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What is a GIS?
“…“…a computer system capable of assembling, storing, a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced manipulating, and displaying geographically referenced information…”information…”
““A smart map. A combination of a graphic display and a A smart map. A combination of a graphic display and a database. The map and the database are intimately linked so database. The map and the database are intimately linked so when you click on the map, the information about that point is when you click on the map, the information about that point is highlighted on the screen.”highlighted on the screen.”
““A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support, capture, manage, manipulate, analyze, model, and support, capture, manage, manipulate, analyze, model, and display spatially referenced data for solving complex planning display spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems.”and management problems.”
Information System
An information system is established to achieve the objectives An information system is established to achieve the objectives of collecting, storing, analyzing, and presenting information in of collecting, storing, analyzing, and presenting information in a systematic manner a systematic manner
The term geographic, which implies a spatial component to the The term geographic, which implies a spatial component to the system, are also characterized with two additional crucial system, are also characterized with two additional crucial
propertiesproperties • The reference to geographic space, which means the data are registered The reference to geographic space, which means the data are registered
to a geographical coordinate system to a geographical coordinate system
• The representation at geographic scale, which means the data are The representation at geographic scale, which means the data are normally recorded at small scales and may be generalized and normally recorded at small scales and may be generalized and
symbolized.symbolized.
GIS Concepts
Represent the real world by processing data and Represent the real world by processing data and applying it in map formapplying it in map form
Allows geographic features in real world locations to Allows geographic features in real world locations to be digitally represented so they can be presented in be digitally represented so they can be presented in map form and manipulated to address some problemmap form and manipulated to address some problem
GIS Concepts
A GIS stores the locations of geographic features as geometric A GIS stores the locations of geographic features as geometric entitiesentities
The geographic features (geometric entities) are linked to a The geographic features (geometric entities) are linked to a databasedatabase
Information about various entities can be obtained by selecting Information about various entities can be obtained by selecting them or various analyses can be run on the entitiesthem or various analyses can be run on the entities
The Singleton family name derives from a place in northwest England, and understandably the greatest concentration of this name today remains in this region.
But why should the name be disproportionately concentrated in the south and east of the United States?
Geographical analysis of the global pattern of family names can help us to hypothesize about the historic migrations of families, communities, and cultural groups.
GIS Concepts
A GIS allows a user A GIS allows a user to overlay a series of to overlay a series of layers, each of which layers, each of which represents some real-represents some real-world feature, to world feature, to digitally view any digitally view any given area.given area.
GIS Concepts
Defining What People Know
Information systems make it easy to help people manage our:• Data
• Information
• Evidence
• Knowledge
• Wisdom
Why GIS?
Space is a limited and interrelated commoditySpace is a limited and interrelated commodity Information can be easily shared between different groupsInformation can be easily shared between different groups Complex information can be presented in a variety of formats Complex information can be presented in a variety of formats
that are easily read by an audiencethat are easily read by an audience Return investment on data; data can be applied for other Return investment on data; data can be applied for other
purposespurposes Improved decision makingImproved decision making
Thinking About Geography
““Almost everything that happens, happens Almost everything that happens, happens somewhere. Knowing where something happens is somewhere. Knowing where something happens is critically important” – Paul A. Longleycritically important” – Paul A. Longley
Almost all human activities and decisions involve a Almost all human activities and decisions involve a geographic component geographic component
Many are not aware of the importance geography is Many are not aware of the importance geography is to our daily livesto our daily lives• Describe how to get to Warren Grove from campus.Describe how to get to Warren Grove from campus.• Describe how to get to the hospital from here.Describe how to get to the hospital from here.• How do I get around campus.How do I get around campus.
Internet Map Routing
Thinking About Geography
Geography is also very important in decision makingGeography is also very important in decision making• Health care managers use geography when they decide Health care managers use geography when they decide
where to put new hospitals and clinics where to put new hospitals and clinics • Marketing operations to find best location for a new storeMarketing operations to find best location for a new store• Delivery companies need to decide routes Delivery companies need to decide routes • Transportation officials need to select new roads Transportation officials need to select new roads • Forestry companies need to manage forests: where to cut, Forestry companies need to manage forests: where to cut,
where to locate roads, where to plant trees where to locate roads, where to plant trees • Governments need to decide on fund allocation Governments need to decide on fund allocation • Farmers need to decide where to apply fertilizers and Farmers need to decide where to apply fertilizers and
pesticides pesticides
Mapping roadside hazards and prediction of infrastructure failure after natural disaster.
Hurricane Katrina as of August 28, 2005 (Courtesy NOAA/NESDIS: www.nnvl.noaa.gov)
Its aftermath in
New Orleans on August 29, 2005:
showing the flooding of theI-10 Interstate Highway, directly caused by thebreaching of the levees of the 17th Street Canal.
(Wikipedia:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KatrinaNewOrleansFlooded_edit2.jpg)
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=79553 October 28th, 2012
Hurricane Sandy, October 2012
A little bit of history…
Martin Waldseemuller’s 1507 world map
Advancements in Cartography
Increase in developmental societies led to the need Increase in developmental societies led to the need for newer and better maps (i.e., building of roads, for newer and better maps (i.e., building of roads, railroads, and canals required the locations of towns, railroads, and canals required the locations of towns, lakes, etc., to be accurately known.lakes, etc., to be accurately known.
Advances in mapmaking led to utilization of maps in Advances in mapmaking led to utilization of maps in various ways. One of these ways was to overlay a various ways. One of these ways was to overlay a series of maps to show a large amount of information series of maps to show a large amount of information on a single display.on a single display.
Advancements in Cartography
In the 18In the 18thth Century, there is a rapid expansion Century, there is a rapid expansion of thematic mappingof thematic mapping
Various layers of spatial data on a series of Various layers of spatial data on a series of similar base mapssimilar base maps
1788 A map of the states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
Advancements in Cartography
1818thth Century maps of the Battle of Yorktown, Century maps of the Battle of Yorktown, drawn by French cartographer Louis-drawn by French cartographer Louis-Alexandre Berthier contained Alexandre Berthier contained hingedhinged overlays overlays to show troop movement.to show troop movement.
Advancements in Cartography
First manual GIS developed during construction of First manual GIS developed during construction of Irish railway (1850s). A series of maps were Irish railway (1850s). A series of maps were compiled that showed information on population compiled that showed information on population density, geology, and political boundaries.density, geology, and political boundaries.
Considered first manual GIS because it involved the Considered first manual GIS because it involved the simultaneous use of a series of maps to solve a spatial simultaneous use of a series of maps to solve a spatial problem.problem.
Advancements in Cartography
John SnowJohn Snow• Geography / Statistics / Geography / Statistics /
EpidemiologyEpidemiology• Mapped cholera outbreaks Mapped cholera outbreaks
in London in 1854in London in 1854• Used spatial analysis to Used spatial analysis to
identify source of cholera identify source of cholera as the water pump in the as the water pump in the city square.city square.
The 20th Century
It was the field of planning that first began to exploit It was the field of planning that first began to exploit thematic maps by extracting data from one map to thematic maps by extracting data from one map to another another
In Dusseldorf, Germany (1912), several time periods In Dusseldorf, Germany (1912), several time periods were mapped for the city and time-series change were mapped for the city and time-series change overlays were constructedoverlays were constructed
In Billerica, Massachusetts (1912), overlays of land In Billerica, Massachusetts (1912), overlays of land use and traffic circulation were constructeduse and traffic circulation were constructed
The 20th Century
During the First World War (1914-1918), the value of During the First World War (1914-1918), the value of complete aerial photographic reconnaissance is complete aerial photographic reconnaissance is recognized by both sides recognized by both sides
Germany acquires nearly 4000 photos a day as part of Germany acquires nearly 4000 photos a day as part of the planning for their last great offensive (1918), and the planning for their last great offensive (1918), and the US Army has made over one million prints during the US Army has made over one million prints during the last four months of the war the last four months of the war
Advancement of GIS
Cheaper & smaller computersCheaper & smaller computers
• GIS packages improved as computer power and storage GIS packages improved as computer power and storage capabilities capabilities and price and price
Inexpensive data (Census & USGS)Inexpensive data (Census & USGS) User networkUser network
• Development of books, journals, magazines, conferences, Development of books, journals, magazines, conferences, organizationsorganizations
Merging with parallel technologies (GPS, PDA, Internet)Merging with parallel technologies (GPS, PDA, Internet) Move to the cloud and tablet technologyMove to the cloud and tablet technology
Converging GIS with Converging GIS with surveying, remote sensing, surveying, remote sensing, GPS, mobile computing, GPS, mobile computing, etc.etc.
ResultsResults• SimplerSimpler
• More usersMore users
• CheaperCheaper
• Used by many disciplinesUsed by many disciplines
Advancement of GIS
Applications of a GIS
OperationalOperational• Managing facilities and assetsManaging facilities and assets
UtilitiesUtilities Waste managementWaste management Property managementProperty management Real estateReal estate
Marketing of residential real estate in the UK (Source: www.nestoria.co.uk)
Applications of a GIS
ManagementManagement• Distributing resources to gain a competitive Distributing resources to gain a competitive
advantageadvantage RetailRetail TelecommunicationsTelecommunications
Applications of a GIS
StrategicStrategic• Creation and implementation of an organizations Creation and implementation of an organizations
business planbusiness plan RetailRetail GovernmentGovernment Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement
Percentage Internet Usage as of 2008
Applications of a GIS
Political SciencePolitical Science• Analysis of election resultsAnalysis of election results• Predictive ModelingPredictive Modeling
Real EstateReal Estate• Neighborhood Land PricesNeighborhood Land Prices• Traffic Impact AnalysisTraffic Impact Analysis
BusinessBusiness• Demographic AnalysisDemographic Analysis• Site SelectionSite Selection• Market penetrationMarket penetration
Health careHealth care• EpidemiologyEpidemiology
• Needs AnalysisNeeds Analysis
Education Education AdministrationAdministration• Enrollment ProjectionsEnrollment Projections
• School Bus RoutingSchool Bus Routing
Applications of a GIS
Urban Planning And Urban Planning And ManagementManagement• Zoning, Subdivision Zoning, Subdivision
PlanningPlanning• Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development• Emergency ResponseEmergency Response• Code EnforcementCode Enforcement• Tax AssesmentTax Assesment
Environmental Environmental ScienceScience• Monitoring environmental Monitoring environmental
risksrisks• Management of Management of
watersheds, floodplains, watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, aquiferswetlands, aquifers
• Groundwater modeling and Groundwater modeling and contamination trackingcontamination tracking
• Hazardous or toxic facility Hazardous or toxic facility sitingsiting
Land use in Southern New Jersey and the
Pinelands
Remember……
GIS leads to better decision making!GIS leads to better decision making!
