the staple grains and in terms of socio-
economic considerations such as high poverty levels and extensive availability of markets for the
agricultural produce.
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6. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND PROPOSED
MITIGATION MEASURES TO ADDRESS NEGATIVE IMPACTS
6.1. Positive Impacts
Among identified positive economic, social and environmental impacts will include: (i) minimized
agricultural produce losses and subsequent increased food and nutritional security; (ii) improved
trade in high quality agricultural produce both local and international; (iii) improved household
and community incomes hence improved living standards, food security and improved nutrition
through diversified food supplies; (iv) increased employment opportunities both directly and
indirectly by people employed during the development works as well as those who will be
employed in agro-processing, marketing, sale of farm inputs, etc.; (v) improved agricultural
production skills through training; (v) enhanced environmental management skills; (vi) improved
food storage and processing infrastructure; (vii) minimized post-harvest losses through the
development of farm and off-farm storage facilities as well as processing facilities that will help
improve socio-economic well-being of the beneficiaries.
The project will directly benefit about 1,000,000 farmers who will use aflatoxin free inputs, 120
extension and technical staff who will be trained, 2000 traders and transporters and 2000 SMEs
involved in high risk food processing. Private sector participation will be part and parcel of this
project to ensure they commercialize the proposed technologies for sustainability purposes.
The project targets to mainstream environmental, social and gender issues which be integral in the
implementation and monitoring of the proposed project through a list of identified indicators. The
design will also systematically employ a gender and youth lens to ensure that the project
contributes to active gender equality and will not lead to unintended negative gender impacts, such
as exclusion. The Project will pass for classification as Category 2 according to the Bank’s
Climate screening score card. The design review will include climate change risks and proposal of
adaptation measures. Risk management and adaptation options will be integrated into project
implementation. Catchment management programme will be incorporated as part of the climate
change resilience programme. The proposed project interventions are adaptation measures
required in land and water management sub-sectors to secure and improve agricultural productivity
against climate change impacts through enhancement of water management practices.
6.2.Negative impacts
The foreseen negative impacts include: (i) Vegetation, habitat and biodiversity destruction and loss
during the development and construction of storage facilities and laboratories; (ii) generation of
solid wastes as a result of excavations during construction works; (iii) compaction of soils and
destabilization of the geological balance during infrastructure development; (iv) chances of threats
of incidences of microbial infections in the laboratories accidentally during mycotoxin risk
analyses; (v) dust, air quality and noise pollution; (vi) threats of occupational health and safety;
(vii) soils, rivers and wetlands pollution from laboratory chemicals during the operational phase
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of the project; (viii) threats of transmissions of HIV/AIDs and other communicable diseases due
to social interactions.
7. MITIGATION/ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
(i) For the loss of vegetation and destruction of habitats and biodiversity: the mitigate
measures will be: (i) avoidance of extensive clearing of vegetation, particularly of indigenous trees
and clearing be carried out only where necessary; (ii) landscaping and land reclamation by planting
where clearing and excavations are done; (iii) avoid clearing and construction within key sensitive
habitats such as wetlands, culturally protected areas, unique and special habitats; and (iv) where
possible, buffer the special, sensitive and ecologically important habitats.
(ii) Generation of wastes due to processing: (i) put in place appropriate waste management
mechanisms for both solid and wastewater; (ii) educate and sensitize the population on being
mindful of and responsible for their own environments.
(iii) Soil Compaction and destabilisation of the geological balance: (i) minimize heavy
machinery movements and other equipment except in designated transportation and operational
areas; (ii) minimise unnecessary vehicular and machinery movements; (iii) reclaim and re-vegetate
excavation sites once work is completed to reduce run off.
(iv) Possibilities of microbial infections in laboratories: (i) advocate use of proper personal
protective gears including proper clothing, use head covering gears and use of masks to prevent
inhaling of such reagents; (ii) public education and sensitization; (iii) well labelled and
conspicuously placed warnings; (iv) provision of First Aid Kits in all the laboratories that will be
clearly marked and conspicuously placed.
(v) Possible accidents in the laboratories arising from dangerous chemicals: (i) advocate
for the use of proper personal protective gears including proper clothing, use head covering gears
and use of masks to prevent inhaling of such reagents; (ii) public education and sensitization; (iii)
well labelled and conspicuously placed warnings; (iv) provision of First Aid Kits in all the
laboratories clearly marked and conspicuously placed.
(vi) Pollution of Rivers and Wetlands: (i) ensure adequate and regular checks on the
equipment in use to ensure they are well maintained and in good working condition to prevent any
leakages and spillages; (ii) ensure that used chemicals are protected against reaching sensitive
areas such as wetlands ; (iii) ensure usage of the right chemical types and in right quantities; (iv)
ensure appropriate application of chemicals and in the right quantities; (v) put measures to ensure
proper disposal of used chemicals and other wastes that may include incineration.
(vii) Pollution: Noise, Dust and Air Quality Concerns: (i) ensure all vehicles transporting
raw materials especially soil should be covered or avoid overloading to reduce dust emissions; (ii)
the workers in dusty areas should be provided with requisite protective gears such as dust masks
and dust coats ; (iii) the movement and speed of the construction machineries and vehicles should
be controlled and properly managed; (iv) the removal of vegetation should be avoided and denuded
surfaces should be adequately re-vegetated; (v) most noisy machinery should be fitted with proper
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silencers to minimise noise emissions; (vi) where necessary, ensure good and appropriate selection
of construction machinery and equipment; (vii) the amount of blasting in the quarries should be
controlled ; (viii) sprinkle water in construction yards, on dusty roads and soil heaps to keep down
the dust produced; (ix) ensure the construction work takes the shortest time possible; (x) ensure
the noise is kept at the minimum acceptable levels and the construction activities are confined to
the working time limits; (xi) ensure chemicals are well handled and properly stored while disposals
should be in accordance with prescribed procedures.
(viii) Transmission of HIV/AIDs and other communicable diseases: (i) enhance education
and sensitization of workers and the local communities on the dangers and prevalence of diseases;
(ii) regular sensitization campaigns and monitoring of diseases spreading; (iii) development of
education and information materials such as brochures and other materials; (iv) regular provision
of adequate prevention measures such as condoms; (v) provision of drugs such as anti-retriviral
drugs (ARVs).
8. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND MONITORING
The overall objective of environmental and social management plan is to provide monitoring
mechanisms that ensure that mitigation measures are implemented and are effective.
Environmental and social monitoring will also enable response to new and developing issues of
concern during the project implementation and, therefore, it will ensure that project activities
comply with and adhere to environmental provisions and standard specifications of the Bank and
those of the Government of the Republic of Tanzania.
The overall responsibility of the environmental and social monitoring will lie with the Ministry of
Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF) in conjunction with the district and regional
environmental units and working in close collaboration with the Division of Environment (DoE)
at the Office of the Vice-President and the National Environment Management Council. Many
senior staff at MALF) are highly trained in environment while NEMC has officers at the district
and regional levels. However, the ministry will require senior staff in social and gender issues. The
staff will also require training in aflatoxin related issues. The AfDB using their environmental
experts will also follow up to ensure adherence to environmental and social safeguards. The ESMP
monitoring programme is proposed for implementation at two-levels – the supervisory activity
carried out by the control or supervision missions and regular monitoring to ensure that site
activities are conducted in compliance with agreed upon local environmental standards under the
laws of Tanzania. Using the environmental monitoring indicators adopted, the control mission will
seek to measure the project’s progress, in a manner that highlights the various objectives in line
with national goals and in line with the Bank’s Integrated Safeguards System (ISS).
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The ESMP and Monitoring and costs
No. Activity Timeframe Cost (USD) Responsibility
01
Preparation of site-specific
ESMP/ESIAs
Quarter 1 prior to actual
project works
150,000
MALF/EMU/AfDB
02 Complementary initiatives:
Capacity Building of
Technical officers –
environmental matters
Quarter 1 & 2 of project
implementation
95,000 MALF/DoE/NEMC
Capacity building of
farmers – farming
practices and farm
inputs
Quarter 2 of project
commencement
75,000 MALF
03 ESMP Monitoring MALF-
EMU/NEMC/ DoE
Regular supervisions –
environmental aspects
Entire project period
until hand-over
250,000 MALF/NEMC/DoE
Control missions Annually during project
period
275,000 MALF/AfDB
04 Institutional Strengthening and
Capacity building and general
public awareness programmes
As and when needed 150,000 MALF/MoTI*
05 HIV/AIDS Mainstreaming Quarterly campaigns 75,000 MALF/ Public
Health
Total 1,075,000
06 5.5% mark-up 53,750
07 Grand Total 1,128,750
9. CONSULTATIONS AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
9.1. Rationale for consultation and disclosure
Consultations and public participation is a requirement by law to generate concerns about
environmental impacts of any development project or programme. In Tanzania, stakeholder
engagement and public consultations are a process governed by Part XIV of the Environment
Management Act, No. 20 of 2004 and Article 17 of the Environmental Impacts Assessment and
Audit Regulations of 2005. The objectives of the stakeholders and public participation include
among others: (i) to provide an opportunity for people to be affected to get clear, accurate and
comprehensive information about the proposed project and the prospective environmental impacts;
(ii) to provide an opportunity for people that will be affected with an opportunity to give their
views, raise their concerns regarding the project and also give possible alternative arrangements
that may assist in the development of the project; (iii) to provide people to be affected with the
opportunity of suggesting ways of avoiding, reducing, or mitigating negative impacts or enhancing
positive impacts of proposed project activities; (iv) to enable the project proponents to incorporate
the needs, preferences and values of into the proposed project/programme; (v) to provide
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opportunities to avoid and resolve disputes and reconcile conflicting interests; and, (vi) to enhance
transparency and accountability in decision making.
9.2. Stakeholder identification and analysis
In order to develop an effective stakeholder engagement, it is necessary to determine the key
stakeholders and hold dialogues to understand their priorities and objectives in relation to the
proposed project/programme. Given that the project will touch on the key issues of food and
nutritional security as well as enhanced agricultural produce for markets, locally and abroad, the
key stakeholders will be officers from The following key stakeholders were identified: (i) Ministry
of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; (ii) Office of the President and Vice-President, relevant
reginal and local officers, all entities dealing with environmental matters in Tanzania (Division of
Environment (DoE) at the Office of the Vice-President, National Environment Management
Council (NEMC), the Environmental Management Unit at the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock
and Fisheries, etc.), affected communities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), civil society
organizations (CSOs), community based organizations (CBOs), international organizations
(particularly those that will be directly involved such as the International Institute for Tropical
Agriculture (IITA), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN),
structural development companies, development partners and agencies, etc. A more detailed list
will developed as the requirements are further identified.
9.3. Methodology of engaging stakeholders
The following methods were or will be used: (i) public consultative meetings; (ii) workshops; (iii)
focused group discussions (FGDs); (iv) interviews with different key informants; (v) printing and
distribution of materials; (vi) physical site visits and inspections; (vii) identification of vulnerable
communities that may be impacted on more with the project; (viii) due consideration of gender
and various age groups during consultative processes.
9.4. Possible key issues for consideration during stakeholder engagements
Issues identified that maybe useful during stakeholder engagements include: (i) land acquisition;
(ii) identification of ecologically sensitive sites; (iii) identification of culturally important sites;
(iv) various environmental and social impacts; (v) biodiversity issues; (vi) socio-economic
considerations; (vii) socio-cultural issues; (viii) disruption of normal life; (ix) trans-boundary
accumulative issues; and, (x) occupational health issues.
.
9.5. Instruments for consultations
Article 17 of the Environmenta Impact Assessment and Audit Regulations of 2005 requires that:
(1) During the process of conducting an environmental impact assessment study, the developer
or proponent shall in consultation with the Council, seek the views of any person who is or is
likely to be affected by the project; (2) In seeking the views of the public following the approval
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of the project brief, the developer or proponent shall: (a) publicize the project and its anticipated
effects and benefits by-
10. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND CAPACITY BUILDING FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT
10.1. Responsibilities for environmental and social management monitoring
The Environmental Management Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries has
several well-trained and highly qualified staff who have the capacity to implement the
Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). It shall also be required that site specific
environmental impact assessments be carried out for all sites that will be affected. There will be
need to find out the existence of social development experts such as gender expert, social
development expert, youth empowerment expert, etc.
10.2. Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring, evaluation and reporting on environmental issues will be part of project
implementation processes and reporting systems. Contractors as well as the implementing agency
will be required to keep records of all activities that will be undertaken under each project site,
which will be compiled and used in enhancing environmental sustainability of the project sites.
The implementing entity at MALF will be responsible for environmental and social monitoring at
local levels at each implementation site.
10.3. Capacity building and training needs identified
During discussions with the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries officials as well as
with other members of the technical preparation working group as well as several other officials
in Tanzania, it was realized that there is inadequate information about aflatoxin problem in
Tanzania. As such capacity building will be required in: (i) aflatoxin contamination and
prevention; (ii) Training on aflatoxin prevention storage facilities; and, (iii) Training workshops
on aflatoxins for MALF staff and other staff who might be involved in the project.
11. COMPLIMENTARY INITIATIVES
The key complimentary initiatives identified include: (i) enhanced institutional collaboration
among the different institutions; (ii) capacity building of key officers and stakeholders involved in
the project; (iii) Capacity building of community members in good agricultural production
practices; (iv) mainstreaming public health and HIV/AIDS in the overall operations of the
agricultural sector and other economic activities; (v) improved agricultural production and
increased number of agricultural value chains.
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12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This ESMF has been prepared based on preliminary environmental assessments conducted to
equip the AfDB and relevant authorities of the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania
with relevant and sufficient environmental information about the proposed project. It is hoped that
the Tanzanian authorities would use this information to assess the more site specific
environmental viability and sustainability of the proposed project once the speficic project sites
have been identified. The negative environmental impacts that have been identified and are
associated with the implementation of this project are minimal and could be addressed by
implementing the mitigation measures proposed. Even though the project focuses on agricultural
production, it is a multi-sectoral and a multi-disciplinary project and as such collaboration among
the various stakeholders is highly recommended. The multi-disciplinary approach will ensure that
emerging issues and challenges are not only adequately addressed but the addressing is done timely
and appropriately.
11.0 References and contacts
This ESMP summary was prepared based on information contained in the detailed project ESMF
documentation.
For further information please contact:
Salum Ramadhani, Task Manager, African Development Bank, Abidjan. E-mail:
Justin Ecaat, African Development Bank, Regional Directorate, East Africa, Nairobi Kenya, Tel: +254 20
2998245, e-mail: [email protected]
Ambrose Oroda: [email protected] Consultant