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Environmental Health
Chapter 14
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 2
Environmental HealthPlanet supplies us with: food, water, air, and everything that sustains our life.Historically environmental health focused on preventing infectious diseases spread by water, waste, food, rodents, and insects.
Expansion of the modern day definition.
Encompassing all the interactions of humans with their environment and the health consequences of these interactions.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 3
Classic Environmental Health Concerns
Grew out of the efforts to control communicable diseases.Pathogens which can be transferred via sewage, drinking water and food.U.S. has a complex health system devoted to control such health issues.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 4
Clean WaterWater Contamination and Treatment.
FluoridationWater-treatment plants
Water shortagesWhat You Can Do to Protect the Water Supply
ShowerSink faucet aeratorsWater saving toiletsFix leaky faucetsUse organic versus chemical fertilizersDon’t pour toxins down the drainGardening issues
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 5
Waste DisposalHumans generate large amounts of waste.
Sewage• Septic system• Heavy metal• Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs):
industrial compounds
Solid waste• Garbage• Sanitary landfill
Buy products with the least amount of packagingBuy recycled or recyclable productsAvoid using foam or paper cups Use glass to store foodRecycle paper, plastic, glass and aluminumDo not throw electronic items – recycle themStart a compost pileStop junk mail
Reducing Solid WasteReducing Solid Waste
Components of municipal solid waste, by Components of municipal solid waste, by weight, before recyclingweight, before recycling
BiodegradationsBiodegradationsItem
Banana peelPaperOrange PeelAluminum canPlastic six-pack holder ringGlass Bottle
Plastic bottle
Time Required to Biodegrade
2-10 days2-5 months 6 months80-100 years450 years
1 million years
…? Forever?
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 9
Food Inspection
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)Overall the food distribution in the U.S. is safe and efficient.
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 10
Insect and Rodent Control
Great number of illnesses are associated with animal and insect contact.
EncephalitisLyme DiseaseRocky Mountain spotted feverBubonic plagueWest Nile virus
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=2507910n
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 11
Population GrowthWorld’s population currently estimated at 6.5 billion.
150 people every minute.Increasing by 76 million per yearTo exceed 9.1 billion by 2050
How Many People Can the World Hold?FoodAvailable land and waterEnergyMinimum acceptable standard of living
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 12
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 13
Factors That Contribute to Population Growth
High fertility ratesLack of family planning resourcesLower death ratesPopulation
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 14
Pollution
Air pollutionAir quality and smog• Temperature inversion
Air quality index (AQI)• Carbon monoxide (CO)• Sulfur dioxide (SO2)• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)• Particulate matter (PM)• Ground-level ozone
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 15
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 16
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
Global warmingPossible Consequences
Increased rainfall and flooding or drought.Increased mortality from heat stress.A poleward shift of about 50-350 miles
Thinning of the Ozone LayerChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Acid precipitationEnergy Use and Air Pollution
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 17
Chapter 17 © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 18
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the six greenhouse gases that are emitted in the United States include:
•Carbon dioxide (CO2); emitted from humans
•Methane (CH4); emitted from natural gas
•Nitrous oxide (N2O); emitted from aerosol•Industrial Gases
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Greenhouse Gases
Trend in annual mean temperatureTrend in annual mean temperature
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 20
Indoor Air Pollution
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)Carbon monoxide and other combustion by-productsFormaldehyde gasBiological pollutants
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 21
Indoor Air Pollution
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 22
What You Can Do To Prevent Air Pollution
Cut back on drivingKeep your car tuned upBuy energy-efficient appliancesReplace incandescent bulbsHomes well insulatedPlant trees and shrubsProper disposal of ozone-depleting appliancesKeep house well ventilatedDon’t smokeClean and inspect chimneys, furnaces and other appliances
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 23
Chemical PollutionAsbestos (mineral-based compound)LeadPesticidesMercuryWhat You Can Do to Prevent Chemical Pollution
Read labels of products purchasedProper disposal of house hold productsBuy organic produceLock-up pesticides Use licensed exterminators
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 24
RadiationNuclear Weapons Nuclear EnergyMedical Uses of RadiationRadiation in the Home and Workplace
RadonWhat You Can Do to Prevent Chemical Pollution
Only get X rays if really neededCheck local and state health department about radonFind out if there are radioactive sites in your area
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 25
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 26
Noise PollutionDecibels
Sounds above 80-85Two common sources of excessive noise
• Workplace• Large gatherings of people at a concert or sporting event
The Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) standardsWhat You Can Do to Prevent Chemical Pollution
Wear ear protectorsListen to music on a headset with a volume at or below 6Avoid loud musicAvoid exposure to painfully loud sounds 80 + decibels
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 27
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 28
Healing The Environment
Share what you have learned.Join, support, or volunteer your time.Contact your elected representatives.
Connect Assignment
Chapter 14 Connect Assignment Due Tuesday, April 13th
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=849734649645791794&ei=s2HvStawLIycwgPAiryBCQ&hl=en#
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5zLuqSYF68E
http://www.videojug.com/interview/ozone-and-greenhouse-gases-4