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Environmental Biologyfor Engineers and Scientists
D.A. Vaccari, P.F. Strom, and J.E. Alleman© John Wiley & Sons, 2005
Chapter 10 – Microbial Groups
Figure 10‑1. Portrait of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Figure 10‑2. Some of Leeuwenhoek's "Animalcules" from the "Scurf of the Teeth" - Drawings of Bacterial Shapes. A and B appear to show rods, with C and D showing the movement of
B; E shows cocci; F rods or filaments; and G a spiral. From Leeuwenhoek' s letter of 1683
Figure 10‑3. Leeuwenhoek's Microscope
Figure 10‑4. Portrait of Louis Pasteur
Figure 10‑5. Pasteur's Swan-Neck Biological Flasks
Figure 10‑6. A 3-Dimensional Surface: Visualizing prokaryotic species as more stable (valleys), and hence more likely, combinations of characteristics, although intermediates may exist
Figure 10‑7. Example of a Simplified Dichotomous Key for Identifying Filamentous Organisms in Activated Sludge
Figure 10‑8. Rod-Shaped Bacteria: Pseudomonas
Figure 10‑9. Cocci: Staphylococcus
Figure 10‑10. Spiral-Shaped Bacteria: Rhodospirillum
Figure 10‑11. A Filamentous Bacteria Growing with Floc in an Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant
Bacterial Cell
Stalk
10‑12. Stalked Bacteria Growing on a Filament in Activated Sludge
Figure 10‑13. The Gram Stain Technique. This modification (one of many) is recommended for staining of activated sludge mixed liquor
Figure 10‑14. Bacterial Cell Wall and Membrane: a). Gram Positive; b). Gram Negative
Flagella staining to enhance visual image of flagella
Cell wall staining to darken and define cell wall
Negative staining to create darkened backgroundwhich offers better visual contrast for cell or capsule
Differential staining with contrasting dyesto provide visual separation within cell (e.g., Gram)
A
B
Spore staining used to identify cytoplasmic endospores (e.g., malachite green, with heating)
Capsule staining to visually emphasize exocellularlayer of encapsulating polysaccharide material
+Basic (+) dyes penetrate to cytoplasm
Acid (-) dyes usually do not penetratemembrane without modification (e.g., esterification)
-
Inclusion staining used to visualize cellular inclusions (e.g., polyphosphate)
Figure 10‑15. Staining Approaches
Figure 10‑16. The Biolog Test; 95 test compounds and a control well are included in each plate. The plate shown was used to identify a Gram negative bacteria as Leminorella grimontii based on comparing the pattern of positive (dark) and negative tests to results in a database
a.
b.
Figure 10‑17. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) profiles showing different patterns for a) Serratia marcescens and b) Tsukamurella paurometabolum
Figure 10‑18. Denaturing Gradient Gel Extraction (DGGE) Track Profiles
Figure 10‑19. Phylogenetic Tree Indicating Evolutionary Branching and Distance between Groups based on rRNA Analysis. Fungi are represented by Coprinus (a mushroom), plants by Zea (corn), and Animals by Homo (humans)
Heterocyst
Figure 10‑20. Anabaena, a Filamentous Cyanobacteria; with Heterocyst
Figure 10‑21. Light Absorption Characteristics of Phototrophic Bacteria
Figure 10‑22. Two Species of Beggiatoa in Samples from RBC Wastewater Treatment Plants; a Gliding Filamentous Sulfur Oxidizing Proteobacteria. Note
internally deposited sulfur granules
a
b
Figure 10‑23. Sphaerotilus natans: a) pure culture showing sheath and PHB granules; and
b) branching filament in activated sludge sample
Figure 10‑24. Characteristic Zoogloea ramigera floc from activated sludge
Figure 10‑25. Escherichia coli
Transmission Electron Image of Escherichia Eubacteria(Source: Revised from original TEM image photographedat the Central Microscopy Research and Learning Facility,
University of Iowa, 85 EMRB Iowa City, IA 52242,Web Site: http://lime.weeg.uiowa.edu/~cemrf/index.html)
Escherichia coli, Transmission Electron Micrograph
Desulfovibrio sp. Sulfur-Reducing Eubacteria
Figure 10‑26. Desulfovibrio. Note the bent rods (vibrios).
Bacillus sp. with Internal Spores(Source: pg. 1021,
R.M. Atlas, Principles of Microbiology, 2nd Edition,W.C. Brown Publishers, 1997)
Bacillus sp. Eubacteria with Internal Spore (~34,000x TEM Image)(Source: pg. 1021,
R.M. Atlas, Principles of Microbiology, 2nd Edition,W.C. Brown Publishers, 1997)
Figure 10‑27. Endospores in Bacillus
Figure 10‑28. Nocardia-like Filamentous Bacteria in Activated Sludge Foam (Gram stained preparation).
Figure 10‑29. Spirochetes in Activated Sludge
Figure 10‑30. Giardia
Figure 10‑31. Bodo in Activated Sludge.
Figure 10‑32. Amoeba in Activated Sludge.
Figure 10‑33. Arcella, a Testate Amoeba
Figure 10‑34. Free Swimming Ciliates: a) Paramecium, b) Aspidisca, and c) Euplotes.
a
dc
b
Figure 10‑35. Vorticella, a Stalked Ciliate: a) feeding; b) with mouth closed, and myoneme visible (dark line in stalk); c) stalk extended, and d) seconds later, myoneme
contracted to form corkscrew-shaped stalk.
Figure 10‑36. Podophyra, a Suctorean
Figure 10‑37. Cryptosporidium
Euglena sp. Euglenoid Algae(Source: B. Leander, Center for Ultrastructural Research,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia,
Web Site: http://www.uga.edu/~caur/home.html)
Figure 10‑38. Euglena
SEM Images of Various Diatom Shell Structures(Source: Central Microscopy Research and Learning Facility,
University of Iowa, 85 EMRB Iowa City, IA 52242,Web Site: http://lime.weeg.uiowa.edu/~cemrf/index.html)
Figure 10‑39. SEM Images of Various Diatom Frustules.
Peridinium Dinoflagellate Algae
Ceratium sp. Dinoflagellate(Source: pg. 550, L.M. Prescott, J.P. Harley, and D.A. Klein,
Microbiology, 4th Edition, WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1999)
Figure 10‑40. Peridinium
Chlorella sp. Green Algae
Figure 13-30
Scenedesmus sp. Green Algae
Figure 10‑41. Scenedesmus
Mold with Budding Condidia Tip Structures(Source: Central Microscopy Research and Learning Facility,
University of Iowa, 85 EMRB Iowa City, IA 52242,Web Site: http://lime.weeg.uiowa.edu/~cemrf/index.html)
Figure 10‑42. Mold with Conidia
Figure 10‑43. Nematode trapping fungus.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
g d
ry w
eig
ht
of
lea
f
0.6 1.2
mEq phosphate per plant
w/o fungus
w/fungus
Figure 10‑44. The Combined Effect of Mycorrhyzal Fungus and
Phosphate Fertilizer on Tomato Growth.
Figure 10‑45. Virus Capsids