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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT

FOR

PROPOSED BLACK & COLOUR GRANITE QUARRY

LEASE AREA:8.099ha. (1062m3

/Annum)

(SEMI MECHANIZED OPEN CAST MINE)

AT

Sy.No.107/P&13/P,

Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam Villages,

G.D.Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District,

Andhra Pradesh.

OF

Mr. P. GOWTHAM REDDY

PREPARED BY

SRI SAI MANASA NATURE TECH PVT. LTD.

Plot No. 74/A, Flat No. 102,

Central Bank Building, Kalayan Nagar, Hyd. - 38

Tel : 040-23816222, E-Mail: [email protected]

LIST OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

Chapter – 1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose of the Report 1

1.2 Identification of Project & Project Proponent 2

1.2.1 Present Proponent 2

1.2.2 Project Cost 2

1.3 Brief Description of the mine 2

1.3.1 Nature and Size of the mine 2

1.3.2 Location of the Project 2

1.4 Requirements for the Project 4

1.4.1 Site Services 4

1.4.2 Water Requirement 4

1.4.3 Power Requirement 4

1.4.4 Manpower Requirement 4

1.5 Importance to the country & region 6

1.5.1 Specifications 7

1.6 Objective & Scope of the study 8

1.7 Scope of EIA 9

Chapter – 2 Project Description

2.1 Details of the Mining Lease Area 11

2.2 Physiography Of The Site 11

2.3 Mine Drainage 11

2.4 Geology 13

2.4.1 Regional Geology 13

2.4.2 Local Geology 13

2.5 Reserves 14

2.6 Present Land Use Pattern 17

2.7 Method of Mining 17

2.8 Year wise Production & Development 18


2.9 Conceptual Plan 20

2.9.1 Waste Generation and Disposal 20

2.10 Use of Mineral 20

Chapter – 3 Description of Environment

3.1 Scope 21

3.2 Methodology of EIA 21

3.2.1 Micro Meteorology 22

3.2.2 Ambient Air Quality 23

3.2.3 Noise Environment 24

3.2.4 Water Environment 24

3.2.5 Land Environment 24

3.2.6 Biological Environment 25

3.2.7 Socio- Economic Environment 25

3.3 Prediction Of Impacts, Environmental

Management Plan & Disaster Management Plan 25

3.4 Baseline Environment 26

3.4.1 Micro Meteorology Of Study Area 26

3.4.2 Wind Pattern During Study Period (Dec 2013 –

Feb 2014) 28

3.5 Ambient Air Quality 31

3.5.1 Methodology Adopted for the Study 31

3.5.2 Identification Of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Stations 31

3.5.3 Analysis of Baseline Concentrations – Study

Area 32

3.5.3.1 Respirable Particulate matter 10 –PM10 32

3.5.3.2 Fine Particulate Matter 2.5 – PM2.5 32

3.5.3.3 Sulphur dioxide – SO2 32

3.5.3.4 Oxides of Nitrogen - NOX 34

3.5.3.5 Carbon Monoxide - CO 34


3.6 Noise Environment 35

3.7 Water Environment 37

3.8 Land Environment 40

3.8.1 Soil Quality 40

3.9 Landuse Pattern 42

3.9.1 Introduction 42

3.9.2 Project Site Location 43

3.9.3 Study Area 43

3.9.4 Remote Sensing Technology for Visual image

Interpretation 43

3.9.5 Land use / Land Cover Map 44

3.10 Biological Environment 48

3.10.1 Methodology Adapted for the Survey 48

3.10.2 Status of the terrestrial vegetation 49

3.10.3 Non-Forest vegetation of the buffer zone 50

3.10.4 Forest vegetation of the buffer zone 57

3.10.5 Terrestrial Fauna 58

3.10.6 Aquatic Ecology 61

3.11 Demography and Socio Economic Environment 61


3.11.2 Baseline Data 62

3.11.3 Salient Observations in Primary data collection 63

3.11.3.1 Population 63

3.11.3.2 Housing 64

3.11.3.3 Power and energy 64

3.11.3.4 Occupation 64

3.11.3.5 Main Workers 65

3.11.3.6 Cultivators 65

3.11.3.7 Agricultural labourers 65

3.11.3.8 Household industrial workers 66

3.11.3.9 Others 66


3.11.3.10 Non-Workers 67

3.11.3.11 Culture 67

Chapter – 4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigative Measures

4.1 Identification of Environmental Impacts 68

4.1.1 Prediction of Impacts 69

4.1.2 Impact on Air Environment 70

4.2 Overview of Environmental Impacts due to

Mining 73

4.2.1 Impacts on the Surface Water 73

4.2.2 Metals and Dissolved Pollutants 73

4.2.2.3 Erosion & Sedimentation 74

4.2.2.4 Impact on Groundwater Quality 75

4.2.2.5 Hydrological Impacts 76

4.2.2.6 Mine Water 77

4.2.2.7 Groundwater Drawdown 77

4.2.2.8 Impacts on Physical Stability 78

4.2.2.9 Impacts Air Quality 78

4.2.2.10 Impacts on Soils 79

4.2.2.11 Impacts on Terrestrial & Aquatic Habitat/

Ecosystem 79

4.2.2.12 Aquatic Life 80

4.2.2.13 Wildlife 80

4.2.2.14 Vegetation 80

4.2.2.15 Visual Impacts & Landscape Degradation 81

4.2.2.16 Social & Cultural Impacts 81

4.2.2.17 Blasting 82

4.3 Impact Assessment & Mitigation Measures 82

4.3.1 Mine Area Emissions 82

4.3.2 Micro-Meteorology 83

4.3.3 Air Quality Predictions 85


4.3.3.1 Post Project Scenario 86

4.3.3.2 Winter Season 86

4.4 Noise Environment 88

4.4.1 Prediction of impacts due to quarry activity 88

4.4.2 Noise due to Vehicular Traffic 88

4.5 Mine Wastewater 90

4.5.1 Mine Pit Water 90

4.6 Land Environment 90

4.7 Vibration Levels 91

4.7.1 Disasters 91

4.7.2 Mitigation Measures 91

4.8 Socio-Economic Development 92

4.8.1 Improvement in Socio-Economic Status 94

4.9 Conclusion 94

Chapter – 5 Analysis Of Alternatives (Technology & Site)

5.1 Analysis of Alternative Sites 95

5.2 Technology Options 95

Chapter – 6 Environmental Monitoring Programme

6.1 Scope of Environmental Monitoring Programme 96

6.2 Methodology of Monitoring Mechanism 98

6.3 Post Project Monitoring Plan 99

6.3.1 Air quality monitoring 99

6.3.1.1 Parameters 99

6.3.1.2 Frequency 100

6.3.1.3 Methodology 100

6.3.1.4 Standards 100

6.3.2 Water quality monitoring 102






6.3.3 Phreatic surface levels Monitoring 104

6.3.4 Noise level monitoring 104





6.3.5 Blast Vibrations 106

6.3.5.1 Blast Vibration Study Methodology and

Instrumentation 106



6.3.5.4 Permissible Standards 107

6.3.6 Monitoring of phase-wise reclamation

programme 109

6.3.7 Monitoring of Emergency Procedures 110

6.3.8 Monitoring of Mine Closure Plan 110

6.3.9 Reporting Schedules of Monitored Data 111

6.4 Budget Provision for EMP Implementation and

Monitoring 112

Chapter – 7 Additional Studies

7.1 Risk Assessment & Disaster Management Plan 113

7.2 Planning Stage 113

7.3 Health and Safety Principles 113

7.4 Drilling Risks 116

7.5 Dusts from Mining Activities 117

7.6 Face Stability and Loading 117

7.7 First Aid at Mine Site 117

7.7.1 Action Following a Mining Accident 118

7.8 Personal Protective Equipment for Mine Workers 119


7.9 Duties of the Mine Operator 120

7.10 Requirements for Employment in Opencast

Mines 120

7.11 Action to Prevent Danger 121

7.12 Mine Facilities 122

7.13 Resettlement & Rehabilitation Package 122

7.14 Hydrogeology and Remedial Measures 122


7.14.2 Objective, Scope and Methodology of the Study 123

7.14.3 Geographical Set-Up 125

7.14.4 Climate and Rain Fall 126

7.14.5 Topographic Features 130

7.14.6 Surface Hydrological Features 131

7.14.7 Geological Features 133

7.14.7.1 Regional Geological Setup 133

7.14.7.2 Local Geology 134

7.14.8 Soils and Agriculture 135

7.14.9 Ground Water Conditions 137

7.14.9.1 General Features 137

7.14.9.2 Project Site Water-shed Area 139

7.14.9.3 Well Types and Method of Construction 140

7.14.9.4 Depth to Water and Total Depth of Wells 140

7.14.9.5 Water Level Fluctuation 141

7.14.9.6 Long term Trends 144

7.14.9.7 Type of Lifts 145

7.14.9.8 Well yields 146

7.14.9.9 Well Density 146

7.14.10 Ground Water Quality 147

7.14.11 Ground Water Resource Potentials 152

7.14.11.1 Estimation Methodology 152

7.14.12 Project Processes, Impacts and Safeguard 156


Measures

7.14.12.1 Project Processes 156

7.14.12.2 Plan period Operation 156

7.14.12.3 Impacts 157

7.14.12.4 Safeguard Measures 157

7.14.12.5 Water Conservation Plans 158

7.14.12.6 Farm Pond 158

7.14.12.7 Nala Bund / Stream Checks 158

7.14.13 Ground Water Intersection and Surface

Elevation Profile 159

7.14.14 Working Depth and Ground Water Elevation 159

7.14.15 Water Requirement, Availability & Permission 164

7.14.16 Details of streams passing through the lease

area 165

7.14.16 Details of public Hearing 166

Chapter – 8 Project Benefits

8.1 Employment Potential 167

8.2 Socio-Economic Welfare Measures Proposed 167

8.3 Improvements in the Physical Infrastructure 167

8.4 Improvement in the Social Infrastructure 168

8.5 Other Tangible Benefits 169

8.6 Corporate Social Responsibility 169

Chapter – 9 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

9.1 Introduction 172

9.2 EMP Implementation and Monitoring 172

9.3 Environmental Management Committee (EMC) 173

9.3.1 Functions of EMC 174

9.4 Environmental Management Plan 175


9.4.1.1 Afforestation 176


9.4.2 Air and dust pollution control measures 179

9.4.3 Noise and Blasting 179

9.4.4 Water pollution control measures 179

9.4.4.1 Storm water 180

9.4.5 Socio-Economic aspects including resettlement

and benefits 180

9.4.6 Monitoring schedule of EMP 180

9.4.7 Parking Area 181

Chapter – 10 Summary & Conclusions


10.2 Description of the Environment 182

10.3 Anticipated Environmental Impacts And

Mitigation Measures 183

10.3.1 Air Environment 183

10.3.1.1 Air Pollution Control Measures 184

10.3.2 Noise Environment 185

10.3.2.1 Noise Pollution Control Measures 185

10.3.3 Impact Due To Ground Vibrations 185

10.3.4 Water Environment 185


10.3.5.1 Afforestation 187

10.3.6 Socio Economic Environment 187

10.4 Project Benefits 187

10.5 Environmental Management Cell 188

10.6 Budget For Environmental Management Plan 188

10.7 Conclusion 188

Chapter – 11 Disclosure Of Consultants


11.1 Overview 190


11.2 Services 191

11.3 Code of Conduct 191

11.4 Project Team 193

LIST OF TABLES



Table 1.1 physical properties of granite as per is : 14223

(part 1) -1995 (reaffirmed 2012)

7


Table 2.1 Details of the Mining Lease Area 11

Table 2.2 Summary of Reserves 14

Table 2.3 Land Use Pattern of the Mine 17

Table 2.4 Extent of Mechanization 18


Table 3.1 IMD Station data of Arogyavaram 27

Table 3.2 Site Meteorology 28

Table 3.3 Percentage frequency distribution of wind

pattern during study period (Winter 13-14)

29

Table 3.4 Ambient air quality monitoring stations 32

Table 3.5 Summary of ambient air quality 34

Table 3.6 Ambient noise quality monitoring stations 35

Table 3.7 Noise levels during study period 37

Table 3.8 Water sampling locations 38

Table 3.9 Summary of ground water quality during

study period

38

Table 3.10 Soil sampling locations 40

Table 3.11 Summary of soil quality 40

Table 3.12 Land use /Land cover statistics of the study

area

46

Table 3.13 List of trees and shrubs found outside the

forests in the buffer zone

50

Table 3.14 List of trees and shrubs found in the forests in 51


the buffer zone

Table 3.15 List of trees and shrubs found in the forest

areas of the buffer zone

54

Table 3.16 List of vertebrate found in the study area 59

Chapter – 4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigative Measures

Table 4.1 Phased afforestation programme 81

Table 4.2 Emission Details 84

Table 4.3 Ground Level Concentration 86

Table 4.4 Expected Noise from Mining Machinery 90

Chapter – 6 Environmental Monitoring Program

Table 6.1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards

(2009) 101

Table 6.2 Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of

Noise 105

Table 6.3 The Peak Particle Velocity (ppv) at the

Foundation Level of Structures 107

Table 6.4 Monitoring programme of Post Project

Environmental Status 108


Table 7.1 The annual rainfall, season wise rainfall

amounts, their percentages and annual long

period average departure

128

Table 7.2 Generalised Stratigraphic Sequence 133

Table 7.3 Ground Water Resources of Koratliyar

Watershed, G D Nellore Mandal, Chittoor

District

153

Table 7.4(A) Surface and Ground Water Level Elevation

Along A – B 160

Table7.4 (B) Surface and Ground Water Level Elevation

along A – C 161


Chapter – 8 Project Benefits

Table 8.1 Major Crops 2012-13 168


Table 9.1 Post Mining Landuse 176

Chapter – 10 Summary & Conclusions

Table 10.1 Summary of Ambient Air Quality (µg/m3) 183

Table 10.2 Overall Scenario 184

LIST OF FIGURES



Figure 1.1 Shows the Location Map of the Mine Site in

Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh 3

Figure 1.2 Topographical Map Showing 10 km radius

around the project site 5


Figure 2.1 Surface Plan 12

Figure 2.2 Geological Plan 15

Figure 2.3 Geological Cross Sections 16

Figure 2.4 Year wise production plan of the mine lease

area 19


Figure 3.1 Wind Pattern of the study area 30

Figure 3.2 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations 33

Figure 3.3 Noise Monitoring Locations Map 36

Figure 3.4 Water Sampling Locations Map 39

Figure 3.5 Soil Sampling Locations Map 41

Figure 3.6 Satellite Imagery of the study area 45

Figure 3.7 Pie chart showing Land Use / Land Cover

statistics of the study area 46

Figure 3.8 Land Use and Land cover Map 47

Chapter – 4Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigative Measures

Figure 4.1 Methodology adopted for Air Pollution

Modeling 71

Figure 4.2 Various Activities of Opencast Mine 72

Figure 4.3 Predicted 24 hourly of PM in g/m3- Winter

Season 87



Figure 7.1 General Model for Risk Assessment 116

Figure 7.2 Photograph showing the hillock of project

site 126

Figure 7.3 Long Period Monthly Average rain fall of the

district 127

Figure 7.4 The cumulative departure of annual rainfall

from LPA 129

Figure 7.5 The areal distribution annual total rain fall

in the district 129

Figure 7.6 Project Site Balekuppam Watershed Area 132

Figure 7.7 Distribution of rock types in the lease area. 135

Figure 7.8(A) Depth to water level during May 2012 142

Figure 7.8(B) Depth to water level during November 2012 143

Figure 7.9 Water level fluctuation map between May

2012 and November 2012 143

Figure 7.10 Mean Hydrograph of Chittoor District for one

decade 145

Figure 7.11 The areal distribution of different geological

formations 147

Figure 7.12 Location of the Sites 150

Figure 7.13 E.C. Values recorded by C.G.W.B 2011 151

Figure 7.14 Electrical Conductivity map of Chittoor

District, November 2008 151

Figure 7.15 Categorisation of Assessment units in

Chittoor District 154

Figure 7.16 Mandal wise categorization in Chittoor

District

Figure 7.17 Surface and Groundwater Elevation along A

– B & A – C in the Project Area 167

Figure 7.18 Surface Elevation and Ground water 168


Elevation along Section A-B, A-C and quality

variation


Figure 9.1 Afforestation plan (Greenbelt Plan) 178

Proposed Colour Granite Mine of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy at Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District, A.P.

EIA Report

Prepared by Sri Sai Manasa Nature Tech Pvt. Ltd.

Hyderabad

CHAPTER – 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT

Sri P. Gowtham Reddy has been granted a mining lease over an area

of 8.099 ha. in Sy. No. 107/P & 13/P of Ambodarapalli &

Pathapalyam villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District, Andhra

Pradesh.

In a developmental activity like granite mining, all the exercise must

co-exist satisfactorily with its surrounding condition so as to minimise

the adverse impact on the environment. To control the likely adverse

impacts and to achieve this goal, it is essential to conduct an

Environmental Impact Assessment study and to prepare a sound and

safe Environmental Management Plan, which has to be implemented

by the proponents, in order to achieve environmental protection along

with production profits.

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), New Delhi issued a new

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification SO 1533 on 14th

September 2006. As per the notification, the proposed project is

categorized as Category – A, 1(a) Mining of minerals (Interstate

boundary between Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu is at 1.03 km),

which necessitates obtaining prior Environmental Clearance from

MoEF, GoI.

The application for Environmental Clearance as per the new

notification along with Revised Form1, Terms of Reference and

Prefeasibility Report was submitted to MoEF. The Expert Appraisal

Committee considered the project in the meeting held on 12th

November 2013 and issued TOR in vide letter no. J-11015/342/2013-

IA.II (M) dated 08.01.2013 for EIA study in and around 10 kms radius

of project site. The public hearing was conducted on 20-11-2014 and

the minutes of the same is enclosed as annexures. The EIA report has

prepared as per the terms of reference issued by Ministry of

Environment and Forest.


EIA Report


Hyderabad

1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT & PROJECT PROPONENT

Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy has applied for a Quarry Lease in an area of

8.099 ha. and Department of Mines and Geology has granted the

quarry lease vide notice no. 11556/R5-1/2013 dated 11.06.2013 for a

lease period of 20 years.

1.2.1 Project Proponent

Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy is a private individual and is in the business of

granite stone marketing. He is M.B.A. graduate and into granite

business for nearly 3 years.

1.2.2 Project Cost

Total cost of the project is Rs. 80.0 Lakhs and the proponent will incur

about Rs. 8.0 Lakhs towards Environment Management Plan.

1.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MINE

1.3.1. Nature and Size of the mine

The proposed project will be an opencast semi mechanised Granite

mine of 1062 m3/ annum production capacities, and the life of the

mine lease is 128 years. The granted quarry lease is an extent of 8.099

Ha. No sub-surface exploration is required as the entire mineable

mass of granite is exposed from top of hill down to ground surface.

1.3.2 Location of the Project

The mine lease area is made up of hillock gently sloping towards all

directions and is falling in Survey of India Topo-sheet no 57 O/8. The

area is bounded by Latitude 13°10’32.7” – 13°10’ 41.5”& 790 15’ 7.63”

- 790 15’ 24.17” E Longitude.


EIA Report


Hyderabad

Location Map showing project site location in Chittoor District is given

in Fig – 1.1.

Kurnool

Ananthapur

Chittoor

Cuddapah

Nellore

Prakasam

Mahaboob

nagarGuntur

Hyderabad

Ranga

Reddy

Krishna

West

Godavari

East

Godavari

Khammam

WarangalMedak

NizamabadKarimnagar

Vishakapatnam

Srikakulam

Vizianagaram

Adilabad

Nalgonda

INDIA

ANDHRA PRADESH

CHITTOR

Kalicherla

TambalapalleKandukur

Tsadumu

Ghattu

MudiveduMedikurti

Vayalpad Pileru

Garnimitta

Mahal

Madanapalle

Horseley Hills

Penchupadu

Horsley Hills

Errivanpalem

Chinagottigallu

Tirumala

Tirupati

Pallam

MamanduruPerakuru

Sri Kalahasti

Timmasamundram

Pudi

Renigunta

Taduku

Satyavedu

Chandragiri

Panalpakkam

KallurTsadum

SomalaPakala

ChaudepalleAylra

Patagunta Puttur

Pallipattu

TayyuruNagari

Penumuru

Putalapattu

Chittor Avalakonda

RamapuramNaraharipeta

Bangarupalam

Venkatagiri

Rayalapeta

Palmaner

Baireddipalle

Sankarayalapeta

Venkatagirikota

Nailkaneri

Ramakuppam

Kangundi

Kuppam

Nagalapuram

AreniReservoir

RamasamudramPunganuru

MINE LEASE AREA

FIG - 1.1

LOCATION MAP


EIA Report


Hyderabad

The proposed mine site is situated at 1.1 Km North East of

Ambodarapalli village. Major town and District head quarter, Chittoor

is at 15.9 km in WNW and Gangadhara Nellore, the mandal

headquarter is at 9.9 km in NW direction from the mine site.

The project site is located at a distance of 4.2 Km from Chittoor –

Ponnai Road. National Highway NH-4 from Chennai to Bangalore is

16.0 km in west direction from the mine site. The nearest railway

station is Ramapuram Railway station at distance of 11.8 km. The

nearest airport is Chennai Airport at a distance of 106 Km.

Topographical Map Showing 10 km radius around the project site is

given as Fig – 1.2.

1.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PROJECT

1.4.1 Site Services

Facilities like rest shed, store room and office room will be provided in

7.5 m barrier zone in SW side of the mining lease area.

1.4.2 Water Requirement

The total water requirement for the project is about 5 m3/day. This

requirement will be met from ground water through adjacent to the

mining lease area.

1.4.3 Power Requirement

Power required for the project is for illumination in the mine and will

be met from APSPDCL.

1.4.4 Manpower Requirement

The manpower requirement including skilled and unskilled workforce

is about 33.


EIA Report


Hyderabad


EIA Report


Hyderabad

1.5 IMPORTANCE TO THE COUNTRY & REGION

Granite is the most sought-after building stone since long. In the

ancient times, the granite pillars and beams were preferred material to

support the huge structures of temples and palaces and for making

protective walls around them. With the invention of modern tools of

greater hardness and polishing ability, the use of granite has rather

increased for aesthetic values. The modern motorised tools of tungsten

carbide and brazed diamond have enabled the user to cut & polish

granite as per the specifications of the building sector. Presently, cut

and polished granite slabs of 20 mm thickness are preferred for

flooring, while tiles of 10 or 12 mm thickness are used for cladding. In

addition to this, gravestones and monuments of various shapes and

sizes are also in vogue. Because of the flexibility of the cutting tools,

many artifacts of granite for decorative purposes are being made.

Granite also finds its application in making garden furniture, such as

benches, fountains and many other articles which are used for

landscaping and/or decorative purposes. The cut-to-size small blocks

are used as cobblestone, kerbstone, road sidings and many other

innovative uses. Crude granites are utilised for structural purpose

after little dressing & sizing whereas processed granites are used

mostly in the construction of buildings and monuments and for

interiors and exterior facing. Because of its superior wear resistance

and non-denting quality, granite is used for various meteorological

and engineering instruments, such as surface plates, straight edges,

parallels, cubes, V blocks and work-mounting tables of co-ordinate

measuring machines.

The surface plates are used as flat datum surface whenever precise

measurements of dimensions and geometrical relationships are to be

carried out. For this purpose, harder variety of granite is required so

that it can bear the high-degree of grinding, polishing and calibration

for achieving flat surface. It has been found that granite which is to be

used for surface plates should have a close grain size, homogeneity,

high density and hardness, uniform colour and low moisture

absorption. The granite should be free from flaws.


EIA Report


Hyderabad

1.5.1 Specifications

The properties of granite which are normally valued for exploitation

are compressive strength, tensile strength, density, p-wave velocity,

etc. For the marketability, other requirements like colour, texture,

granularity, size, water absorption, porosity, hardness, moisture

content, etc. are also essential. Raw blocks should be free from normal

defects like fractures, joints, shears, hairline cracks, segregation,

veins, etc. Physical Properties of Granite are given in Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANITE AS PER IS : 14223 (PART 1) -

1995 (REAFFIRMED 2012)

Sl.

No.

Characteristic

Requirements

Pink granite

Multicoloured

& grey granites

1 Moisture content (%)

(max) 0.15 0.15

2 Dry density (m/v) 2.58 to 2.63 2.60 to 2.68

3 Apparent specific gravity

(min) 2.75 2.75

4 Water absorption (%)

(max) 0.50 0.50

5 Porosity (%) 1.02 to 2.50 1 to 2

6 Compressive strength

(kg/cm2) 1000-1500 1300-2200

7 Tensile strength (kg/cm2)

(min) 90 90

8 Shear strength (kg/cm2) 280-425 300-540

9 Hardness (Mohs' scale) 6 to 7 6 to 7

10 Hardness (Schmidt No.) 80-100 85-110

11 Hardness (Shore No.) 50-60 46 to 61

12 Ultrasonic pulse velocity 5000 5000

13 Resistance to wear,

Not greater than

2 mm on an

average and 2.5

mm for any

individual

specimen

Not greater than

2 mm on an

average and 2.5

mm for any

individual

specimen

(Source : http://ibm.gov.in/IMYB%202011_Granite.pdf)

http://ibm.gov.in/IMYB%202011_Granite.pdf


EIA Report


Hyderabad

It is certain that granite will continue to be the mainstay in providing

the increased requirement of commercially development for the

country in the coming decades as well. For the over all development of

the state, it is essential to utilise the existing resources in a

sustainable and environmental friendly manner. The proposed OC

mining project will enhance the employment opportunity, economical

& social condition of the native population, revenue generation of the

state and the country. With all these major benefits the proposed

project will be an important entity in the developmental path of the

state as well as the country.

1.6 OBJECTIVE & SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of the EIA studies is to internalise and integrate

the environmental concerns/ aspects, and mitigation measures into

the parameters of the open cast minefield and conditions of its

development make this target feasible with normal technical indices,

namely, length, width and depth of the mining block, number of

Blocks, location and type of equipment and their deployment etc. of

the project. Monitoring and feedback on Health, Safety and

Environment (HSE) and training activities can be planned thoroughly

and effectively with the help of these studies. To achieve the above

objectives the following strategy is recommended.

EIA to be prepared with baseline data collection and making use

of preliminary design specifications/ data of the proposed

operations.

The findings and recommendations of the study are to be

incorporated into the project planning, design, conducting

operations of the project.

The EIA will cover one season baseline environmental data, as per

the guidelines of MoEF, New Delhi. The scope includes collection

of baseline data with respect to major environmental components,

viz. Air, Noise, Water, Land Biological and Socio-economic

components along with the parameters of human interest and

prediction and evaluation of environmental impacts to delineate

Environmental Management Plan.


EIA Report


Hyderabad

In all Mining projects, the mining activities must co-exist satisfactorily

with its surrounding environment so as to reduce the environmental

impact caused due to mining activities. To control the adverse

impacts, sound and safe environmental management plan has to be

implemented by the proponents, which makes environmental

protection as essential requirement along with profits.

In order to assess the likely impacts arising out of the proposed

project on the surrounding environment and evaluating means of

alleviating the likely negative impacts, if any, from the proposed mine,

the proponent has retained Sri Sai Manasa Nature Tech Pvt. Ltd.,

Hyderabad as their environmental consultant in order to assess the

likely impacts arising out of the proposed project and proposed an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report for various

environmental components which are likely to be affected.

1.7 SCOPE OF EIA

The scope of study includes detailed baseline data generation and

characterization of existing status of environment in an area of 10 km

radius with the proposed project as its centre for various

environmental components viz. air, noise, water, land, biological and

socio-economic components and other parameters of interest. The

envisaged scope of EIA is as follows:

To assess the present status of air, noise, water, land, biological

and socio-economic components of environment.

Identification and quantification of significant impacts of proposed

operations on various components of environment.

Evaluation of proposed pollution control facilities.

Delineation of the post-project environmental quality monitoring

program to be followed

Any developmental activity in general is expected to cause impacts on

surrounding environment at the mining site during its implementation

and operation phases, which can be both positive and negative. The

nature and intensity of impacts on different components of


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Hyderabad

environment depend on the type of project activities and geographical

conditions of the study area. The impacts of the project activities on

environmental components can be quantified through EIA Studies

within the impact zone of the project activities. The results of EIA

Studies form the basis for the preparation of a viable EMP for

mitigation of the adverse impacts

Proposed Colour& Black Granite Mine of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy at Ambodarapalli&Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District, A.P.

EIA Report

Prepared by

Sri Sai Manasa Nature Tech Pvt. Ltd. Hyderabad

CHAPTER – 2: PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed project activity is mining of Black & Colour granite of

1062m3/ annum at Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh.

2.1 DETAILS OF THE MINING LEASE AREA

The mining lease area of the proposed project is a Government waste

land covered in an area of 8.099 ha. Entire mining lease area is a hilly

area and barren land. The details of the mining lease area are as

below

TABLE 2.1:DETAILS OF THE MINING LEASE AREA

State

/District Mandal Village

Survey

No.s

Extent

in Ha. Ownership

Andhra

Pradesh

/Chittoor

G.D.

Nellore

Ambodarapalle

&Pathapalyam

107/P

& 13/P 8.099

Govt.

barren

Land

Toposheet : 57 O/8

2.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE SITE

The mine lease (ML) area is elevated in the centre of the hillock and

sloping towards in all directions. The maximum and minimum RL’s

within the ML area are, 125 – 100 m above MSL with a surface relief

of 25 m. The area is devoid of forest or tree cover. It comprises of

shrubs only.

Fig – 2.1 shows the surface plan of the mine lease area.

2.3 MINE DRAINAGE

There are no rivers, tanks or other perennial water sources in the

area. The rain water will flow through the natural slopes of the area

into the seasonal nala which is located outside the mining lease area.


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N0

E0

E5

0E

10

0E

15

0E

20

0E

25

0E

30

0E

35

0E

40

0E

45

0E

47

5

N5

0

N1

00

N1

50

N2

00

N2

50

10

0

AB

M

Post Office

First Aid

Office

105

110

115

120

120

12010

120' 15

10

05

01

00

15

0

IND

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un

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DY

Sy N

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/P

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/P

(8

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a.)

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bo

darap

ally &

Path

ap

aly

am

Villa

ges,

G.D

. N

ello

re (

M),

Ch

ito

or D

t, A

P

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ject

:

BLA

CK

& C

OLO

UR

GR

AN

ITE M

IN

E O

F

SU

RF

AC

E P

LA

N

FIG

- 2

.1

DU

MP

YA

RD


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The ground water table is available at a depth of 50 m from the

surface. Since the mine workings are confined to a depth of 12m

(max.) at higher altitudes, no seepage water is envisaged in the mine.

Hence there will not be any impact on the ground water table due to

mining activities.

2.4 GEOLOGY

2.4.1 Regional Geology

The rock units, exposed in this region of the subject area belong to

Kurnool Group of Cuddapah Super Group. The Kurnool Group

comprises of Nandyal shale, Koilkuntla Limestone ,Paniam Quartzite,

Auk Shale, Nargi Limestone and Banaganapalle Quartzite. The

following table shows the stratigraphy of the region :

Kurnool Group Paniam Quartzite

-------------------------------- Unconformity ------------------

Kurnool Group Auk Shale

Nargi Limestone

Banaganapalle Quartzite

-------------------------------- Unconformity -------------------

2.4.2 Local Geology

The mining lease area belongs to Kurnool Group and is consisting of

Paniam Quartzite on top and Auk Shale underling the Paniam

Quartzite and shale and scree is exposed on the slope of the hill. The

Quartzite is exposed to the surface at higher altitudes i.e. on top of the

hill. The Quarzite shows E-W strike direction with gentle dip (less than

50) towards north. Except Quartzite & Shales, no other litho unit are

seen in this area. The quartzite of this area shows reddish brown to

light brown in colour on the surface due to weathering. After removal

of the weathered skin, the Quartzite shows white colour. It is soft and

friability in nature. Due to its softness, the Quartzite can be easily

excavated and it can be crushed to sand by manually with the help of


EIA Report

Prepared by


hand tools without blasting. Later the crushed sand will be screened

to different meshed sizes & it will be marketed as “Silica Sand”.

Quartzite : Quartzite occurring in this area, is bedded in nature and

shows fine to medium grain size. It is brown & reddish brown on

surface & turns to white after removal of weathered skin. It is soft &

friable in nature and can be crushed to sand by manual hammering

the sand is marketed as “Silica Sand”.

Fig – 2.2 shows the geological plan and Fig – 2.3 shows geological

cross sections of the mine lease area.

2.5 RESERVES

Based on the present exposure of the boulders & sheet rock of Black

and colour granite, and the observations made in the adjacent quarry

the reserves of the area have been estimated. The proved zone is 10 m

and probable and possible zone us 3 m each and the recovery factor is

taken only 12% and it may vary in depth.

The reserves in the mine lease area are estimated by the cross

sectional method. The geological reserves in the mine lease area are

given in Table – 2.2.

TABLE - 2.2:SUMMARY OF RESERVES

S.No. Category Reserves in cu.m.

Colour Granite

1 Proved (111) 100540

2 Probable (122) 19,431

3 Possible (334) 19,431

4 Total in-situ reserves (1+2+3) 139403

5 Reserves blocked under 7.5 m barrier zone 4725

6 Total Mineable colour granite 134678

Black Granite

1 Proved (111) 17235

2 Probable (122) 2875

3 Possible (334) 2875

4 Total in-situ reserves (1+2+3) 22986

5 Reserves blocked under 7.5 m barrier zone 603

6 Total Mineable Black granite 22383


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N0

E0

E50

E100

E150

E200

E250

E300

E350

E400

E450

E475

AA1

B1

BC

N50

N100

N150

N200

N250

10

0

AB

M

Post Office

First Aid

Office

105

110

115

120

125

120

115

DU

MP

YA

RD

10

050

100

150m

.

IND

EX

Lease B

oundary

Assum

ed B

ench M

ark

Conto

urs

Road

Buffer

Zone

Section L

ine

Colo

ur

Gra

nite

Bla

ck G

ranite

Weath

ere

d G

ranite

Pro

posed D

um

p

105

100

110

N

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le:

Mr.

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GO

WTH

AM

RED

DY

Sy N

o.1

07

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(8

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ally &

Path

ap

aly

am

Villa

ges,

G.D

. N

ello

re (

M),

Ch

ito

or D

t, A

P

Pro

ject

:

BLA

CK

& C

OLO

UR

GR

AN

ITE M

IN

E O

F

GE

OL

OG

IC

AL

P

LA

N

FIG

- 2

.2

C1


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C C1

80

90

100

110

120

130

80

90

100

110

120

130

80

90

100

110

120

130B B1

80

90

100

110

120

130

A1A

80

90

100

110

120

130

80

90

100

110

120

130

Weathered Granite

Colour Granite

Black Granite

Proved Zone

Probable Zone

Possible Zone

INDEX

Title:

Mr. P. GOWTHAM REDDY

Sy No.107/P,13/P (8.099Ha.)

Ambodarapally & Pathapalyam Villages,

G.D. Nellore (M), Chitoor Dt, A P

Project :

BLACK & COLOUR GRANITE MINE OF

GEOLOGICAL CROSS SECTIONS

FIG - 2.3

SECTION C-C1

SECTION B-B1

SECTION A-A1


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Life of the mine: It is proposed to produce 1048m3(average

production for first five years) of colour granite from the mine. With

the available net mineable reserves of 1,34,678 m3, the life of the mine

will be 128 years.

2.6 PRESENT LAND USE PATTERN

Of the total mining lease area of 8.099ha., about 5.90 ha will be used

for mining, and about 0.96 ha will be afforested during the life of the

mine. Details of the landuse pattern of the mining lease area given in

table below:

TABLE 2.3- LAND USE PATTERN OF THE MINE

S No. Extent (Ha)

Present During Next

Five Years

Life of

the Mine

1 Active Mining Area - 0.43 5.90

2 Roads & Infrastructure 0.13 0.15 0.12

3 Greenbelt - 0.11 0.96

4 Area under waste dumps - 0.41 -

5 Undisturbed area 7.969 6.999 1.119

Total 8.099 8.099 8.099

Mine pit geometry:

During the life of the mine 3 benches will be formed each with 10 m.

height. The size of the conceptual pit will be 410 x 205 m. covering an

area of 5.9 ha. The maximum depth of the pit will be 27 m.

2.7 METHOD OF MINING

The mining operations will be carried out by semi mechanized open

cast mining method. Hydraulic excavator and compressor operated

jack hammers will be used for cutting the rock. Close spaced drilling


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of 0.2 m will be adopted along a straight line and charged with low

explosives to avoid feather cracks.

Production of colour/ black granite in the proposed lease area will be

in following four steps:

1. Removal/ excavation of overburden and other quarry waste

2. Separation of large primary blocks from the mother rock by pre-

splitting (Primary)

3. Sub-division of large primary blocks into secondary block

4. Production of commercial blocks

Extent of mechanization:

The following mining machinery will be deployed for the proposed

production of colour /black granite.

TABLE 2.4- EXTENT OF MECHANIZATION

S.

No.

Machine Number Capacity Make

1. Excavator 1 Bucket capacity 1 m3

Boom length 7m

Tata Hitachi 200

Lc

2. Air compressors 1 50 CFM

3. Jack Hammers 3

4. Tippers 2 10 tonnes

5. Minor Tools : Chisels, crowbars, pick axes, spades and hammers of

different sizes

2.8 YEARWISE PRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT

The proposed mine lease area boulders and sheet rock is exposed on

western and middle of the lease area without any overburden and

therefore it is planned to do mining during the first five years in

western part of the lease area.

It is proposed to produce about 1062 m3/annum of colour granite by

semi mechanised, open cast method of mining.


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Fig – 2.4 shows the yearwise production plan of the mine lease area

for the first five years.

N0

E0

E5

0E

10

0E

15

0E

20

0E

25

0E

30

0E

35

0E

40

0E

45

0E

47

5

N5

0

N1

00

N1

50

N2

00

N2

50

10

0

AB

M

Post Office

First Aid

Office

105

110

115

12

0

125

120

115

DU

MP

YA

RD

105

100

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III

III

IVV

III

III

IVV

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Mr.

P.

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AM

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DD

YS

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o.1

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(8

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Am

bo

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am

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es,

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RS


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2.9 CONCEPTUAL PLAN

Of the total mining lease area of 8.099ha, about 5.9 ha.will be used

for mining activities and 0.96 ha will be afforested during the life of

the mine. The waste generated during the life of the mine will be

backfilled into the mined out pit.

Conceptually a single pit will be formed with 3 benches of 10 m

height. The maximum length and width of the pit are 410 x 205 m.

with a maximum depth of 27 m.

2.9.1 Waste Generation and Disposal

About 88% of the total volume of rock will be generated as waste.

During first five years about 7788 m3/annum of waste will be

generated. This waste will be dumped in SW side of the mine lease

area.

During the life of the mine about 11,51,777 m3 of waste will be

generated and it will be backfilled into the mined out pit at the end of

mining.

2.10 USE OF MINERAL

Granite is us as building stone since long. Granite pillars and beams

were preferred material to support the huge structures of temples and

palaces and for making protective walls around them. Granite also

finds its application in making garden furniture, such as benches,

fountains and many other articles which are used for landscaping

and/or decorative purposes. The cut-to-size small blocks are used as

cobblestone, kerb stone, road sidings and many other innovative uses.

Crude granites are utilised for structural purpose after little dressing

& sizing whereas processed granites are used mostly in the

construction of buildings and monuments and for interiors and

exterior facing.


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The black and colour granite has got good demand in domestic and

international market. At present China, USA and Europe etc. are the

major importing countries of colour granites.

Proposed Black &Colour Granite Mine of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy at Ambodarapalli&Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal,

Chittoor District, A.P.

EIA Report


Hyderabad

CHAPTER – 3 :DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

3.1 SCOPE

The scope of the study includes preparation of Environmental

Impact Assessment study with detailed characterization of various

environmental components such as air, noise, water, land,

biological and socio economic within an area of 10 km radius

around the proposed mine located at Ambodarapalli and

Pathapalyam Villages of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh. As per

the latest guidelines of MoEF, EIA study was conducted during the

period of December 2013 - February 2014.

The main objectives of EIA study are as follows:

To assess the existing baseline status of air, water, noise,

land, biological and socio-economic environments within the

proposed mine site and 10 km radius of the study area.

To identify and quantify significant impacts due to the

proposed activity on various environmental components

through prediction of impacts.

To evaluate the beneficial and adverse impacts of the

proposed activity.

To prepare an Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

detailing control technologies and measures to be adopted

for mitigation of adverse impacts if any, as a consequence of

the proposed activity.

To prepare a Post Project Monitoring Programme for

checking and regulating the environmental quality of the

project and help in sustainable development of the area.

3.2 METHODOLOGY OF EIA

The success of any impact assessment study depends mainly on

two factors. One is estimation of impact from proposed project on

the environment and the second one is assessment of the



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Hyderabad

environmental condition. Both are key factors to arrive at the post

project scenario. The estimated impact due to the proposed project

can be superimposed over the existing conditions to arrive at the

post project scenario. The scope of the baseline studies includes

detailed characterization of following environmental components,

which are likely to be influenced by the proposed mine.

Meteorological conditions

Ambient Air Quality

Noise Levels

Water Quality

Soil Quality and

Socio Economic Studies

Various steps involved in Environmental Impact Assessment study

are divided into the following phases

Identification of significant environmental parameters and

assessing the existing status within the impact zone with

respect of air, water, noise, soil, biological and socioeconomic

components of environment along with meteorology.

Prediction of impact on air quality taking into consideration

the proposed emissions to project the overall scenario.

Evaluation of total impacts after superimposing the predicted

scenario over the baseline scenario to prepare an

Environmental Management Plan.

The methodology adopted for studying the various individual

components of environment is described below.

3.2.1 Micro Meteorology

An auto weather monitoring station to record meteorological

parameters was installed at proposed mine site. Wind speed, Wind



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direction, maximum, and minimum temperatures, relative

humidity, cloud cover was recorded on hourly basis continuously

covering the entire three months from Dec2013- Feb 2014.

Wind speed & wind direction data recorded during the study

period were used for computation of relative percentage

frequencies of different wind directions. The meteorological data

thus collected has been used for interpretation of the existing

Ambient Air Quality status, and the same data has been used for

prediction of impacts of future scenario due to the activities of the

proposed mine.

3.2.2 Ambient Air Quality

The scenario of the existing ambient air quality in the study region

has been assessed through a network of eight ambient air quality

stations during the study period within a study area of 10 km

radius around the mine site. The monitoring network was so

designed such that representative samples were obtained from the

upwind direction, down wind direction and cross wind directions

of the proposed project site. These monitoring sites have been

established keeping in view the available climatologically norms of

predominant wind direction and wind speed of this particular

region. The following points were also taken into consideration in

designing the network of sampling stations:

1. Topography/ Terrain of the study area

2. Populated areas within the study area

3. Residential and sensitive areas within the study area.

4. Magnitude of the surrounding industries

5. Representation of regional background levels

6. Representations of cross sectional distribution in downward

direction.

The existing Ambient Air Quality status (AAQ) has been monitored

for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and CO. PM10& PM2.5 at each station has

been monitored on 24 hourly basis and all the gaseous sampling



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has been done on 24 hourly basis except CO, which was

monitored on 8 hourly basis.

Pre-calibrated respirable dust samplers have been used for

monitoring of the existing PM10 status and fine dust samplers are

used for monitoring the PM2.5 status in the study area.

Methodologies adopted for sampling and analysis were, as per the

approved methods of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Maximum, minimum, average and percentile values have been

computed from the raw data collected at all individual sampling

stations to represent the ambient air quality status of the study

area.

3.2.3 Noise Environment

Noise monitoring has been carried out at eight locations to identify

the impact due to the existing sources on the surroundings in the

study area. Noise levels were recorded at an interval of 60 minutes

during the day and night times to compute the day equivalent,

night equivalent level.

3.2.4 Water Environment

Eight groundwater samples were collected from the study area of

10 km radius for assessment of the existing physico-chemical and

bacteriological quality in the study area. Methodology adopted for

sampling and analysis were according to the IS methods. Field

parameters such as pH, Temperature were monitored on site. The

parameters thus analyzed were compared with IS 10500. The

activities surrounding the source during sampling were taken into

consideration in interpretation of the water quality of that

particular source.



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Hyderabad

3.2.5 Land Environment

Representative soil samples were also collected from eight

locations for analysis of physico chemical characteristics.

Standard procedures were followed for sampling and analysis.

3.2.6 Biological Environment

Intensive survey of flora and fauna of the mine site and its

surroundings extending up to a radius of 10 km has been

collected during December 2013 - February 2014. Both primary

and secondary data has been collected from various government

departments such as forest, agriculture, fisheries and animal

husbandry to clearly understand the status of fauna. Quadrant

method has been used for sampling flora.

3.2.7 Socio- Economic Environment

Details on economic status of various villages within the study

area of 10 km radius of mine site are collected. Information on

existing amenities has been collected to determine the

developmental activities. Such developmental activities would

result in upliftment of the economic status in the area.

All the above environmental parameters have been used for

identification, evaluation and prediction of significant impacts.

3.3 PREDICTION OF IMPACTS, ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

PLAN & DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Various technical aspects of the proposed project have been

studied to identify the significant impacts, which would arise from

the proposed mining activity. The identified impacts have been

quantified through prediction of impacts to estimate the post

project scenario.



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Identified impacts due to proposed project have been studied in

detail to predict the impacts on various environmental

components. Predicted scenario has been superimposed over the

baseline (pre-project) status of environmental quality to derive the

ultimate (post-project) scenario of environmental conditions.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for this proposed mine

details the control measures, which will be suitable for proposed

mine to maintain environmental quality within the stipulated

limits specified by State Pollution Control

Board/IBM/CPCB/MoEF.

3.4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT

The baseline environmental quality represents the background

environmental scenario of various environmental components

such as air, noise, water, and land and socio economic status of

the study area. The study area covers 10 km radius of the

proposed mine site.

3.4.1 Micro Meteorology of Study Area

Meteorology of the study area plays an important role in the air

pollution studies. The prevailing micro meteorological conditions

at the proposed mine site will regulate the dispersion and dilution

of air pollutants in the atmosphere. The predominant wind

directions and the wind speed will decide the direction and

distance of the most affected zone from the proposed activity. The

meteorological data collected during the monitoring period is very

useful in interpretation of baseline as input for dispersion models

for predicting the Ground Level Concentrations (GLC).



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(i) Regional Meteorology

The tropical climate of the region is manifested in hot and humid

summer, moderate monsoon and mild winter seasons. May is the

hottest month in the year. The maximum temperature during day

time was recorded as 400C and January is the coldest month with

temperature during the day time falling down to about 190C. The

night temperature in winter can be as low as 120C. The months of

December, January & February are considered to have pleasant

climate. IMD station data of Aroryavaram is given in Table 3.1

TABLE-3.1 IMD STATION DATA OF AROGYAVARAM

Month Temperature

(0C)

Relative

Humidity

Rain

Fall

(mm)

Mean

Wind

Speed

(kmph)

Wind

Direction

Highest

in the

Month

Lowest

in the

Month

At

8:30

hrs.

At

17:30

hrs.

January 29.9 12.2 78 45 7.9 4.8 SE, E

February 33.3 13.6 69 34 9.5 6.6 SE, S, E

March 36.0 16.0 61 29 12.8 8.3 SE, S, E

April 37.6 19.2 63 32 25.2 7.8 SE, S, E

May 37.9 20.1 60 36 67.9 9.6 NE, N,

NE

June 35.4 20.6 65 46 53.4 12.4 NW, W

July 33.9 20.0 71 53 92.1 12.2 NW, W

August 32.6 20.0 72 55 85.8 11.8 NW, N, W

September 32.7 19.0 74 58 135.5 8.0 NW, N, W

October 31.3 17.0 78 64 129.4 4.8 NW, NE,

N

November 29.5 14.2 80 66 96.4 4.4 NE, N, E

December 28.4 12.7 82 60 39.2 4.3 NE, E, N,

SE

Note: Distance of Arogyavaram IMD Station is about 88km from the

Project Site.



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(ii) Site Meteorology

An auto weather monitoring station was installed during the

months of Dec 2013- Feb 2014 to record various meteorological

parameters on hourly basis to understand the wind pattern,

Temperature variation, solar insulation and relative humidity

variation etc. Meteorological data of project site is given in table

3.2

TABLE -3.2 SITE METEOROLOGY

Month Temperature (0C) Relative

Humidity

Rain

Fall

(mm)

Mean

Wind

Speed

(kmph)

Wind

Direction

Highest

in the

Month

Lowest

in the

Month

At

8:30

hrs.

At

17:30

hrs.

December

2013

33.8 19.1 98.8 49.7 0 27.5 ENE,

NNE

January

2014

31.5 19.1 98.8 32.5 0 19.7 ENE, E

February

2014

38.5 18 98.8 23.7 0 27.5 ENE, E

Percentage frequencies of wind in 16 directions have been

computed from the recorded data of the study period to plot wind

rose diagram.

3.4.2 Wind Pattern During Study Period (DEC 2013-FEB 2014)

Predominant Wind directions during this period were from the

ENE-NE-NNE-E directions accounting to about 60.1 % of the total

time. Wind speeds during this period were varying between 1 – 17

kmph and sometimes up to 19kmph. Wind with less than 1.0

kmph speed was treated as calm, and calm conditions are 7.8 % of

the total time.

Percentage distribution of frequency of wind pattern during the

study period is given in Table – 3.3.



EIA Report


Hyderabad

Table – 3.3

PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND PATTERN

DURING STUDY PERIOD (WINTER 13-14)

Direction

0.3 -

1.4

(%)

1.4 -

2.7

(%)

2.7 -

4.1

(%)

4.1 -

5.4

(%)

>=

5.4

(%)

Total

(%)

N 1.4 3.5 2.2 1.2 0.4 8.7

NNE 1.7 5.2 2.5 1.6 0.5 11.5

NE 1.6 5.1 3.8 2.1 0.7 13.3

ENE 1.3 6.2 5.7 5.2 2.8 21.2

ENE 0.4 3.3 4.2 4.0 2.2 14.1

ESE 0.0 0.8 1.0 0.7 0.5 3.0

SE 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 1.4

SSE 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 1.6

S 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7

SSW 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5

SW 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0

WSW 0.3 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.0

W 0.5 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.9

WNW 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.3

NW 0.6 1.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.1

NNW 1.3 3.3 1.5 0.5 0.3 6.9

Calm 7.8

Total 100.0



EIA Report


Hyderabad

Figure - 3.1 Wind Pattern of the Study Period



EIA Report


Hyderabad

3.5 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The ambient air quality was monitored in the impact area as per

MoEF guidelines.In order to identify the background air quality

data and also to represent the interference from various industrial

and local activities, screening techniques have been used for

identification of air quality stations in the study areas.The prime

objective of the baseline air quality study was to assess the

existing ambient air quality of the area.

3.5.1 Methodology Adopted for the study

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed

through a scientifically designed ambient air quality network. The

design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance

programme has been based on the following considerations:

Meteorological parameters on synoptic scale

Predominant wind directions

Topography of the study area

Terrain and sensitive areas

Populated areas near to the project area

Magnitude of the surrounding industries

3.5.1 Identification of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at 8

locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points.

AAQ locations were selected in downwind, cross wind and upwind

direction of the proposed project location. The details of the

monitoring stations are given in Table 3.4 gives the details of

ambient air quality monitoring stations. Fig - 3.2 shows the

locations of ambient air quality monitoring stations in the study

area.



EIA Report


Hyderabad

TABLE - 3.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

Code Sampling

Locations

Distance (km)

w.r.t Mine Site

Direction w.r.t

Mine Site

Representation

A1 Mine site - - -

A2 500m away down

wind direction

0.5 WSW Down Wind

A3 VenugopalaPuram 0.4 N Up Wind

A4 Ramakrishnapuram 2.7 E Up Wind

A5 Yellapalle 2.8 WSW Down Wind

A6 Tengal 4.1 SW Down wind

A7 Tirivireddikuppam 2.0 NW Cross wind

A8 Girijanlapalli 2.1 S Cross wind

3.5.2 Analysis of Baseline Concentrations – Study Area

3.5.2.1 RespirableParticulate Matter 10 – PM10

Particulate matter (PM10) monitored in the study area showed 98th

percentile values in the range of 41.21 – 59.51μg/m3. Highest

value of 59.51μg/m3 was recorded at Tengal village, which is near

to Chittoor – Ponnairoad and also the station is located in down

wind direction.

3.5.2.2 Fine Particulate Matter 2.5 – PM2.5

PM2.5 monitored in the study area showed 98th percentile values in

the range of 16.62 – 29.01μg/m3. Highest value of 29.01μg/m3

was recorded at Tengal Village.

3.5.2.3 Sulphur dioxide - SO2

98th percentile values of Sulphur dioxide in the study area were in

the range of 10.3μg/m3 – 16.71μg/m3. Maximum value of sulpur

dioxide 16.71μg/m3obtained in the Tengal Village. The values of

SO2 monitored in the study area are well within the limits of NAAQ

standards.



EIA Report


Hyderabad

MIN

E L

EA

SE

A

RE

A

Mirappakela

palli

Patt

a V

enkata

pura

m

Venugopala

pura

m

Nudanaganeshapura

m

Am

bodara

palle

Kott

ur

Ram

apura

m

Mala

palle

Murt

inayunip

alle

Yallapalle

Gollavaripalle

Tengal

Nara

gallu

Bhum

esw

ara

kandriga

Manchin

illa

kunta

Kott

akota

Nara

gallu

Adilakshm

abm

apura

mRaghunadhapura

m

Vengonapalle

Kott

ur

Kokkeri

Ram

apura

m

Tir

ivir

eddik

uppam

Bala

pura

mKir

ais

att

u

Milla

gaik

uppam

Kum

ara

ikunta

Madanadakuppam

Ponnai

Addig

ivariyu

Koyiv

ariyu

Kandare

ddip

alle

AM

UD

AL

A R

F

PA

CH

IG

UN

TA

R

F

Dasara

palle

Polu

raju

pura

m

Chin

nam

upalle

Tala

mbedu

Vepanapalle

Pachin

apalle

Dig

uvam

issapalle

Appayagaripalle

Ayin

avedu

Kam

mapalle

Velk

uru

Atm

akuru

Kadapagunta

Pata

kri

shnam

palle

Potu

kri

shnam

palle

Nara

sam

palle

Nallara

llapalle

Gangadara

nellore

Reddip

alle

Sarv

are

ddip

alle

Nagam

akandig

a

Bala

gura

ppakandriga

Venkata

pura

m

Gollapalle

Kota

gara

m

Virakanellore

Jangala

palle

Nara

lur

Bari

japalle

Potu

runatt

am

Musagari

palle

Yapanje

ri

Iyyari

kandriga

Nasim

hapura

m

Kandandara

pura

m

Meddenatt

am

Potu

raju

Bangare

ddip

alle

Gollapalle

Kott

ur

Mala

palle

Ram

akri

shnapura

m

Kavir

aja

pura

m

Hari

jandvaj

Kott

akandriga

Kale

palle

Pachig

unta

Jupalle

Bala

pura

m

Cheru

vum

udalu

r

Gudla

lur

Kannik

uppara

m

Kuppanapalle

Vin

jam

Lakshm

ireddip

alle

Kondakin

davuru

Kott

a N

aguru

palle

Chengalreddik

andriga

Lakshm

inara

yanakandriga

Padm

apura

m

Eguvabadonatt

am

Vogura

palli

Reddip

alle

Mala

palle

Kri

shnapura

m

Ponnai riv

er

Edalk

uppam

Am

udala

Cheru

vum

undala

kandig

aKald

uganik

andig

aAru

ndadip

ala

yam

Venugopala

pura

m

Eru

kam

batt

u

Avala

konda

Sengla

yakonpaly

am

Em

ara

lav

Pelleri

kuppam

Ch

ela

palle

RF

400

280

300400 3

00

300

476

360

400

300

280

300

Mala

palle

300

381

300

313

Angallu

Pala

nto

pu

360 Polu

ru

300

375

340

300

490

2r

405

400 471

450

306

300

400

300

327

338

380

300

300

300

300

300

300

318

326

561

400

400

500

562

480

400

442

400

400

473

360

440

220

470

400

300

316

371

371

240

230

240

240

300

300

13°

10'

13°

10'

13°

15'

13°

15'

79°15'

79°15'

79°10'

79°

10'

79°20'

79°

20'

Geri

gala

palle

N

Index t

oSurv

ey o

f In

dia

Toposheets

57

O 857

O 4

57

P 5

57

O 11

57

O 12

57

P 9

57

O 3

57

P 1

57

O 7

Title

:

Sca

le

12

34

5K

M0

Mr. P

. G

OW

TH

AM

R

ED

DY

Sy N

o.1

07/P

,13/P

(8.0

99H

a.)

Am

bodara

pally &

Path

apaly

am

Villa

ges,

G.D

. N

ellore

(M

), C

hitoor

Dt,

A P

M/

s S

ri S

ai M

an

asa N

atu

re T

ech

Pvt.

ltd

.H

yd

erab

ad

Pre

pare

d B

y

Pro

ject

:

BL

AC

K &

C

OL

OU

R G

RA

NIT

E M

IN

E O

F

AM

BIE

NT

A

IR

Q

UA

LIT

Y

MO

NIT

OR

IN

G S

TA

TIO

NS

FIG

- 3.2

Patt

apaly

am

Agra

hara

m

Ram

apura

m

Vasir

eddip

alle

Mutt

ukuru

LEG

EN

D

RO

AD

STREAM

S/

TAN

KS

SETTLEM

EN

TS

FO

REST

CO

NTO

URS

MIN

ING

LEASE A

REA

500

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

A6A

7

A8

INTERSTATE B

OU

ND

ARY

AM

BIE

NT A

IR Q

UALIT

YM

ON

ITO

RIN

G S

TATIO

NS

RIV

ER



EIA Report


Hyderabad

3.5.2.4 Oxides of Nitrogen – NOx

98th percentile value of Nitrogen dioxide in the study area was in

the range of 15.51μg/m3 – 21.71μg/m3. Maximum value of

Nitrogen oxide, 21.71μg/m3 obtained at the Tengal Village. The

values of NOx monitored in the study area were well within the

limits of NAAQ standards.

3.5.2.5 Carbon Monoxide – CO

CO concentration at all the locations was found to be less than 1

ppm.

Results of the ambient air quality at all the above locations were

found to be well within the limits ofNational Ambient Air Quality

(NAAQ) standards. Concentrations of SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and

NOxare mainly contributed due to vehicular traffic and local

activities.

98th percentile values of PM10, PM2.5, So2, NOx for the monitored

locations is given in Table - 3.5, and Ambient Air Quality of the

project is enclosed as Annexure - 3A.

TABLE - 3.5 SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Code

Locations 98th Percentile Values (µg/m3

)

mg/m3

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx CO

A1 Project Site 44.80 17.70 11.45 17.80 0.40

A2 500m away down wind

direction 49.50 23.80 12.50 18.50 0.56

A3 VenugopalaPuram 47.31 22.60 13.81 19.31 0.62

A4 Ramakrishnapuram 41.69 16.80 10.30 15.51 0.45

A5 Yellapalle 56.90 28.33 15.22 21.01 0.72

A6 Tengal 59.51 29.01 16.71 21.71 0.76

A7 Tirivireddikuppam 41.21 16.62 11.39 17.41 0.67



EIA Report


Hyderabad

A8 Girijanlapalli 43.62 17.22 10.61 16.70 0.35

3.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

In order to assess the baseline noise levels, in and around the

proposed project site, Noise levels were measured at the mine site

along with seven villages in the study area. The day equivalent

noise levels were found to be relatively high due to local activities

in the villages. Noise levels recorded in the night time were found

to be less.

The noise monitoring stations are shown in Fig - 3.3 and Table –

3.6

TABLE - 3.6 AMBIENT NOISE QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS

Code Location Distance (km)

w.r.t Project

Direction w.r.t

Project

N1 Mine site - -

N2 500m away down wind

direction

0.5 SW

N3 VenugopalaPuram 1.3 NE

N4 Ramakrishnapuram 3.2 E

N5 Yellapalle 2.7 W

N6 Tengal 3.7 SW

N7 Tirivireddikuppam 4.2 NW

N8 Girijanlapalli 3.0 S

Summary of the day - equivalent, night - equivalent values

computed for various locations in the study area is presented in

Table - 3.7



EIA Report


Hyderabad

MIN

E L

EA

SE

A

RE

A

Mirappakela

palli

Patt

a V

enkata

pura

m

Venugopala

pura

m

Nudanaganeshapura

m

Am

bodara

palle

Kott

ur

Ram

apura

m

Mala

palle

Murt

inayunip

alle

Yallapalle

Gollavaripalle

Tengal

Nara

gallu

Bhum

esw

ara

kandriga

Manchin

illa

kunta

Kott

akota

Nara

gallu

Adilakshm

abm

apura

mRaghunadhapura

m

Vengonapalle

Kott

ur

Kokkeri

Ram

apura

m

Tiriv

ireddik

uppam

Bala

pura

mKirais

att

u

Milla

gaik

uppam

Kum

ara

ikunta

Madanadakuppam

Ponnai

Addig

ivariyu

Koyiv

ariyu

Kandare

ddip

alle

AM

UD

AL

A R

F

PA

CH

IG

UN

TA

R

F

Dasara

palle

Polu

raju

pura

m

Chin

nam

upalle

Tala

mbedu

Vepanapalle

Pachin

apalle

Dig

uvam

issapalle

Appayagaripalle

Ayin

avedu

Kam

mapalle

Velk

uru

Atm

akuru

Kadapagunta

Pata

krishnam

palle

Potu

krishnam

palle

Nara

sam

palle

Nallara

llapalle

Gangadara

nellore

Reddip

alle

Sarv

are

ddip

alle

Nagam

akandig

a

Bala

gura

ppakandriga

Venkata

pura

m

Gollapalle

Kota

gara

m

Virakanellore

Jangala

palle

Nara

lur

Barija

palle

Potu

runatt

am

Musagaripalle

Yapanje

ri

Iyyarikandriga

Nasim

hapura

m

Kandandara

pura

m

Meddenatt

am

Potu

raju

Bangare

ddip

alle

Gollapalle

Kott

ur

Mala

palle

Ram

akrishnapura

m

Kaviraja

pura

m

Harija

ndvaj

Kott

akandriga

Kale

palle

Pachig

unta

Jupalle

Bala

pura

m

Cheru

vum

udalu

r

Gudla

lur

Kannik

uppara

m

Kuppanapalle

Vin

jam

Lakshm

ireddip

alle

Kondakin

davuru

Kott

a N

aguru

palle

Chengalreddik

andriga

Lakshm

inara

yanakandriga

Padm

apura

m

Eguvabadonatt

am

Vogura

palli

Reddip

alle

Mala

palle

Krishnapura

m

Ponnai riv

er

Edalk

uppam

Am

udala

Cheru

vum

undala

kandig

aKald

uganik

andig

aAru

ndadip

ala

yam

Venugopala

pura

m

Eru

kam

batt

u

Avala

konda

Sengla

yakonpaly

am

Em

ara

lav

Pellerikuppam

Ch

ela

pa

lle

RF

400

280

300400 3

00

300

476

360

400

300

280

300

Mala

palle

300

381

300

313

Angallu

Pala

nto

pu

360 Polu

ru

300

375

340

300

490

2r

405

400 471

450

306

300

400

300

327

338

380

300

300

300

300

300

300

318

326

561

400

400

500

562

480

400

442

400

400

473

360

440

220

470

400

300

316

371

371

240

230

240

240

300

300

13°

10'

13°

10'

13°

15'

13°

15'

79°15'

79°15'

79°10'

79°

10'

79°20'

79°

20'

Gerigala

palle

N

Index t

oSurv

ey o

f In

dia

Toposheets

57

O 857

O 4

57

P 5

57

O 11

57

O 12

57

P 9

57

O 3

57

P 1

57

O 7

Title

:

Scale

12

34

5K

M0

Mr. P

. G

OW

TH

AM

R

ED

DY

Sy N

o.1

07/P

,13/P

(8.0

99H

a.)

Am

bodara

pally &

Path

apaly

am

Villa

ges,

G.D

. N

ellore

(M

), C

hitoor

Dt,

A P

M/

s S

ri S

ai M

an

asa N

atu

re T

ech

Pvt.

ltd

.H

yd

erab

ad

Pre

pare

d B

y

Pro

ject

:

BLA

CK

&

C

OL

OU

R G

RA

NIT

E M

IN

E O

F

MO

NIT

OR

IN

G S

TA

TIO

NS

Patt

apaly

am

Agra

hara

m

Ram

apura

m

Vasireddip

alle

Mutt

ukuru

LEG

EN

D

RO

AD

STREAM

S/

TAN

KS

SETTLEM

EN

TS

FO

REST

CO

NTO

URS

MIN

ING

LEASE A

REA

500

INTERSTATE B

OU

ND

ARY

MO

NIT

ORIN

G S

TATIO

NS

RIV

ER

N1 N

2

N3

N4

N5

N6

N7

N8

NO

ISE L

EVEL

NO

IS

E L

EV

EL

FIG

- 3

.3



EIA Report


Hyderabad

TABLE - 3.7 NOISE LEVELS DURING STUDY PERIOD

Code Location Equivalent Noise

Levels dB(A)

MoEF Standards

For Ambient

Noise Levels

Equivalent

(Ld)Day

dB (A)

Night

Equivalent

(Ln)dB (A)

Day

Time

dB (A)

Night

Time

dB (A)

N1 Mine site 55.39 54.85 75 70

N2 500m away down

wind direction

52.23 44.65 55 45

N3 VenugopalaPuram 51.22 42.84 55 45

N4 Ramakrishnapuram 49.34 43.49 55 45

N5 Yellapalle 52.53 43.64 55 45

N6 Tengal 55.32 49.78 55 45

N7 Tirivireddikuppam 52.53 45.19 55 45

N8 Girijanlapalli 45.31 41.76 55 45

It is observed that the noise levels are well within the prescribed

Ambient Air Quality Standards with respect to Noise except at

Tengal village. This village is near to Chittor – PonnaiRoad and

noise levels are slightly high due to vehicular movement on this

road.

3.7 WATER ENVIRONMENT

Assessment of baseline data on Water environment includes:

a) Identification of surface water sources

b) Identification of ground water sources

c) Collection of water samples

d) Analyzing water samples collected for physico-chemical and

biological parameters

Four water samples from various locations in and around the project

site within 10 km radius were collected for assessment of the physico-

chemical and bacteriological quality. Methodologies adopted for

sampling and analysis were according to the IS methods. Field



EIA Report


Hyderabad

parameters such as pH, Temperature, Taste and odour were

monitored on site. The parameters thus analyzed were compared with

IS 10500. Details of water sampling locations are presented in Table

– 3.8and shown in Fig – 3.4.

TABLE - 3.8 WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Code Location Source Distance

(km) w.r.t

Mine Site

Direction

w.r.t Mine

Site

W1 Gollapalle

Bore

well

Water

2.5 N

W2 Ambodarapalle 1.1 NW

W3 Venugopalapuram 1.3 NE

W4 Ramakrishnapuram 2.7 E

W5 Yellapalle 2.8 WSW

W6 Tengal 4.1 SW

W7 Tirivireddikuppam 2.7 E

W8 Girijanlapalli 2.0 NW

Annexure - 3B represents the water quality data at the above

locations. The summary of the same is given below in Table 3.9.

TABLE - 3.9 SUMMARY OF GROUND WATER QUALITY DURING

STUDY PERIOD

Parameter Ground water

Quality

of Study Area

IS-10500

Standards

(Permissible)

pH 7.51-7.97 6.5 – 8.5

Total dissolved solids, mg/l. 738-901.2 2000

Total hardness, mg/l. 343-470.2 600

Chlorides, mg/l. 118-517.3 1000

Sulphates, mg/l. 57-169 400

Fluoride, mg/l. 1.28-1.32 1.5

Heavy metals, mg/l. BDL -

Note: BDL – Below Detectable Limit



EIA Report


Hyderabad

Ground water samples collected from eight locations within 10 km

radius of the proposed site showed all parameters well within the

drinking water standards specified in IS 10500.

MIN

E L

EA

SE

A

RE

A

Mir

appakela

palli

Patt

a V

enkata

pura

m

Venugopala

pura

m

Nudanaganeshapura

m

Am

bodara

palle

Kott

ur

Ram

apura

m

Mala

palle

Murt

inayunip

alle

Yallapalle

Gollavaripalle

Tengal

Nara

gallu

Bhum

esw

ara

kandriga

Manchin

illa

kunta

Kott

akota

Nara

gallu

Adilakshm

abm

apura

mRaghunadhapura

m

Vengonapalle

Kott

ur

Kokkeri

Ram

apura

m

Tir

ivir

eddik

uppam

Bala

pura

mKirais

att

u

Milla

gaik

uppam

Kum

ara

ikunta

Madanadakuppam

Ponnai

Addig

ivariyu

Koyiv

ariyu

Kandare

ddip

alle

AM

UD

AL

A R

F

PA

CH

IG

UN

TA

R

F

Dasara

palle

Polu

raju

pura

m

Chin

nam

upalle

Tala

mbedu

Vepanapalle

Pachin

apalle

Dig

uvam

issapalle

Appayagari

palle

Ayin

avedu

Kam

mapalle

Velk

uru

Atm

akuru

Kadapagunta

Pata

kri

shnam

palle

Potu

kri

shnam

palle

Nara

sam

palle

Nallara

llapalle

Gangadara

nellore

Reddip

alle

Sarv

are

ddip

alle

Nagam

akandig

a

Bala

gura

ppakandriga

Venkata

pura

m

Gollapalle

Kota

gara

m

Vir

akanellore

Jangala

palle

Nara

lur

Bari

japalle

Potu

runatt

am

Musagari

palle

Yapanje

ri

Iyyari

kandriga

Nasim

hapura

m

Kandandara

pura

m

Meddenatt

am

Potu

raju

Bangare

ddip

alle

Gollapalle

Kott

ur

Mala

palle

Ram

akri

shnapura

m

Kavir

aja

pura

m

Hari

jandvaj

Kott

akandriga

Kale

palle

Pachig

unta

Jupalle

Bala

pura

m

Cheru

vum

udalu

r

Gudla

lur

Kannik

uppara

m

Kuppanapalle

Vin

jam

Lakshm

ireddip

alle

Kondakin

davuru

Kott

a N

aguru

palle

Chengalr

eddik

andriga

Lakshm

inara

yanakandriga

Padm

apura

m

Eguvabadonatt

am

Vogura

palli

Reddip

alle

Mala

palle

Kri

shnapura

m

Ponnai riv

er

Edalk

uppam

Am

udala

Cheru

vum

undala

kandig

aKald

uganik

andig

aAru

ndadip

ala

yam

Venugopala

pura

m

Eru

kam

batt

u

Avala

konda

Sengla

yakonpaly

am

Em

ara

lav

Pelleri

kuppam

Ch

ela

pa

lle

RF

400

280

300400 3

00

300

476

360

400

300

280

300

Mala

palle

300

381

300

313

Angallu

Pala

nto

pu

360 Polu

ru

300

375

340

300

490

2r

405

400 471

450

306

300

400

300

327

338

380

300

300

300

300

300

300

318

326

561

400

400

500

562

480

400

442

400

400

473

360

440

220

470

400

300

316

371

371

240

230

240

240

300

300

13°

10'

13°

10'

13°

15'

13°

15'

79°15'

79°15'

79°10'

79°

10'

79°20'

79°

20'

Geri

gala

palle

N

Index t

oSurv

ey o

f In

dia

Toposheets

57

O 857

O 4

57

P 5

57

O 11

57

O 12

57

P 9

57

O 3

57

P 1

57

O 7

Title

:

Sc

ale

12

34

5K

M0

Mr. P

. G

OW

TH

AM

R

ED

DY

Sy N

o.1

07/P

,13/P

(8.0

99H

a.)

Am

bodara

pally &

Path

apaly

am

Villa

ges,

G.D

. N

ellore

(M

), C

hitoor

Dt,

A P

M/

s S

ri

Sai

Man

asa N

atu

re T

ech

Pvt.

ltd

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yd

erab

ad

Pre

pare

d B

y

Pro

ject

:

BL

AC

K &

C

OL

OU

R G

RA

NIT

E M

IN

E O

F

MO

NIT

OR

IN

G S

TA

TIO

NS

Patt

apaly

am

Agra

hara

m

Ram

apura

m

Vasir

eddip

alle

Mutt

ukuru

LEG

EN

D

RO

AD

STREAM

S/

TAN

KS

SETTLEM

EN

TS

FO

REST

CO

NTO

URS

MIN

ING

LEASE A

REA

500

INTERSTATE B

OU

ND

ARY

MO

NIT

ORIN

G S

TATIO

NS

RIV

ER

W1

W3

W4

W8

W5 W

6

W7

W2

WATER Q

UALIT

Y

FIG

- 3

.4

WA

TE

R Q

UA

LIT

Y



EIA Report


Hyderabad

3.8 LAND ENVIRONMENT

3.8.1 Soil Quality

Representative soil samples were collected from eight sampling

locations within an area of 10 km radius around the proposed

project for analysis of the physico-chemical characteristics of the

soil quality. Fig – 3.5 shows the location of soil sampling stations

and Table - 3.10 presents the soil quality monitoring locations of

the study area.

TABLE – 3.10SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Code Location Distance (km) w.r.t Project

Direction w.r.t Project

S1 Mine site - -

S2 500m away down wind direction 0.5 WSW

S3 VenugopalaPuram 0.4 N

S4 Ramakrishnapuram 2.7 E

S5 Yellapalle 2.8 WSW

S6 Tengal 4.1 SW

S7 Tirivireddikuppam 2.0 NW

S8 Girijanlapalli 2.1 S

The following are the highlights of soil quality in the study area.

The summary of soil quality is given in Table 3.11.

TABLE – 3.11 SUMMARY OF SOIL QUALITY

Parameter Soil Quality of

Mine Site

Soil Quality of

Study Area

pH 6.68 6.54 – 8.20

Organic content (%) 0.36 0.43 – 0.97

Calcium as Ca, mg/kg 117.32 116.06 - 193.3

Magnesium as Mg, mg/kg 71.43 46.91 - 117.2

Nitrogen, kg/ha. 147.89 174 - 210

Phosphorous, kg/ha. 74.99 70 - 102

Potassium, kg/ha. 89.11 94 - 179

Results of soil sampling analysis shown average to goodfertility and are

given in Annexure – 3C.



EIA Report


Hyderabad

MIN

E LE

AS

E A

RE

A

Mirappakela

palli

Patt

a V

enkata

pura

m

Venugopala

pura

m

Nudanaganeshapura

m

Am

bodara

palle

Kott

ur

Ram

apura

m

Mala

palle

Murt

inayunip

alle

Yallapalle

Gollavaripalle

Tengal

Nara

gallu

Bhum

esw

ara

kandriga

Manchin

illa

kunta

Kott

akota

Nara

gallu

Adilakshm

abm

apura

mRaghunadhapura

m

Vengonapalle

Kott

ur

Kokkeri

Ram

apura

m

Tiriv

ireddik

uppam

Bala

pura

mKirais

att

u

Milla

gaik

uppam

Kum

ara

ikunta

Madanadakuppam

Ponnai

Addig

ivariyu

Koyiv

ariyu

Kandare

ddip

alle

AM

UD

AL

A R

F

PA

CH

IG

UN

TA

R

F

Dasara

palle

Polu

raju

pura

m

Chin

nam

upalle

Tala

mbedu

Vepanapalle

Pachin

apalle

Dig

uvam

issapalle

Appayagaripalle

Ayin

avedu

Kam

mapalle

Velk

uru

Atm

akuru

Kadapagunta

Pata

krishnam

palle

Potu

krishnam

palle

Nara

sam

palle

Nallara

llapalle

Gangadara

nellore

Reddip

alle

Sarv

are

ddip

alle

Nagam

akandig

a

Bala

gura

ppakandriga

Venkata

pura

m

Gollapalle

Kota

gara

m

Virakanellore

Jangala

palle

Nara

lur

Barija

palle

Potu

runatt

am

Musagaripalle

Yapanje

ri

Iyyarikandriga

Nasim

hapura

m

Kandandara

pura

m

Meddenatt

am

Potu

raju

Bangare

ddip

alle

Gollapalle

Kott

ur

Mala

palle

Ram

akrishnapura

m

Kaviraja

pura

m

Harija

ndvaj

Kott

akandriga

Kale

palle

Pachig

unta

Jupalle

Bala

pura

m

Cheru

vum

udalu

r

Gudla

lur

Kannik

uppara

m

Kuppanapalle

Vin

jam

Lakshm

ireddip

alle

Kondakin

davuru

Kott

a N

aguru

palle

Chengalreddik

andriga

Lakshm

inara

yanakandriga

Padm

apura

m

Eguvabadonatt

am

Vogura

palli

Reddip

alle

Mala

palle

Krishnapura

m

Ponnai riv

er

Edalk

uppam

Am

udala

Cheru

vum

undala

kandig

aKald

uganik

andig

aAru

ndadip

ala

yam

Venugopala

pura

m

Eru

kam

batt

u

Avala

konda

Sengla

yakonpaly

am

Em

ara

lav

Pellerikuppam

Ch

ela

pa

lle

RF

400

280

300400 3

00

300

476

360

400

300

280

300

Mala

palle

300

381

300

313

Angallu

Pala

nto

pu

360 Polu

ru

300

375

340

300

490

2r

405

400 471

450

306

300

400

300

327

338

380

300

300

300

300

300

300

318

326

561

400

400

500

562

480

400

442

400

400

473

360

440

220

470

400

300

316

371

371

240

230

240

240

300

300

13°

10'

13°

10'

13°

15'

13°

15'

79°15'

79°15'

79°10'

79°

10'

79°20'

79°

20'

Gerigala

palle

N

Index t

oSurv

ey o

f In

dia

Toposheets

57

O 857

O 4

57

P 5

57

O 11

57

O 12

57

P 9

57

O 3

57

P 1

57

O 7

Title

:

Sc

ale

12

34

5K

M0

Mr. P

. G

OW

TH

AM

R

ED

DY

Sy N

o.1

07/P

,13/P

(8.0

99H

a.)

Am

bodara

pally &

Path

apaly

am

Villa

ges,

G.D

. N

ellore

(M

), C

hitoor

Dt,

A P

M/

s S

ri S

ai M

an

asa N

atu

re T

ech

Pvt.

ltd

.H

yd

erab

ad

Pre

pare

d B

y

Pro

ject

:

BLA

CK

&

C

OL

OU

R G

RA

NIT

E M

IN

E O

F

MO

NIT

OR

IN

G S

TA

TIO

NS

Patt

apaly

am

Agra

hara

m

Ram

apura

m

Vasireddip

alle

Mutt

ukuru

LEG

EN

D

RO

AD

STREAM

S/

TAN

KS

SETTLEM

EN

TS

FO

REST

CO

NTO

URS

MIN

ING

LEASE A

REA

500

INTERSTATE B

OU

ND

ARY

MO

NIT

ORIN

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TATIO

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FIG

- 3

.5

RIV

ER

S1

S3

S4

S7

S5 S

6

S8

S2

SO

IL Q

UALIT

Y

SO

IL

Q

UA

LIT

Y



EIA Report


Hyderabad

3.9 LANDUSE PATTERN

3.9.1 Introduction

Information on the rate and kind of change in the use of land

resources is essential to the proper planning, management and

regulation of the use of such resources. Knowledge about the

existing land use and trends of change is essential if the nation is

to tackle the problems associated with the haphazard and

uncontrolled growth. A systematic framework is needed for

updating the land use and land cover maps that will be timely,

relatively inexpensive and appropriate for different needs at both

national and state levels. The rapidly developing technology of

remote sensing offers an efficient and timely approach to the

mapping and collection of basic land use and land cover data over

large area. The satellite imageries are potentially more amenable to

digital processing because the remote sensor output can be

obtained in digital format. Land use data are needed in the

analysis of environmental processes and problems that must be

understood if living conditions and standards are to be improved

from or maintained at current levels.

Land Use (LU) refers to man’s activities and various uses, which

are carried on land. Land Cover (LC) refers to natural vegetation,

water bodies, rock/soil, artificial cover and others resulting due to

land transformation. Although land use is generally inferred based

on the cover, yet both the terms land use and land cover are

closely related and interchangeable.

It is required to carry out the land use / land cover study for the

project study area (10 km radius) to obtain the necessary

environmental clearances from statutory authorities. The objective

of the study is to carryout land use / land cover study for the

proposed project. The LU/LC study is carried out using the

Satellite Imageries (IRS RS2 LISS IV FMX) in addition to Survey of



EIA Report


Hyderabad

India toposheets.Appropriate guidelines are followed while

preparing the LU/LC map for the project study area.

3.9.2 Project Site Location

The project site is located at Ambodarapalli&Pathapalyam Villages,

G.D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh State. The

study area covers an extent of 325 sq. kilometers.

3.9.3 Study Area

A study area of 10 km radius is delineated taking the project site

as centre Latitude 13°10’32.7” – 13°10’ 41.5”& 790 15’ 7.63” - 790

15’ 24.17” E Longitude.

3.9.4 Remote Sensing Technology for Visual Image Interpretation

The procedure consists of a set of image elements or

characteristics like color / tone, texture, pattern, size, shape and

so on, which help in the recognition or interpretation of various

land use / land cover features systematically on the enhanced

satellite imagery during the classification of features (Lillesand,

2000). The land use/ Land cover classification system used in this

project is the system which is pioneered by United States

Geological Survey (USGS) and is modified by National Remote

Sensing Centre (NRSC) according to Indian conditions. A

preliminary image classification key is prepared for the fussed

pictorial data and is used during interpretation process. Using the

image interpretation key, preliminary interpretation of satellite

imagery is carried out by transferring the features from base map

on to the transparency. This transparency with base line data

features is then overlaid on the satellite imagery. Then the features

of LU/LC are extracted and transferred from the satellite pictorial

data. The doubtful areas (due to similar spectral response and

spectral signature) identified during the preliminary image

classification are listed out before ground verification. After

finalizing the ground traverse plan the doubtful areas are



EIA Report


Hyderabad

physically verified and field observation about terrain condition

and land use pattern are noted. Based on the ground information

collected, corrections and modifications of miss classified land use

/ land cover details and doubtful areas are carried out on

enhanced imageries for final land use / land cover classification.

The final land use/land cover classes are separated by assigning

standard colors with respect to each one of the land use / land

cover classes. The study area satellite image is shown in Fig – 3.6.

3.9.5 Land Use / Land Cover Map

Land use/land cover map is prepared by visual interpretation of

high-resolution satellite data with the help of Survey of India

Topographic maps on 1:50,000 scale. Winter season data (Rabi

year 2013&2014) is used for the delineation of different units. The

units are confirmed by the ground truth/field visits.

Built–up land occupies about 1050.52 ha. Water bodies occupy

around 1432.16 hectares. crop land around 14220.17 hectares

forest land around 3049.51 hectares and wastelands occupy

around 10323.87 hectares. Most of the land is under crop land

and waste land. There are no sanctuaries within the study

area.Land use/Land Cover statistics are given in table3.12 and

itsgraphical representation is given in Figure 3.12The land use \

land cover map of study area has showing in Fig – 3.7



EIA Report


Hyderabad

Figure3.6 Satellite Imagery of Study Area



EIA Report


Hyderabad

TABLE 3.12 LAND USE / LANDC OVER STATISTICS OF THE STUDY

AREA

S.NO LULC_CLASS Area in

Hectares

Percentage of

the Area(%)

1 Built-Up-Village/Hamlet 526.66 1.62

2 Built-Up-Quarry/Industry 523.86 1.61

3 Agriculture Cropland 14220.17 43.70

4 Agriculture Land-Fallow 1915.59 5.89

5 Agriculture Plantation 550.76 1.69

6 Forest-Dense Forest 557.85 1.71

7 Forest-Open Forest 904.20 2.78

8 Forest-Scrub Forest 441.55 1.36

9 Forest-Forest Blanks 1145.91 3.52

10 Wastelands-Dense Scrub 6336.82 19.47

11 Wastelands-Open Scrub 1660.47 5.10

12 Wasteland-Barren Rocky 2326.58 7.15

13 Water bodies-River/Drain/Canal

436.29 1.34

14 Water bodies-Lake/Reservoir/Tank/Pond

995.87 3.06

15 Total 32542.56 100

FIGURE 3.7Pie Chart ShowingLand Use / Landc Over Statistics of

the Study Area

526.66

523.86

14220.17

1915.59

550.76557.85

904.20

441.55

1145.91

6336.82

1660.47

2326.58 436.29

995.87

Built-Up-Village/Hamlet

Built-Up-Quarry/Industry

Agriculture Cropland

Agriculture Land-Fallow

Agriculture Plantation

Forest-Dense Forest

Forest-Open Forest

Forest-Scrub Forest

Forest-Forest Blanks

Wastelands-Open Scrub

Wastelands-Dense Scrub

Wasteland-Barren Rockey

Waterbodies-River/Drain/Canal

Waterbodies-Lake/Reservoir/Tank/Pond



EIA Report


Hyderabad

Figure-3.8- Land Use Land Cover Map

Proposed Black &Colour Granite Mine of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy at

Ambodarapalli&Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal,


EIA Report


Hyderabad

3.9 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.9.1Methodology Adopted for the Survey

A detailed survey of flora and fauna of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy

Granite mine and its environs extending up to a radius of 10 km was

carried out between December 2013 to February 2014.

This period corresponds to the winter season. As far as the site of the

industry was concerned, the entire area of 8.09 hectares of the

extensively surveyed for enumeration of flora. A comprehensive list of

the plant species of the study area was made based on the plant

species collected during the study period by the survey teams.

For the purpose of calculation of Importance value indices (IVI),

quadrat and line intercept methods are widely used for estimation of

frequency, density, cover. For the determination of frequency and

density of the herbaceous species, a nested quadrate of 1 m x 1 m

subdivided in to 10x10 Cm is ideal. But as there was very little

herbaceous vegetation, this technique could not be used. However,

for the determination of the frequency and density of different shrubs

20 quadrates of 2m x 5 m were used. For the determination of the

frequency and density of different trees 10 quadrates of 5m x 20m

were taken. Thus the area of each quadrate for herbs, shrubs and

trees was 1, 10 and 100 m2 respectively. In other words, one tree was

considered equivalent to 10 shrubs or 100 herbs and one shrub as

equivalent to 10 herbs for the purposes of calculation of Importance

value indices, indices of diversity, dominance and evenness. Such

kind of equivalencies is useful for calculation of indices for all species

put together. But the cover in case of both the herbaceous species as

well as the trees including shrubs was estimated by a modified line

intercept method as the percent cover. The distance intercepted,

overlaid or laid under by each species along a line transect of 100 m

in case of herbaceous species and 250 m in case of trees were




EIA Report


Hyderabad

measured and calculated as the % cover based on the distance

intercepted. Density was calculated as the number per m2 in case of

herbaceous plants and as number per hectare in case of trees and

tree like plants.

3.9.2 Status of the terrestrial vegetation

A survey of the flora, vegetation and the fauna of Mr.P. Gowtham

Reddy granite mine of 8.09 hectares at Ambodarapalli &

Pathapalyam villages and the buffer zone extending up to a radius of

10 Km was carried out during the winter season from December

2013 through February 2014. As the core area was devoid of any

vegetation owing to dry and hot summer season, it was not amenable

to sampling either by quadrats or transects. There were only a few

isolated individuals of Croton bonplandianum, Parthenium

hysterophorus, Hyptis suaveolens, Tridax procumbens, Tephrosia

purpurea, Calotropis procera, Calotropis gigantea, Prosopis juliflora,

Lantana camara, Hyptis suaveolens, Parthenium hysterophorus,

Cleome viscosa and Alangium salvifolium.

But the buffer zone is relatively rich in biodiversity due to large

variations in topography and physical habitat. There are dry barren

hillocks as well as relatively thick green rugged hills and deep valleys.

However owing to summer, annual herbaceous species were very rare

and confined to areas such as irrigated croplands or other areas with

adequate moisture.

But there are no National Parks/Sanctuaries or Biosphere reserves

or other protected areas within a radius of 10 Km.

The vegetation of the buffer zone described under two different

categories for the purpose of convenience. The fist one is the non

forest vegetation and the second is the forest vegetation.




EIA Report


Hyderabad

3.9.3 Non‐ forest vegetation of the buffer zone

Besides all common avenue trees, social and agro‐forest species and

the orchards, a few scattered perennial bushes of Cassia auriculata,

Dodonaea viscosa, Carissa spinarum, Ziziphus numularia,

Catunaregum spinosa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Celastrus paniculata,

Randia dumetorum, Alangium salvifolium etc were common in all

wastelands and along the roadsides and filed bunds. A list of trees

and shrubs found outside the buffer zone is given in Table 3.13,

inside the forests in the buffer zone are given in Table 3.14. Table

3.15 gives List of trees and shrubs found in the forest areas of the

buffer zone

TABLE 3.13 LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS FOUND OUTSIDE THE

FORESTS IN THE BUFFER ZONE

Latin name Habitat

Acacia nilotica Widespread

Acacia auriculiformis Road sides and in social forests

Achrus sapota Cultivated

Aegle marmelos Grown in temples and occasional in forests

Alangium salvifolium Very common along roadsides and filed bunds.

Albizia lebbeck Avenue tree as well as an escape in forests.

Alhagi camelorum Wild shrubs

Alstonia scholaris Avenue tree

Anisomeles malabarica Wild shrub

Annona squamosa Cultivated

Azadirachta indica Avenue tree

Bauhinia purpuria Avenue tree

Bauhinia variegata Wild bush

Bombax ceiba Avenue tree

Borassus falbellifer Very rare in the area

Butea monosperma Occasional and wild.




EIA Report


Hyderabad

Calophyllum inophyllum Rare as a remnant in degraded hills

Calotropis gigantea Both a medicinal and poisonous plant

TABLE 3.14LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS FOUND IN THE

BUFFER ZONE

Latin name Habitat

Calotropis procera Both a medicinal and poisonous plant

Capparis zeylanica Occasional along bushes on roadsides.

Carissa spina rum Remnants of a wild plant

Cassia fistula Avenue tree

Cassia siamea Avenue tree

Cassia spectabilis Avenue tree

Casuarina equisetifolia Cultivated

Catunaregum spinosa Occasional and scattered in open rocky

areas.

Celastrus paniculatus Common wild bush

Citrus aurantium Cultivated

Citrus lemon Cultivated

Cochlospermum gossypium Gum kondagogu & Silk cotton

Cocos nucifera Occasional

Cordia dichotoma Very common and widespread

Couropita guinensis Rare tree

Dalbergia sissoo Avenue and social forest tree

Decalepis hamiltonii Common climbers on bushes

Delonix regia Avenue tree

Dichrostachys cinerea Common both in the forests and mine

site

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Agro forest species

Eucalyptus globulus Strip plantations

Eucalyptus tereticornis Strip plantations




EIA Report


Hyderabad

Latin name Habitat

Ficus carica Cultivated for its edible fruit

Ficus benghalensis Avenue tree

Ficus racemosa Common cluster fig tree

Ficus religiosa Avenue tree

Gardenia gummiflora Occasional in forests

Gardenia jasminoides Ornamental plant

Givotia moluccana Sporadic

Gliricidia sepium Grown for green manure

Gmelina arborea Grown for timber

Ixora arborea Ornamental plant

Jatropha curcas Grown for biodiesel

Lantana camara Very common wild shrub

Lawsonia inermis Medicinal and used as mehendi

Madhuca indica Occasional in forests

Mangifera indica Cultivated

Melia azadirachta Avenue tree

Millingtonia hortensis Avenue tree

Mimosa rubicaulis A common prickly shrub

Mimosops elengi Avenue tree

Moringa olivaefera Cultivated.

Muntingia calabura Jamaican Cherry with edible fruits

Murraya Koenigi Grown for curry leaves

Nerium indicum Ornamental plant

Nerium tinctorium Ornamental plant

Opuntia dillenii Prickly peer with edible fruits

Opuntia elatiori Grown as hedge

Peltophorum pterocarpum Very common avenue tree

Pergularia daemia Common climbers on bushes

Phoenix sylvestris Widespread along drains

Phyllanthus emblica (=Emblica Cultivated and rare in forests

officinalis)




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Latin name Habitat

Phyllanthus reticulatus Very common and widespread

Pithecellobium dulce Avenue and hedge plant

Plumeria rubra Ornamental tree

Polyalthia longifolia Avenue tree

Polyalthia pendula Avenue tree

Pongamia pin nata Extensively grown.

Prosopis juliflora Extensive and abundant both in the

Prosopis spicigera In dry areas.

Psidium guajava Cultivated

Punica granatum Cultivated

Randia dumatorium Wild plant

Randia uliginosa Wild plant

Samanea saman Avenue tree

Sapindus emariginatus Extensively grown.

Sarcostemma secamone Common climbers on bushes

Spathodea companulata Avenue tree

Sterculia urens Gum karaya

Syzigium cumini Avenue & fruit tree

Tabernaemontana divaricata Ornamental plant

Tamarindus indica Extensively grown.

Tecoma stans Ornamental plant

Tectona grandis Extensively grown.

Terminalia arjuna Forests and in plains

Terminalia catappa Grown in villages

Thespecia populnea Avenue tree

Tylophora indica Common climbers on bushes

Vitex negundo Medicinal plant

Vitex trifolia Medicinal plant

Wattakaka volubilis Common climbers on bushes

Ziziphus numularia Wild and widespread

Ziziphus rugosa Wild and cultivated




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TABLE 3.15 LIST OF TREES AND SHRUBS FOUND IN THE FOREST AREAS

OF THE BUFFER ZONE

(Climbers/stragglers are indicted by*)

Latinname Commonname Family

Acacia caesia Korintha Mimosaceae

Acacia nilotica Nallathumma Mimosaceae

Acaciachundra Sandrakarra Mimosaceae

Acaciafarnesiana Kamputhumma Mimosaceae

Acacialecophloea Tellathumma Mimosaceae

Acaciaplanifrons Goduguthumma Mimosaceae

Acaiatorta Kondakorintha Mimosaceae

Adenocalymmanitidum* Tellagaddakuvasanateega Bignoniaceae

Aeglemarmelos Velaga Rutaceae

Aglaiaelaeagnoides Kondaanduga Meliaceae

Ailanthusexcelsa Peddamanu Simaroubaceae

Alangiumsalvifolium Oodagachettu Alangiaceae

Albiziaamara Kondasingara Mimosaceae

Albizialebbeck Dirisana Mimosaceae

Albiziaodoratissima Chinduga Mimosaceae

Albiziaprocera Tellachinduga Mimosaceae

Allophyllusserratus Kakibeera Sapindaceae

Alstoniascholaris Yedaakulapaala Apocynaceae

Anisomelesindica Chinaranabheri Lamiaceae

Annonasquamosa Seethephalam/ custardapple Annonaceae

Anogeissus latifolia Chirimaanu Combretaceae

Anogeissus acuminata Patchimaanu Combretaceae

Azadirachtaindica Vepa/Neem Meliaceae

Azimatetracantha Tellauppili Salvadoraceae

Barringtoniaacutangula Kanapachettu Barringtoniaceae

Bauhinia purpuria Devakanchanam Caesalpiniaceae

Bauhiniaracemosa Aarechettu Caesalpiniaceae

Bauhiniavariegata Madakachettu Caesalpiniaceae

Benkaramalabarica Peddamanga Rubiaceae

Bignoniagracilis Trumpetflower Bignoniaceae

Borassusfalbellifer Taadi/Taati Palmaceae

Boswelliaovalifolia Kondasambrani Burseraceae

Boswelliaserrata Guggilam Burseraceae




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Buchananiaaxiilaris Sarapappu Ancardiaceae

Buchananialanzan Chinasaara Ancardiaceae

Buteamonosperma Moduga Fabaceae

Calicopterisfloribunda Adavijaama Combretaceae

Calocopterisfloribunda Putangiteega Combretaceae

Calophylluminophyllum Ponna Clusiaceae

Calotropisgigantea Tellejilledu Asclepiadaceae

Calotropisprocera Jilledu Asclepiadaceae

Campsisgrandiflora SwarnaGandhi Bignoniaceae

Canthiumparviflorum Balusu Rubiaceae

Capparisbrevispina Adaviuppi Capparidaceae

Cappariszeylanica Tellauppili Capparidaceae

Carissaspinarum Kalivi/Vaaka Apocynaceae

Cassiafistula Rela Caesalpiniaeae

Cassiamontana Kondatangedu Caesalpiniaeae

Cassiaroxburghii Seemarela Caesalpiniaeae

Cassiasiamea Seematangedu Caesalpiniaeae

Catunaregumspinosa (=Randiademetorum)

Manga Rubiaceae

Chloxylonswietenia Billudu Flindersiaceae

Chucrasiatabularis Kondavepa Meliaceae

Cipadessabaccifera Chedubeera Meliaceae

Cochlospermumreligiosum Kondagogu Cochlospermaceae

Commiphoracaudata Kondamaamidi Burseraceae

Cordiadichotoma Iriki/bankiriki Cordiaceae

Dalbergialanceolaria Nagallapachari Fabaceae

DalbergialatifoliaJittegi Jittegi Fabaceae

Decalepishamiltonii* Maredukommulu Periplocaceae

Derrisscandens* Nallateege Fabaceae

Desmodiumpulchellum Deyyapumokka Fabaceae

Dichrostachyscinerea Sarathumma Mimosaceae

Dilleniaindica Peddakalinga Dilleniaceae

Diospyromalabarica Tumiki Ebenaceae

Diospyrosmontana Jagadagondi Ebenaceae

Diospyrosovalifolia Kukkatumiki

Dodonaeaviscosa Bandedu Sapindaceae

Dolichondronefalcata Niruddi Bignoniaceae

Erythrinavariegata Badisa Fabaceae

Ficusbenghalensis Marri Moraceae

Ficusracemosa Medi Moraceae

Ficusreligiosa Raavi Moraceae




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Gardeniagummifera Bikki Rubiaceae

Gardenialatifolia Peddabikki Rubiaceae

Givotiamoluccana Tellapoliki Euphorbiaceae

Haldiniacordifolia(=Adina cordifolia)

Bandaru/Rudraganapa Rubiaceae

Ixoraarborea Ixora Rubiaceae

Jacarandaacutifolia Swarnasundari Bignoniaceae

Jatrophacurcas Adaviaamudamu Euphorbiaceae

KygeliaAfricana Yenuguthondamu Bignoniaceae

Lagerstroemiaparviflora Chennangi Lythraceae

Lantanacamara Lantana Verbenaceae

Madhucalongifolia Ippa Sapotaceae

Maytenusemerginata Danthi Celastraceae

Meliaazadirachta Vepa/Neem Meliaceae

Millingtoniahortensis Aakaasamalli Bignoniaceae

Mimosapolyancistra Udrakampa Mimosaceae

Munduleasericea Yerribillu Fabaceae

Muntingiacalabura Singaporecherry Elaeocarpaceae

Myrtuscommunis Pannerujaama Myrtaceae

Olaxscandens Nalladusara Flindersiaceae

Opuntiadillenii BhrahmaJemudu Cactaceae

Opuntiaelatiori Jemudu Cactaceae

Peltophorumpterocarpum Kondachinta Caesalpiniaceae

Pergulariadaemia* Dustapateega Asclepiadaceae

Phoenixsylvestris Eetha Palmaceae

Phyllanthusemblica (=Emblicaofficinalis)

Usiri/Amla Euphorbiaceae

Phyllanthusreticulatus Purugudu Euphorbiaceae

Pithecellobiumdulce Seemachinta Mimosaceae

Polyalthia korintii NelaGutti Annonaceae

Polyalthiacerasoides Guttichettu Annonaceae

Polyalthialongifolia Ashoka Annonaceae

Polyalthiapendula Ashoka Annonaceae

Pongamiapinnata Kanuga Fabaceae

Prosopisjuliflora Englishthumma Mimosaceae

Prosopisspicigera Jammi Mimosaceae

QuisqualisIndica* Teegaganneru Combretaceae

Randiadumatorium Nallabalusu Rubiaceae

Randiauliginosa Balusu Rubiaceae

Samaneasaman Nidrabhangi Mimosaceae

Santalumalbum Chandanam Santalaceae




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Sapindusemariginatus Soapnut/Kunkudu Sapindaceae

Sapindusemerginatus Kunkudu Eapindaceae

Sapiuminsigne Devaswaroopi Euphorbiaceae

Sarcostemmasecamone Chitipala Asclepiadaceae

Semecarpusanacardium Nallajeedi Ancardiaceae

Soymidafebrifuga Somi Meliaceae

Spathodeacompanulata Spathodia Bignoniaceae

Spondiaspinnata Adavimaamidi Ancardiaceae

Sterculiaurens Errapoliki Sterculeaceae

Stereospermumchelonoides Tedlapaala Bignoniaceae

Swieteniamahogany Mahogany Meliaceae

Syzigiumcumini Neredu Myrtaceae

Tabebuia argentea Tellaganneru Bignoniaceae

Tarennaasiatica Kommi Rubiaceae

Tectonagrandis Teku Verbenaceae

Terminaliaalata(=T. tomentosa)

Nallamaddi Combretaceae

Terminaliaarjuna Tella maddi Combretaceae

Terminaliabellirica Thandra Combretaceae

Terminaliacatappa Baadam/Almond Combretaceae

Terminaliachebula NallaKarakkaya Combretaceae

Terminaliapallida TellaKarakkaya Combretaceae

Tylophoraindica* Kukkapala Asclepiadaceae

Vitexaltissima Nemaliadugu Verbenaceae

Vitexleucoxylon Nakkaneredu Verbenaceae

Vitexnegundo Nallavaavili Verbenaceae

Wattakakavolubilis* Kalisaku Asclepiadaceae

Wrightiaarborea Tellapala Apocynaceae

XimeniaAmericana Billanakkeru Olacaceae

Ziziphus nummularia Nelaregu/Jitregu Rhamnaceae

Ziziphushorrida Tellaregu Rhamnaceae

Ziziphusmarutiana Reguchettu Rhamnaceae

Ziziphusoenoplia Parikikampa Rhamnaceae

Ziziphusrogosa Peddaregu Rhamnaceae

Ziziphusxylopyrus Gotti Rhamnaceae

3.9.4 Forest vegetation of the Buffer Zone

The forest vegetation ranges from highly degraded open scrub to relatively

thick semi evergreen forests. The open dry scrub forests of the area have a




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maximum canopy cover of about 11 to 12%. Anogeissus latifolia,

Hardwickia binata, Chloroxylon swietenia,Bauhinia racemosa, Carissa

spinarum, Ziziphus numularia, Catunaregum spinosa, Dichrostachys

cinerea, Celastrus paniculata, Randia dumetorum, Diospyros melanoxylon,

Cassia auriculata, Dodonaea 43 iscose, Anisomeles ovata, Anisomeles

malabarica, Euphorbia caducifolia, Euphorbia tirucaalli, Jatropha

gossyphifolia, Gardenia gummifera, were the common perennials found in

these forests. Among the perennial grasses, Cymbopobon coloratus,

Cymbopobon caesius, Heteropogon contortus, Aristida setacea, Aristida

funiculta, Chrysopogon fulvus were rarely represented by a few specimens.

There were also a few individuals of Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebbeck,

Samania saman, Dalbergia sissoo, Leucaena leucocephala, Ficus religiosa,

Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa within the reserve forests. Prosopis

juliflora has invaded deep in to the open forests and it has become the

most dominant species in nearly about 30% of the forest areas.

3.9.5 Terrestrial Fauna

The project and the areas inhabited around it are not a home for any rare

or endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species, the forests are a

home for a variety of REET species including rare and endangered animals

like Cheetal, Four horned Antelope, Sambhar, Mouse Deer, Hare,

Porcupine, Wild boar, Jungle Cat, Jackal, Sloth Bear, Panther, Jungle

Fowl. A brief list of vertebrate fauna found in the study area is given in

Table 3.16.

Majority of the carnivores and large mammals listed below were not

actually sighted bythe survey teams and the information presented below is

based on the relevant reports and published documents.

Most mammals and birds listed were of very rare occurrence. There were no

resident birds or wild mammals as evidenced by the absence of nests of

birds or resting or hiding places of mammals. Only Crows, Parrots, Doves,




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Weaver birds and Mynas were more common among birds. Among the

reptiles, Lizards, Garden lizards were very common.

Rat snake and Monitor lizard were seen twice during the survey. Other

reptiles were very rare. The amphibians were relatively more frequent but

not abundant. Among the wild mammals, monkeys, squirrels, rats,

bandicoots and Mongoose were noticed. The presence of other wild

mammals is doubtful and it is based on the secondary data and the

information provided by the local villagers and forest beat officers only.

TABLE 3.16 LIST OF VERTEBRATE FAUNA FOUND IN THE STUDY

AREA

Common name Latin name Vernacular name Schedule Mammals

Black buck Antelopecervicapra KrishnaJinka I(parti) BonnetMonkey Macacamulatto Kothi IV Brown flying squirrel Petauristasp. Chettudutha IV Common Mongoose Varanusindicus Mungisa IV Fox Vulpesbengalensis Guntanakka IV(Partii) Greater Bandicoot Bandicotaindica Pandikokku IV(Partii) House rat Musmuscuius Yeluka IV(Partii) Indian field rat Musbooduga Yeluka IV(Partii) Indian flying fox Pteropusgiganteus Gabbilam IV(Partii) Indianhare Lupusnigricollis Kundelu IV(Partii) Jackal Canisaureus Nakka IV(Partii) LesserBandicoot Bandicotabengalensis Pandikokku Not listed Porcupine Hystrixindica Mullapandi IV(Partii) SmallIndiancivet Paradoxurus

hemaphroditus

Civet II(Partii)

Spotteddeer Axisaxis Jinka IV(Partii) Squirrel Funambulusponnanti Udutha IV Wildboar Susscroffa Adivipandi III(Partii) REPTILES Indianpython Pythonmolurus Kondachiluva I(Partii) Sandboa Eryxjohni Renduthalalapamu

Krait Bungaruscaeruleus Katlapamu IV Cobra Najanaja Thrachupamu I(Partii) Russell’sviper Viperarussseli Rakthapinjari Notlisted Sawscaledviper Echiscarinatus I(Partii) Ratsnake Ptyasmucosus. Jerripothu IV

TreeSnake Dryphissp. Chettupamu IV




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Common name Latin name Vernacular name Schedule BlindSnake Typholopssp. Guddipamu IV

WhipSnake Dryphisnasutus Psarikapamu IV

Monitorlizard Veranusmonitor. Udumu I(Partii)

Chameleon Chameleonsp Usaravilli I(Partii)

GoldenGecko Caloductyloidesaureus Nallikeechu I(Partii)

Walllizard Hemidactylussp. Balli IV

Gardenlizard Calotesversicolor Tonda IV

Smallwalllizard Geckosp. GoldenGecko IV

Freshwaterturtle Trionxysp. Neetitabelu I(Partii)

Indianstartortoise Testudoelegans Mettatabelu I(Partii)

Freshwatertortoise Geomydasp. Tabelu I(Partii)

AVES

Cormorant Phalacrocoraxhigher Cheruvukkai Notlisted

Crow Corvussp1lendens Kaaki Notlisted

JungleCrow Corvusmacrohyuchos Advikaki Notlisted

Crowpheasant Centrpussinesis Mohka Notlisted

Cuckoo Cuculusvarus Kokila ScheduleIV

RingDove Streptopeliadecactao Kapothamu ScheduleIV

CattleEgret Bubulcusibis Egret Notlisted

Egret,Little Egrettagaretta KarchiEagle Notlisted

Ibis,Black Pseudibispapilosa KalaBaz ScheduleIV

Ibis,white Threskiornis melenocephalu

SafedBaz ScheduleIV

Koel Eudynamisscolopaceus Kokila ScheduleIV

Munia,Spotted Lonchurastriata TetaiMunia ScheduleIV

Munia,White‐ Throated

Lonchuramalabarica Sarmunia ScheduleIV

Myna,Black‐headed Sturnuspagodarun Goruvanka Notlisted

Myna,common Acridotherstrists Saadagoruvanka Notlisted

OwletBarredJungle Galuciddumradiatuum, Adavigudlaguba ScheduleIV

Owl,Spotted Athenebrama Gudlaguba ScheduleIV

ParakeetLargeIndian Psittaculaeupatria Chiluka Notlisted

Parakeet, Rose‐ ringed

Psittaculakrameri Ramachiluka ScheduleIV

Partridge,Grey Francolinus pondicerianus

ChakoramuorKouju

Notlisted

CommonPeafowl Pavocristatus Nemali ScheduleIV

Pigeon,BlueRock Columbialivaia, Kabuther ScheduleIV

Pigeon Treronpheoenicoptera, Pavuramu Notlisted

IndianRobin Saxicoloidesfulicata Kalchuri ScheduleIV

Swift,house Apusaffinis Babila Notlisted

Swallow,common Hirandorustica, BabilorVanakovela Notlisted

Waterhen Amauromisphoenicurus Neetikodi ScheduleIV

Weaver Bird Ploceusphilippinus Baya Notlisted




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Common name Latin name Vernacular name Schedule WhiteIbis Theskiornisaethopica Ibis ScheduleIV

AMPHIBIANS

Ordinaryfrog Ranahexadactyla. Kappa Notlisted

SouthIndianToad Bufomelonosticatus Godrukuppa Notlisted

TreeFrog Hylaarboria Notlisted

Burrowingfrog Cacopusbystema Notlisted

TigerFrog Ranatigrina Kappa Notlisted

3.9.6 Aquatic Ecology

As there are no perennial rivers or reservoirs, all surface water bodies have

dried up and hence no aquatic organisms could be noticed during the

summer season. A survey of literature and the records OD BSI and ZSI do

not indicate the presence of any aquatic REET species in the area.

The study site is not a habitat for any commercial fisheries. Only small fish

are caught by villagers from drying tanks, seasonal streams and other

water bodies.

3.10 DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

3.10.1 Introduction

Any development activity will influence the socio-economic conditions

of the population in the region and thus the quality of life (QOL).

Socio-economic surrey is necessary in EIA report preparation to

predict the changes on social and economic status. Hence baseline

data for demographic characteristics, occupational status, education.

Health and amenities existing in the project area have been studied

as per DOE. Guidelines. The total falls into two Andhra pradesh,

Tamilanadu States.

The information on socio-economic aspects of the study area has

been collected from Primary Data Collection and various secondary




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sources, which include public offices, semi government and

government offices. The study area falls under

Chittoor (AP) & Thiruvannamalai (TN) Districts.

Any developmental activity will have impact on the socio-economic

conditions of the population in the region and they are by on the

quality of life. Socio-Economic Impact Assessment helps to get an

idea of changes on social, economic and cultural status. Baseline

data for Occupational status and Health amenities existing in the

study area has been collected by personal interaction with the

villagers in the study area and also from secondary sources such as

census/statistics, data etc.

3.10.2 Baseline data:

Detailed Socio-economic survey within 10 Km radius of the proposed

M/s. P. Gowtham Reddy project has been carried out to assess the

pre-project status. Population status of study area is given in Table

3.17

Following parameters have been selected for Socio - Economic

profiles:

1. Population composition

2. Housing

3. Agriculture

4. Occupational structure

5. Land use

6. Education

7. Employment

8. Amenities

9. Economy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvannamalai




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The information on the above parameters was collected from the

villages in the study area by means of personal interaction with the

villagers and Sarpanch of the village. Secondary information on the

statistics was also collected from the district handbooks.

3.10.3 Salient Observations in Primary Data collection

Major Agricultural crops are Sugar cane and Paddy is the Major

Crops. They are all rainwater harvested and in some areas having

bore well facilities.

Most of the villagers are Agricultural labourers.

The mine area is connected to 50 feets from road. The approach

roads to the village are 30 feet wide and single lane roads.

Most of the Households are not having toilet facilities in their

house.

Elementary school is available in study Villages; Primary schools

are also available around 10km from Mine lease area.

Public Transport is though Auto Rickshaws. Bus facility service is

n’t available in most of the villages at project study Area.

Market facilities are available at some of the villages.

Banking facilities are also available in Mandal Head quarters at

study villages.

3.10.3.1Population

Total population of villages within 10 Km radius of the study area as

collected from 2011 census hand book was the percentage of male

and female to the total population was 49 % and 51 %. Similarly the

percentage of schedule caste and scheduled tribe to the total




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population were 22% and 3 % respectively. Total population in the

study area is 33954.

3.10.3.2 Housing

The term ‘House hold’ is defined in census as a group of persons who

commonly live together and would take their meals from common

kitchen. There in study area 8,275households in this area as per

2011 census. Main occupation of the residents is agricultural and

allied activities indicating rural atmosphere.

3.10.3.3 Power and energy

All the villages in the study area are electrified. Firewood and HP gas

are the chief sources used in rural sector.

3.10.3.4 Occupation

‘Work’ has been defined as participation in any economically

productive activity. Such participation may be physical or mental.

Work involves not only actual work but also effective supervision and

direction of work. Persons in leave and training are also treated as

workers. However rent receivers and pensioners were bit treated as

workers. Based on the occupation structure, it is divided in to three

categories viz., main workers, marginal workers and non-workers.

Male49%

Female

51%

Male & Female Ratio




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3.10.3.5 Main workers

The main workers are those who have worked for a major part of the

year. Main activity of a person who was engages in more than one

activity was reckoned in terms of time disposition. Main workers are

classified into 4 categories viz., cultivators, and agricultural

labourers, household industrial and other workers.

3.10.3.6 Cultivators

The person who is engaged either as employer, single worker or

family worker in cultivation of land owned or institutions for payment

in money, kind or share. The total workers of this category are about

11% respectively out of total population.

3.10.3.7 Agricultural laborers

Persons working in others land for wages in money or share have

been treated as agricultural laborers. The total workers of this

category are about 23% out of total population.

Total Poulati

on 89%

Caltivators11%

Cultivators




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3.10.3.8 Household industrial workers

Household industry is defined as an industry, conducted by the head

of household himself/herself and by the members of households at

home or within the village. The total workers of this category are 0 %

of the total population.

3.10.3.9 Others

All workers i.e., those who have been engaged in some economic

activity during the last year, who are not cultivators or agricultural

laborers or in household industry are other workers. This type of

workers that come under this category include factory workers,




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plantation workers, those in trade, commerce, business, transport,

mining, construction, political or social works, all govt. servants,

municipal employees, teachers, priests, entertainment artists etc.

The total workers of this category are about 11 %, of the total

population respectively.

3.10.3.10 Non-workers

Non-workers constitute householders, students, depends, retired

persons etc. the total workers of this category are 34% respectively

out of total population. The figures show the dominance of

unemployment.




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3.10.3.11 Culture

People of various cultures are living in this area. Hindu, Christian,

Muslim, The percentage of Hindu is dominating in this area, followed

by Muslims and Christians. Each religion has contributed its own

share in the overall cultural development.




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TABLE 3.17 POPULATION COMPOSITION OF THE STUDY AREA

S. No

No Village

Total

House

Holds

Total Population

Total literates

Total Illiterates

Total workers Total Non

workers

Total Workers

SC Populati

on

ST Populati

on Male Female Cultivato

rs

Agricultu

re Laboures

HHI

Other

Workers

1 Jupalle 751 1,495 1,482 1,745 1,232 476 869 22 333 1,201 1,776 184 25

2 Krishnapuram 509 972 1,022 1,120 874 314 741 9 239 925 1,069 581 98

3 Venkatapuram 314 647 640 814 473 68 388 0 146 696 591 337 0

4 Nasanipalle 327 614 641 632 623 149 169 0 289 630 625 101 223

5 Venganapalle 123 258 259 268 249 27 237 4 16 222 295 35 0

6 Srinivasapuram 203 447 453 363 537 36 515 0 34 406 494 0 0

7 Kaviralla Gutta 160 310 322 390 242 155 143 0 37 299 333 60 0

8 Paramasattu 215 391 404 505 290 165 115 0 14 502 293 226 0

9 Venugopalapuram

465 926 955 966 915 295 552 4 111 921 960 831 42

10 Dalavayaipalle 508 1,024 1,221 1,600 645 50 486 40 320 1,332 913 1164 23

11 Krishnapuram 319 516 561 679 398 32 419 0 109 486 591 622 123

12 Mukkaravaripalle 287 619 618 751 486 350 273 0 25 542 695 366 0

13 A.Kothakota 563 1,094 1,156 1,224 1,026 448 313 4 251 854 1,396 408 4

14 Arimakulapalle 223 417 438 568 287 107 221 0 55 490 365 173 4

15 Gollapalle 107 228 211 341 98 37 55 0 35 312 127 176 3

16 Agaramangalam 432 871 901 1,193 579 119 351 2 350 979 793 672 0

17 Mukkelathuru 607 1,183 1,169 1,633 719 309 301 6 379 1,190 1,162 1310 0




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18 Kothavenkatapuram

296 755 691 965 481 317 271 4 434 763 683 573 0

19 Bakara Narasinga Rayani Peta

258 533 614 870 277 55 122 4 186 755 392 73 2

20 Krishnapuram 408 964 964 1,191 737 273 340 41 279 1,080 848 146 0

21 Jangalapalle 411 791 796 1,065 522 109 369 16 262 1,018 569 632 37

22 Kuppireddiyur 247 470 512 725 257 108 145 0 67 668 314 388 3

23 Amudala 466 1,005 989 1,200 794 272 389 2 181 913 1,081 986 11

24 Balakrishnapuram

76 191 214 257 148 19 78 0 24 284 121 395 1

Total 8,275 16,721

17,233 21,065 12,889 4,290 7,862 158 4,176 17,468 16,486 10,439 599

16,486

* Source Censes;2011

Proposed Balck & Colour Granite Mine of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy at

Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor

District, A.P.

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Sri Sai Manasa Nature Tech Pvt. Ltd.

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CHAPTER - 4: ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS & MITIGATIVE MEASURES

4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Any developmental activity in its make will bring about some impacts

associated with its origin, which can be broadly classified as

reversible, irreversible, long and short-term impacts. In this chapter,

an endeavor has been made to identify various environmental impacts

associated with the mining processes and other related activities

wherein, there may be a chance of pollution.

Based on the possible worst case emissions and waste generation

from the mine lease area and also taking into consideration the

baseline environmental status at the existing mine site, the

environmental factors that are likely to be affected (Impacts) are

identified, quantified and assessed. Both instrumental (positive) and

detrimental (negative) impacts are accounted for this purpose. The

prediction of impacts helps in the preparation of a sound

environmental management plan which has to be executed during the

on-going activities for the mining activities and the management to

minimize the adverse impacts on the environmental quality.

The major phases in the mining which are likely to impact the

environment are:

1. Exploration: Including surveys, field studies, drilling and exploratory

excavations; some land disturbances and waste already occur at this

stage

2. Project Development: Includes roads and buildings, access trenches,

over burden stripping and placing, preparation of disposal areas,

construction of service infrastructure, power lines, water supplies and

sewerage.

3. Associated transport & Storage of minerals may be a handling risk

and can result in localized site contamination



District, A.P.

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4. Mine Closure: Rehabilitation is best done progressively rather than at

the end of life of the mine; while mine closure is intended to mitigate

environmental impacts, it is important that it does not itself create

secondary effects through excessive fertilizer use, spread of weeds,

silting and incompatible landscape features

4.1.1 Prediction of Impacts

Prediction of impacts is the most important component in

Environmental Impact Assessment studies. Many scientific techniques

and methodologies are available to predict impacts on physico-

ecological and socio-economic environment. Such predictions are

superimposed over the baseline (pre-project) status of environmental

quality to derive the ultimate (post-project) scenario of environmental

conditions. The prediction of impacts helps to identify and implement

environmental management plan during and after the execution of the

developmental mining activity to minimize the deterioration of

environmental quality.

The mathematical models attempt to quantitatively describe the cause

and effect relationships between sources of pollution and different

components of the environment, viz. air, noise, water, land, biological

and socio-economic. There are also various scientific techniques/

methodologies available to predict the environmental impacts

quantitatively as well as qualitatively wherever mathematical models

are not yet available.

The mathematical models used include steady state Gaussian Plume

Dispersion model designed for multiple applications for air quality. For

land, biological and socio-economic environments, the predictions

have been made based on available scientific knowledge and

techniques. In the present study, the most probable impacts on

various components of the surrounding environment due to the

proposed granite quarry operations have been predicted using

mathematical models and statistical techniques.

4.1.2 Impact on Air Environment

The air quality impact of a source or group of sources is evaluated by

the use of mathematical models. The models simulate the



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relationships between air pollutant emissions and the resulting

impact on air quality. The inputs to the model include data relating to

emissions, meteorology and atmospheric details like ambient

temperature, wind speed and wind direction all of which are

determined by formulating impact scenarios. The methodology

adopted for air pollution modeling for different line sources are shown

in Figure: 4.1 and the various activities that are contributing dust

pollution during opencast mining are shown in Figure: 4.2.

The estimation and evaluation of dust generation from mining

activities is an immensely complicated procedure. Dust generated

during proposed mining activities will be from various sources like

excavation, operations which generate fugitive dust harmful to the

human health and environment. Apart from this, vehicular

movement within and around the mining activity will also generate

huge quantity of dust. The proposed mine activity proposes to use

excavators and tippers which act as sources generating dust pollution

along with movement of vehicles within the quarry area acting as line

sources.


Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District, A.P. EIA Report

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Figure: 4.1 Methodology adopted for Air Pollution Modeling

Generation/ Collection of Data

Baseline Air Quality

PM2.5

& PM10

SO2 NOx

Baseline Air Quality Baseline Air Quality

Hourly

Data

Wind rose

Diagram

Stability

Class

Identification of

Mining Activities

Estimation of Activity

wise Emission Rate

Modelling for PM Concentration by

ISCST3 Model

Prediction for PM Concentration Due

to Mining Only

Prediction Total PM Concentration in

the Area

Isopleths of PM Concentration Due to

Mining Only

Laboratory Analysis & Estimation


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Figure: 4.2 Various Activities of Opencast Mine

Activity

OB Loading / Unloading

Granite Loading

Haul Road / Transport Road

Granite / Slack yard

Overall Mine

Units

g/s

g/s

g/s

g/s/m

g/s/m2

g/s

Parameters

Silt Content

Wind Speed

Frequency of Activity

Activity wise

Emission

Formula

Activity wise

Emission

Drilling




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4.2 OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DUE TO MINING

4.2.1 Impacts on the Surface Water

One of the problems that can be associated with mining operations

is the release of pollutants to surface waters. Many activities and

sources associated with a mine site may contribute polluting

materials to surface waters. Open pits are significantly potential

sources of pollutants. The mobility of the pollutants from these

sources is magnified by exposure to rainfall. The eventual discharge

of surface run-off, produced from precipitation is one mechanism by

which pollutants are released into surface waters. Seepage from the

impoundment areas and ground water originating from open pits

and mine openings is another example. Releases of pollutants to

surface waters may also occur indirectly via ground water that has

a hydrological connection to the surface water.

Impacts to surface water include the build-up of sediments or other

toxic products, short and long-term reductions in pH levels

(particularly for lakes and reservoirs), destruction or degradation of

aquatic habitat, and contamination of drinking water supplies and

other human health issues.

4.2.2 Metals and Dissolved Pollutants

Dissolved pollutants can migrate from mining operations to local

ground and surface water. Discharges of process waters, mine

water, run-off and seepage are the primary transport mechanisms

to surface water and groundwater.

The occurrence of specific pollutants, their release potential and the

associated risks are highly dependent on facility specific conditions

including design and operation of extraction, waste and materials

management practices, extent of treatment/ mitigation measures,

the environmental setting (including the climate, geology,

hydrogeology, waste and geochemistry) and the nature of and

proximity to human and environmental receptors and Dissolved

pollutants discharged to surface waters can partition to sediments.

The sediment contamination may affect human health through

consumption of fish that contains biomagnified toxic pollutants.




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4.2.2.3 Erosion & Sedimentation

Because of the land disturbance by mining operations and the

quantities of earthen materials exposed at sites, erosion can be a

major concern at mining sites. Consequently, erosion control must

be considered from the beginning of the operations through the

completion of reclamation. Erosion may cause significant loading of

sediments (and any entrained chemical pollutants) to nearby water

bodies, especially during severe storm events and high precipitation

periods.

Sediment laden surface run-off typically originates as sheet flow

and collects in rills, natural channels or gullies or artificial

conveyances. The ultimate deposition of the sediment may occur in

surface waters or it maybe deposited within the flood plains of a

stream. Historically, erosion and sedimentation processes have

caused the build-up of thick layers of mineral fines and sediment

with regional flood plains and the alteration of aquatic habitat and

the loss of storage capacity within surface waters. The main factors

influencing erosion includes the volume and the velocity of run-off

from precipitation events, the rate of precipitation infiltration

downward through the soil, the amount of vegetative cover, the

slope length or the distance from the point of origin of overland flow

to the point where the deposition begins, and operational erosion

control structures.

Major sources of erosion/ sediment loading at a mining site can

include open pit areas, heap and dump leaches, haul roads and

access roads, vehicles and equipment maintenance areas, and

reclamation areas. A further concern is that exposed materials from

quarry operations (mine workings, contaminated soils etc) may

contribute sediments with chemical pollutants. The variability in

natural site conditions (e.g. geology, vegetation, topography, climate

and proximity to and characteristics of surface waters) combined

with significant differences in the quantities and characteristics of

exposed materials at mines preclude any generalization of the

quantities and characteristics of sediment loading.

The types of impacts associated with the erosion and sedimentation

are numerous, typically producing both short-term and long-term




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impacts. In surface waters, elevated concentrations of particulate

matter in the water column can effects the aquatic life.

Sediments deposited in layers in flood plains or terrestrial

ecosystems can produce many impacts associated with surface

waters, groundwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Minerals

associated with deposited sediments may depress the pH of the

surface run-off thereby mobilizing heavy metals that can infiltrate

into the surrounding subsoil or can be carried away to nearby

surface waters. The associated impacts could include substantial

pH depression or metals loading to surface waters and/ or

persistent contamination, of ground water sources. Contaminated

sediments may also lower the pH of soils to the extent that

vegetation and suitable habitat are disturbed.

Beyond the potential for pollutant impacts on human and aquatic

life, there are potential physical impacts associated with the

increased run-off velocities and volumes from new land disturbance

activities. Increased velocities and volumes can lead to downstream

flooding, scouring of stream channels and structural damage to

bridge footings and culvert entries.

In areas where air emissions have deposited particles and the native

vegetation has been destroyed, run-off has the potential to increase

the rate of erosion and lead to removal of soil from the affected area.

This is particularly true where the landscape is characterized by

steep and rock slopes. Once the soils have been removed, it is

difficult for the slope to be re-vegetated either naturally or with

human assistance.

4.2.2.4 Impact on Groundwater Quality

Mining operations can affect groundwater quality in several ways.

The most obvious occurs in the mining below the water table, either

in underground workings or open pits. This provides a direct

conduit to aquifers. Groundwater quality is also affected when

waters (natural or process waters or wastewater) infiltrate through

surface materials (including overlying waste or other material) into

ground water. Contamination may also occur when there is a

hydraulic connection between surface and groundwater. Any of




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these can cause elevated pollutant levels in groundwater. Further,

disturbance in the groundwater flow regime may affect the

quantities of water available for other local uses. Finally, the

groundwater may recharge surface water down-gradient of the

mine, through contributions to base flow in a stream channel or

springs.

The ability of pollutants to dissolve and migrate from materials or

workings to groundwater varies significantly depending on the

constituent of concern, the nature of the material/ waste, the

design of the management, soil characteristics, and local

hydrogeology (including depth, flows, and geochemistry of the

underlying aquifers). Risks to human health and the environment

from contaminated groundwater usage vary with the types and

distance to local users. In addition, impacts on groundwater can

also indirectly affect surface water quality (through recharge and /

or seepage).

4.2.2.5 Hydrological Impacts

Mining operations themselves are a critical part of environmental

control because they interact with the site hydrology. Mine activities

not only impacts day-to-day operations, but also closure and post-

closure conditions. Mine activities, and location, can affect the

following site conditions, which in turn can affect environmental

performance.

Regional surface and groundwater movement

Groundwater inflow into the mine, with subsequent, contact

with mining related pollutants

Surface water inflow and precipitation related recharge

Increase in surface and groundwater interaction with the mine

workings

Loss of surface features such as lakes and ponds

Pathways for post closure flow and overall mine design

Operational and post closure geochemistry and resulting toxics

mobility




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Specifically, mine water and groundwater withdrawal can

potentially create environmental problems that cannot be easily

corrected.

4.2.2.6 Mine Water

Mine water is produced when the water table is higher than the

depth of an open pit surface mine. When this occurs, the water

must be pumped out of the mine. Alternatively, water may be

pumped from wells surrounding the mine to create a cone of

depression in the groundwater table, thereby reducing infiltration.

When the mine is operational, mine water must be continually

removed from the mine to facilitate the removal of the ore. However,

once mining operations end, the removal and management of mine

water often end, resulting in possible accumulation in rock

fractures, and open pits and uncontrolled releases to the

environment.

In the proposed Granite Mine, ground water table is much below

the ultimate pit limit. Hence no seepage water is envisaged in the

mine.

4.2.2.7 Groundwater Drawdown

Impacts from groundwater drawdown may include reduction of

surface water flows; degradation of surface water quality and

beneficial use; degradation of habitat; reduced or eliminated

production in domestic supply wells associated with discharge of

the pumped groundwater back into surface waters downstream

from the dewatered area. The impacts could last from many

decades. While dewatering is occurring, discharge of the pumped

water, after appropriate treatment, can often be used to mitigate

adverse effects on surface waters. However, when dewatering

ceases, the cones of depression may take many decades to recharge

and may continue to reduce surface flows in the nearby rivers and

its tributaries. Mitigation measures that rely on the use of pumped

water to create wetlands may only last as long as dewatering

occurs.




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4.2.2.8 Impacts on Physical Stability

Physical stability of a mine is an important long-term environmental

concern because of the amounts of materials involved and the

consequences of slope failure. Mining operations can result in the

formation of slopes composed of earth, rock, other mine wastes, or

combinations of material. Other than sheer physical impacts,

catastrophic slope failure can affect the environment or human

health when toxic materials are released from the failure especially

if it occurs in an area where such a release results in a direct

pathway to receptors. Ensuring physical stability requires adequate

pre-mining design of waste management units and may require

long-term maintenance.

Slope failure results from exceeding the internal mass strength of

the materials composing the slope. This occurs when the slope

angle is increased to a point where the internal mass strength can

no longer withstand the excess load resulting from over steepening

or overloading of the slope. When the driving forces associated with

over steepening exceed the internal resisting forces, the slope fails

and the material move to a more stable position.

4.2.2.9 Impacts Air Quality

The primary air pollutant of concern at mining sites is particulate

matter. There are established standards as per the NAAQS. A

variety of mining operations emit particulate, usually as fugitive

dust (as opposed to emissions from stacks), and relatively simple

controls are often sufficient.

Drilling and excavation can be substantial sources of fugitive

dust, and control generally involves water sprays or mists in the

immediate area of the cutting and along conveyor routes.

Loading and unloading of granite generate dust. Again water

sprays are typically used for control

Blasting generates dust that can be, controlled with water sprays

Equipment and vehicles travel on access and haul roads are

major sources of fine and coarse dust. Most mines use water

trucks to dampen the surface periodically.




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Waste rock dumping can generate dust, but this generally

consists of coarse particles that settle out rapidly with no other

controls

Wind also entrains dust from dumps and spoil piles, roads,

tailings (either dry as disposed or the dry portions of

impoundments), and other disturbed areas. Spray from water

trucks are often used when the mine is operating. During

temporary closures, particularly after the active life, stabilization

and reclamation are aimed in part at reducing fugitive dust

emissions. Tailings in particular can be a potent source of fine

particulate; temporary or permanent closure greatly increases

the potential for surface tailings to dry out and become sources

of dust. Rock and/ or topsoil covers, possibly with vegetative

covers can be effective control.

The emission rates were calculated based on the field activities

and the dust emission effect were estimated at different location

as per the AERMOD model.

4.2.2.10 Impacts on Soils

Mining operations routinely modify the surrounding landscape by

exposing previously undisturbed earthen materials. Erosion of

exposed soils, extracted fine material can result in substantial

sediment loading to surface waters and drainage ways.

The mine lease area is a hillock gently sloping towards all

directions. There is no overburden upon the granite deposit. The top

soil will be available between the rocks. It will be collected

separately and used for reclamation and leveling of plantation area.

There will not be any impact on soil outside the core zone.

4.2.2.11 Impacts on Terrestrial & Aquatic Habitat/ Ecosystem

With the construction of the protection embankment and proposed

treatment of mine water and other mitigation measure, the aquatic

habitat will not be affected. This is more so because the hydrology

of the channels are not being disturbed.




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4.2.2.12 Aquatic Life

Quarry operations can have two major types of impacts on aquatic

resources, including aquatic life. The first type of impact results

from the contribution of eroded soil and material to streams and

water bodies and from the release of pollutants from granite

quarrying or other sources. The second results from the direct

disruption of ephemeral, intermittent, or perennial streams;

wetlands, or other water bodies. Temporary disruptions occur from

road construction and similar activities. Permanent impacts are

cause by actual mining of the area or by the placement of refuse,

tailings, or waste rocks directly in the drainage way.

As discussed in the previous paragraph, with the proposed

mitigation measures and protective measure envisaged in the EMP

the likelihood of impact on aquatic life due to mining activities are

minimal.

4.2.2.13 Wildlife

Quarry operations can have substantial impacts on terrestrial

wildlife, ranging from temporary noise disturbances to destruction

of food resources and breeding habitat. Unless closure and

reclamation return the land essentially to its pre-mining state,

certain impacts to some individuals or species will be permanent.

4.2.2.14 Vegetation

Vegetation consists of natural and managed plant communities.

The core zone is devoid of any forest or tree cover. It comprises

shrubs only. In view of these conditions the adverse impact on

vegetation is negligible, in the other hand due to green belt

development and afforestation in area in the due course of the

mining activity will have positive impact on the vegetation in the

area.




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4.2.2.15 Visual Impacts & Landscape Degradation

In the operational stage of the mine the visual impacts generated by

quarrying and external dumping will be screened by provision of

greenbelt all around the lease hold.

In the long term the quarry is proposed to be back filled and

biologically reclaimed and the external dump would also be

biologically reclaimed. The growth of the plants over the backfill will

render a pleasant view after the closure of the mine. Phased

afforestation programme in the mine during next five years and

during conceptual period is given in Table – 4.1.

TABLE – 4.1 PHASED AFFORESTATION PROGRAMME

Year/Plan (Block) Area (ha.) No. of

Saplings

1 0.022 33

2 0.022 33

3 0.022 33

4 0.022 33

5 0.022 33

Total for I Plan 0.11 165

II plan 0.11 165

III plan 0.11 165

IV plan 0.11 165

Total for conceptual period 0.52 780

4.2.2.16 Social & Cultural Impacts

The introduction of new economic developments such as mining

can result in changes in the human environment at a project site,

especially if there are small, traditional communities in the vicinity

that have scarcely been exposed to modern modes of living. In other

instances, the presence of new activities can result in beneficial

effects.

The indigenous people of the area will get the benefits, such as

health center, education facility, water supply, direct and indirect

job opportunity etc.




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4.2.2.17 Blasting

In granite mines blasting is mainly for separation of primary blocks

from mother rock. Line drilling method will be used for cutting the

primary blocks which involve drilling and blasting.

Minimum blasting will be opted during mining. Sound due to blasts

will be kept low which is not an environmental hazard. Smooth

blasting techniques and special explosives and silent non explosive

demolishing agents will be used. Muffed blasting and use of milli

second detonators will help in reducing the air and noise pollution.

4.3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION MEASURES

4.3.1 Mine Area Emissions

Emissions from the production of granite consist primarily of

particulate matter (PM) and particulate matter less than 10

micrometers (PM10) in aerodynamic diameter, which are emitted by

many operations at granite mines, such as drilling, excavation,

dumping and transporation operations. Generally, these materials

are wet or moist when handled, and process emissions are often

negligible. A substantial portion of these emissions may consist of

heavy particles that settle out within the plant. Other potentially

significant sources of PM and PM-10 emissions are haul roads.

The main air pollutants respirable dustarise from excavation and

transportation operation. Large quantities of dust becomes wind

borne and are carried away from gravel handling areas.

10 tonnes capacity Tippers will be mainly used for transporting the

excavated granite from the mine pits to the nearest ports or

customer destinations. The tippers will move with a speed of 20 to

30 kmph on the unpaved roads constructed for gravel

transportation. The width of all unpaved mine roads within the

mine site is around 10 m. The excavated waste will be transported




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through 10 tonne capacity trucks from mine pit to the waste

dumps.

The details of emissions expected from vehicular movement during

mining activity are given in Table 4.2 The line source emission

rates for the proposed Granite mine are derived from the following

equation:

Where,

Evt - Emission factor (lb / vehicle / mile travelled)

Sp - Silt content of road surface material

Vv - Mean vehicle velocity (miles / hour)

Mv - Mean vehicle mass (tonnes)

Wv - Mean number of wheels

Dp - Number of days per year with atleast 0.01 inch of

precipitation

4.3.2 Micro-Meteorology

The wind speed and direction data were recorded on continuous

basis during study period at site for Winter Season. The percentage

frequencies of occurrence of various wind speed classes in different

directions were computed from recorded data on 24 hourly basis

and presented in the form of wind roses for the season. The data

was further analyzed to obtain predominant wind direction and

average wind speed for 24 hours, and the same data was used in

prediction of impacts on air environment during the season.

The hourly wind speed, solar insulation and total cloudiness during

day time and wind speed and total cloudiness during night time

were used to determine the hourly atmospheric stability classes

(Pasquill and Gifford) viz., A to F. The hourly stabilities were

determined based on the technique suggested by Turner. Sun’s

altitude was calculated during day time at hourly intervals after

evaluating the Local Apparent Time (L.A.T).

Evt = 5.9 Sp Vv Mv 0.7 Wv

0.5 365-Dp

12 30 3 4 365




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TABLE 4.2 - EMISSION DETAILS

(Basis –AP-42: Emission Estimation Technique Manual for Mining)

(I) Area Emissions – Total Material handling

Quantity, TPA 24692

Operational Hours Per Year 2400

Activity Rate, t/hr. 10.29

Emission of dust, g/t. 0.007

Emission of dust, g /hr. 0.072

Area of influence, m2 625

Uncontrolled emission rate g/s/m2 0.032 x 10-6

Controlled emission rate g/s/m2 0.032 x 10-7

(II) Haulage Emissions – For Granite from Pit to Stock yard

Quantity, TPA 2963


Capacity of each Tipper (T) 10

Total No. of Tippers/ year 297

Lead length/trip, Km 1.83

Total VKT/Year 543.51

Emission Kg/VKT 1.17

Total emission Kg/Year 635.91

Uncontrolled emission rate g/s/m 0.08 x 10-9

Controlled emission rate g/s/m 0.008 x 10-9

(III) Haulage Emissions – For Waste from pit to Waste dump

Quantity, TPA 21729


Capacity of each Tipper (T) 10

Total No.of Tippers/ year 2173

Lead length/trip, Km 1.32

Total VKT/Year 2868.36

Emission Kg/VKT 1.17

Total emission Kg/Year 3355.9812

Uncontrolled emission rate g/s/m 0.59 x 10-9

Controlled emission rate g/s/m 0.059 x 10-9

Note : Emission factor computed based on wind speed of 2 m/s,

moisture and silt content of 5 %.




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4.3.3 Air Quality Predictions

Simulation Model for Prediction using Industrial Source

Complex ISC AERMOD View

The pollutants released into the atmosphere will disperse in the

down wind direction and finally reach the ground at farther

distance from the source. The concentration of ground level

concentrations mainly depends upon the strength of the emission

source and micrometeorology of the study area.

In order to estimate the ground level concentrations due to the

emission from the proposed project, EPA approved Industrial

Source Complex ISC AERMOD View Model has been employed.

The mathematical model used for predictions on air quality impact

in the present study is ISC-AERMOD View-6.8.6. It is the next

generation air dispersion model, which incorporates planetary

boundary layer concepts.

The AERMOD is actually a modeling system with three separate

components:

AERMOD (AERMIC Dispersion Model), AERMAP (AERMOD Terrain

Preprocessor) and AERMET (AERMOD Meteorological Preprocessor).

Special features of AERMOD include its ability to treat the vertical

in homogeneity of the planetary boundary layer special treatment of

surface releases, irregularly shaped area sources, a plume model for

the convective boundary layer, limitation of vertical mixing in the

stable boundary layer, and fixing the reflecting surface at the stack

base.

The AERMET is the meteorological preprocessor for the AERMOD.

Input data can come from hourly cloud cover observations, surface

meteorological observations and twice-a-day upper air soundings.

Output includes surface meteorological observations and

parameters and vertical profiles of several atmospheric parameters.




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The AERMAP is a terrain preprocessor designed to simplify and

standardize the input of terrain data for the AERMOD. Input data

include receptor terrain elevation data. Output includes, for each

receptor, location and height scale, which are elevations used for

the computation of airflow around hills.

4.3.3.1 Post Project Scenario

Predicted maximum ground level concentrations considering micro

meteorological data of December 2013 to February 2014 are

superimposed on the maximum baseline concentrations obtained

during the study period to estimate the post project scenario, which

would prevail at the post operational phase. The overall scenario

with predicted concentrations over the maximum baseline

concentrations is shown in the following table along with isopleths

Figures 4.3.

4.3.3.1 Winter Season

Meteorological data was collected during Winter Season of 2013-

2014 (December 2013 to February 2014) a cumulative wind rose

diagram of all the 3 months were compiled using mathematical

model WRPLOT. The seasonal wind rose diagram has been

presented in Fig: 3.1, which covers all the three months

meteorological data.

TABLE 4.2 EMISSION DETAILS

GLC Baseline Conc. Total

0.0235 59.51 59.5335

Ambient Air quality Standard as per GSR 742(E)-

µg/m3

100




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Figure: 4.3

Predicted 24 hourly of PM in g/m3- Winter Season




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4.4 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

4.4.1 Prediction of impacts due to quarry activity

If the sound source is directive and is located very near to hard flat

surface, then the sound pressure level at a distance “r” is calculated

by,

Lp= Lw + DI - 20 Log(r) - Ae - 8

Where,

Lp = Sound pressure level at a receiver located in a

particular direction

Lw = Sound power level of the source

DI = Directivity index of the source in that direction

r = Distance of receiver from the source (meters)

Ae = Excessive attenuation caused by the environmental

conditions

For hemispherical wave divergence in a homogeneous loss free

atmosphere (Ae = 0), and over loss free ground, free of barrier the

sound pressure drops off by 6 dB for each doubling of distance.

The noise generated due to mining operations and movement of

equipments and vehicles affects the acoustical environment

surrounding the mining area. Cumulative effect at observer is

calculated by the equation

Lp = 10 Log [10Lp1/10 + 10Lp2/10 + 10Lp3/10 + -------]

4.4.2 Noise Due to vehicular Traffic

The traffic density in the adjoining villages surrounding the

proposed mine site is low. The speed of medium and light weight

vehicles will be around 40 to 50 kms/hr and for heavy vehicles it

will be in the range of 35 to 40 kms/hr.




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To estimate the impact of vehicular activity in the study area, total

numbers of vehicles passing per hour on road were measured.

Equivalent noise levels due to traffic, at required locations was

estimated using integrating sound level meter based on the

following Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) noise equation :

Log(h)i = Loe + 10Log(Ni/SiT) + 10Log(15/d) 1+B + Ds - 13

Where

Loe : Reference mean energy level for ith vehicle type (from

published data)

Ni : Number of class ith vehicle passing during time T

Si : Average speed for ith vehicle class in km/hr

T : Duration for which Leq is desired corresponding to Ni

D : Perpendicular distance in meters from the centre line of

the traffic lane to the location of the observer

B : Factor relating to the absorption characteristics of the

ground cover between roadways and observer

Ds : Shielding factor such as provided by a noise barrier

The above equation is the basis on which integrating sound level

meter records and integrates the noise levels generated due to light,

medium and heavy vehicles.

The preceding equation is used three times, once for automobiles,

once for medium trucks and once for heavy trucks to obtain three

values as Leq(A) for Autos, Leq(M) for medium trucks and Leq(H) for

heavy trucks. The final Leq can be calculated by logarithmically

adding the three Leq values as follows,

Leq (Total) = 10 Log [10 Leq (A) / 10 + 10 Leq (M) / 10 + 10 Leq (H)

/ 10]

The total impact on observer, standing at a distanced kms from the

centre line of the traffic lane is given by the above equation.




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Due to wave divergence and attenuation, the noise level decreases

as distance from source increases. Hence the effect of traffic at 1km

distance will be around 45-50 dB(A). The expected Noise from

mining machineries are given in Table: 4.3.

TABLE: 4.3 -EXPECTED NOISE FROM MINING MACHINERY

S. No. Type dB(A)

1. Excavators 75-80

2. Trippers/ Dumpers 65-80

3. Water Sprinklers 60-70

4. Maintenance Van 70-75

5. Truck 55-70

6. Jeeps 55-60

7. Ambulance Van 55-60

4.5 MINE WASTEWATER

The mine drainage water is mainly from mine pit pumped out

during drainage operations and spent water from sanitation.

Domestic wastewater will be sent to septic tank followed by soak

pit.

4.5.1 Mine Pit Water

The pit water is expected to be good quality except the pollutant like

high-suspended solids. Mine pit water will be pumped into garland

drains with sedimentation pits. The silt free water will be let into

the nearby seasonal stream.

4.6 LAND ENVIRONMENT

Part of the landscape of the mining lease area gets distributed due

to mining operations. The waste material will be used for back-

filling of excavated pits after the granite is mined to economical

depth. Later, the area will be rehabilitated with plantation. Where

the waste material is not used during mining operations their

dumps will be suitably terraced and stabilized through vegetation.




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Avenue plantation will be taken up on both sides of haulage and the

mine roads.

4.7 VIBRATION LEVELS

Impact of blasting operations involved in the mining activity with

respect to vibration and noise level will be envisaged.

4.7.1 Disasters

The potential disasters in the mining operation are sliding of mine

slope, water inundation and water inrush into the mine pit, fire

hazard at mine and stock yard. Detail slope stability study, on-site

and off-site disaster management plan will be prepared before

operation of the mine.

4.7.2 Mitigation Measures

Following environmental mitigation measures are recommended to

minimize the impacts caused by project activities:

Air pollution mitigation measure includes following:

Regular sprinkling of water on hauling roads.

Water sprinkling on dumps.

Greenbelt would be provided around the lease area.

Regular maintenance of the Diesel operated HEMMs to reduce

emission of noxious gases.

Covering of the trucks carrying granite on public road.

Water pollution mitigation measure includes following:

Provision of Garland drains around the mine pit to check inflow

of surface run-off into mine-pit.

Mine water will be pumped out into the garland drains and silt

free water will be let into the nearby seasonal stream.




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Catch drains would be provided around the external dumps & ore

stock area.

Surface run-off from external dumps & ore stocks area will be

collected & diverted to garland drains with sedimentation ponds

for treatment.

Septic tank would be provided to treat wastewater generated from

domestic front.

Land Reclamation

As discussed earlier land is to be degraded on account of following

activities:

Quarrying operation that will create pit.

Dumping of overburden

Land reclamation scheme has been developed that covers the

following:

Backfilling of degraded pit with OB removal in course of mining.

Once the backfill is over, it will be graded and leveled. Saplings

would be planted on the prepared surface.

For plantation, pits would be dig which will be filled with mixture

of top soil & fertilizers. Such plantations would be done with

onset of monsoon.

Similarly, when the formation of external dump is over, it will be

physically reclaimed. This will include:

Grading & leveling of flat top surface.

Plantation of sapling on the prepared surface.

Installation of drainage structure around the dump.

Construction of toe wall at the foot of the dump.




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4.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

A. Corporate Social Responsibility:

Under this program, the project proponent will take-up following

programs for social and economical development of villages within

10 km of the project site. For this purpose, separate budget will be

provided every year. For finalization of these schemes, proponent

will interact with “Gram Sabha” & the State Rehabilitation

Commissioner. The schemes will be selected from the following

broad areas:

Health Services.

Following activities are envisaged:

a. Organizing free medical camps

b. HIV/ AIDS awareness programme.

Social Development

Under this category, following activities are envisaged:

a. Facilitate in formation of SHG.

b. Formation of co-operative societies

c. Training for self employment

Infrastructure Development.

Project proponent proposes to take-up following activities for

development of infrastructure in the area:

a. Encouraging Rainwater harvesting schemes.

b. Construction & repair of hand pumps.

c. Renovation of ponds.

Education & Sports.


a. Financial grant to the existing educational institutions for

development of physical infrastructures.

b. Organize sports activities in the area.




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Self Employment

Entrepreneurship Development Programmes for local youths

would be organized. This will enable them for self-employment.

Such trainings will be organized in some of the following fields:

a. Sewing.

b. Computer Training

c. Horticulture

d. Dairy

e. Poultry

f. Pisciculture

g. Goatery

All these programs will be organized in consultation with the state

authorities & Gram Sabha & subsequently would be implemented

through NGO’s operating in the area.

4.8.1 Improvement in Socio-Economic Status

The mining activity will improve the economic status of the people

around the mine area. Continued mining activities will benefit the

local people due to provision of more infrastructural facilities

provided by local industry as the mining industry will boost up the

local market, which will initiate people from different places to

install their ancillary units. There will be a positive impact on the

socio-economic status of the people living in the near by villages.

4.9 CONCLUSION

Based on the EIA study it is observed that there will be a marginal

increase in the dust pollution, which will be controlled by sprinkling

of water and transportation in properly controlled movement. There

will be minimal impact on ambient environment & ecology due to

mining activities, moreover the mining operations will lead to direct

and indirect employment generation and improves the quality of life

of the people in the region.




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Hence, it can be summarized that the Colour & Black Granite Mine

of Sri P. Gowtham Reddy will have a positive impact on the socio-

economics of the area and lead to overall sustainable development

of the region, therefore environmental clearance may be granted.

Proposed Colour & Black Granite Mine of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy at Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District, A.P.

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CHAPTER – 5: ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

(TECHNOLOGY & SITE)

5.1 ALTERNATIVE SITE LOCATIONS

No alternative site locations are proposed. The proposed granite mine

is site specific in nature and location of the proposed mine is

restricted to the geology and deposition of the area. Safety, economical

and technical constraints determine the mining methods to be

employed.

5.2 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

The method of Open cast Quarrying is proposed to be followed duly

forming benches as per Mines act 1952. The mining operations are

carried out by semi-mechanization as open cast mining. Hydraulic

excavator and compresses operated jack hammers were used for

cutting the rock. Closed space drilling of 0.2m (line drilling) will be

adopted along a straight line and charged with low explosives to avoid

feather cracks. Use of delay detonators causes fragmentation and

cracks in rocks. The non-detonating cords are inserted into the holes

and holes are stemmed with muck and plugged at the mouth and

fired. Minimum blasting will be opted during mining for separation of

primary rock.

No alternative mining methods are proposed. Mining technology is

selected in conjunction with the restoration plans (mitigation

measures) during construction, operation and post-mining phases,

not only on the basis of yielding the highest possible production and

profitability but also the environmental enhancement and positive

socio-economic impacts. It is also considered to-minimize miner’s

occupational exposure time and associated risk and safety factors.


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CHAPTER – 6: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

The environmental Monitoring is important in terms of evaluating the

performance of pollution control equipments installed in the project.

The sampling and analysis of the environmental attributes will be as

per the guidelines of Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF),

Central Pollution Control Board/ Andhra Pradesh State Pollution

Control Board (APPCB). The Frequency of Sampling and Location of

sampling will be as per the directives of MoEF/CPCB/APPCB.

The main spirit of environmental monitoring programme is aimed

such that there is not much of time lag between commencements of

damage to environment mitigation measures to various environmental

parameters that are being effect.

Environmental monitoring programme involves:

To verify the result of the impact assessment study in

particular with regard to new developments

To follow the trend of parameters which have been identified

as critical

To check or assess the efficacy of the controlling measures

To establish a database for future impact Assessment

Studies for new projects.

Planning a survey and sampling program for systematic

data/ information relevant to environmental assessment and

project environmental management;

Conduct of the survey and sampling program;

Analysis of samples and data/ information collected, and

interpretation of data and information;

Preparation of reports to support environmental

management.

Environmental monitoring is carried out throughout project operation

to detect changes in the key environmental quality parameters, which


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can be attributed to the project. The results of the monitoring program

are used to evaluate the following:

Extent and severity of the environmental impacts against the

predicted impacts;

Performance of the environmental protection measures or

compliance with pertinent rules and regulations;

Trends in impacts and

Overall effectiveness of the project EMP.

Environmental monitoring should have clear objectives, and the

survey and sampling program custom-designed to focus on data /

information actually required to meet the objectives. The monitoring

program should include action or emergency plans so that appropriate

action can be taken in the event of adverse monitoring results or

trends. Environmental monitoring should also be constantly reviewed

to make sure that it is effective.

Environmental monitoring programme has been prepared for the

proposed project for assessing the efficacy of implementation of

Environment Management Plan and to take corrective measures in

case of any degradation in the surrounding environment.

Different activities involved in the proposed project, and their impact

on various environmental attributes have been taken in to account

while designing a detailed environmental monitoring programme for

the project.

The following activities have been identified in Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy

at G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District., Open Cast Mining Project,

which will have environmental impacts as given below :

During operational phase, drilling, separation of primary blocks for

excavation of granite and overburden will result in dust, noise and

blast vibrations. Transportation of granite and overburden,

dumping of overburden in dumps, formation and surfacing the

haulage roads and their maintenance, transportation of granite


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blocks are the other major activities contributing to air pollution,

noise pollution and land degradation.

Wastewater from domestic front.

Surface mining operations, although there will be a dump of waste

material there is a chance that the material will be sold out.

Further the waste will be backfilled into the mined out pit. Hence

there is no need to stabilize it and develop vegetation on it.

Keeping the above environmental impacts in view, an

environmental management plan has been prepared for the project

incorporating various mitigation measures for prevention/ control

of pollution.

The monitoring methodology for studying the effectiveness of

implementation of mitigation measures has been described below.

6.2 METHODOLOGY OF MONITORING MECHANISM

Implementation of EMP and periodic monitoring will be carried out at

Project level and Area level for Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy granite mine. A

comprehensive monitoring mechanism has been devised for

monitoring of impacts due to proposed project

Project level environmental protection measures like dust

suppression, treatment and recycling of wastewater, control of noise

and blast vibrations, maintenance of machinery and vehicles,

housekeeping in the mine premises, plantation, implementation of

EMP and environmental clearance conditions will be monitored by the

project authorities. On the other hand, implementation of area level

protection measures like plantation and green belt development over

the vacant areas, environmental quality monitoring etc., are taken up

by a senior executive who reports directly to the Director of the

company. He is assisted by an environmental officer who is well

versed with various aspects of pollution prevention and control in

mining areas.


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An environment management committee will be constituted at the

mine consisting of following members to monitor the implementation

of EMP and other environmental protection measures.

Mining Engineer

Mine Manager

Field staff

In addition to the above, Corporate Environment department

periodically will be inspecting the project for monitoring the

implementation of EMP including progress of land reclamation and

environmental status of the project surroundings for giving necessary

guidelines to the project authorities in case of any deviation in the

compliance of clearance conditions.

6.3 POST PROJECT MONITORING PLAN

6.3.1 Air quality monitoring

Air quality monitoring is essential for evaluation of the effectiveness of

abatement programmes and develops appropriate control measures. A

preliminary field survey would conducted to collect information on

sources of air pollution, topography, population distribution,

meteorological conditions etc., for establishing a network of stations in

core and buffer zone of proposed Open Cast Project for ambient air

quality monitoring. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) has

stipulated environmental standards for National Ambient Air quality.

Based on the predominant wind direction the ambient air monitoring

stations will be identified in consultation with Andhra Pradesh

Pollution Control board (APPCB).

6.3.1.1 Parameters

As per MoEF guidelines, the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM2.5

& PM10), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) will have

to be monitored in downwind direction, at 500 m from the dust

generating sources.


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6.3.1.2. Frequency

MoEF has stipulated load based frequency for monitoring of ambient

air quality in mining areas as given below.

Air quality monitoring has to carried out at a frequency of

once in a fortnight (24 hourly sampling) at the identified

locations near the dust generating sources.

As a result of monthly monitoring, if it is found that the

concentration of the pollutants is less than the 50% of the

specified standards for three consecutive months, then the

sampling frequency will be shifted to two days in a quarter

year.

In case the value has exceeded the specified standards, the

air quality sampling will be done twice in a week. If the

results of four consecutive weeks indicate that the

concentration of pollutants is within the specified standards,

then fortnightly monitoring may be reverted to.

6.3.1.3 Methodology

Fine dust sampler and Respirable dust sampler with gaseous

sampling attachment is being used for monitoring of air quality for

parameters viz., PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NOx having 8 stations within

10km radius with a sampling frequency of 24 hourly duration.

Sampling and analysis are carried out as per IS-5182:1999, Indian

Standards for measurement of air Pollution. PM2.5 and PM10 are

analyzed gravimetrically, SO2 is analyzed by improved West and Gaeke

method and NOx is analyzed as per Jacob & Hochheiser Modified (Na-

Aresnite) Method.

6.3.1.4 Standards

The air quality standards prescribed by MoEF vide Notification No.

GSR-826 (E), Dt. 19.11.2009


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TABLE: 6.1-NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (2009)

Pollutants

Time

Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Methods of

Measurement

Industrial,

Residential,

Rural and

other Areas

Ecologically

Sensitive Area

(Notified by

Central

Government)

Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2), µg/m3 Annual * 50 20

-Improved West and

Gaeke Method

24Hours** 80 80

-Ultraviolet

Fluorescence

Nitrogen Dioxide

(NO2), µg/m3 Annual * 40 30

-Jacob & Hochheiser

modified

24Hours** 80 80

(NaOH-NaAsO2) Method

-Gas Phase

Chemiluminescence

Particulate Matter

(Size less than 10

µm)

or PM10, µg/m3

Annual * 60 60 -Gravimetric

24 Hours** 100 100

-TEOM

-Beta attenuation

Particulate Matter

(Size less than 2.5

µm)

or PM2.5, µg/m3

Annual * 40 40 -Gravimetric

24 Hours** 60 60

-TEOM

-Beta attenuation

Ozone (O3) µg/m3

8 Hours * 100 100 -UV Photometric

1 Hour ** 180 180 -Chemiluminescence

-Chemical Method

Lead (Pb) µg/m3

Annual * 0.50 0.50 -AAS/ICP Method after

sampling on EPM 2000

or equivalent filter

paper

24 Hours** 1.0 1.0

-ED-XRF using Teflon

filter

Carbon Monoxide

(CO), mg/m3 8 Hours ** 02 02

-Non dispersive Infrared

(NDIR)

1 Hour ** 04 04 Spectroscopy

Ammonia (NH3),

µg/m3

Annual * 100 100 Chemiluminescence

24 Hours** 400 400

-Indophenol blue

method

Benzene (C6H6),

µg/m3

Annual * 05 05 -Gas Chromatography

(GC) based

continuous analyzer

-Adsorption and

desorption followed by

GC analysis

Benzo(a)Pyrene

(BaP) Particulate

phase only,

ng/m3

Annual *

01

01

-Solvent extraction

followed by HPLC/GC

analysis


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Pollutants

Time

Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Methods of

Measurement

Industrial,

Residential,

Rural and

other Areas

Ecologically

Sensitive Area

(Notified by

Central

Government)

Arsenic (As),

ng/m3

Annual * 06 06 -AAS/ICP Method after



paper

Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual * 20 20 -AAS/ICP Method after



paper

* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at

a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals.

** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable,

shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they

may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

Note: Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive

days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective

category, it shall be considered adequate reason to institute regular or

continuous monitoring and further investigations.

6.3.2 Water Quality Monitoring

Water quality monitoring involves periodical assessment of quality of

mine discharge water, ground water and surface water.

The following parameters are to be periodically monitored in effluents

as per the Environmental Standards for mines, GSR-422 (E), Dt.

25.09.2000.

6.3.2.1 Parameters

pH

Total Suspended solids

Chemical Oxygen demand (COD)

Oil & Grease


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All the parameters as given in Part-A of general standards for

Discharge of Environmental Pollutants, GSR 801(E) EPA 1986

prescribed by CPCB will be analyzed for all the effluents, in addition to

the above parameters, once in a year for assessing the overall quality

of effluents.

pH, total suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), oil and

grease are the critical parameters identified for monitoring of effluents

from mines. Ground water quality and surface water quality of nearby

water bodies will be analyzed periodically to study the impact of

mining operations.

6.3.2.2 Frequency

Monitoring of water and water samples for four parameters shall be

done at a frequency of once in a fortnight. Effluent water samples are

being analyzed for all parameters as given in Part-A of general

standards for discharge of Environmental Pollutants, GSR 801(E) EPA

1993, prescribed by CPCB, once in a year.

6.3.2.3 Methodology

The sample collection, procedures for sample preservation and

methods of analysis are followed as per Standard Methods of Water

and Wastewater analysis, American Water Woks Association (AWWA),

American Public Health Association (APHA).

6.3.2.4 Standards

The standards prescribed by MoEF for effluent water samples are as

follows:

pH -- 5.5 to 9.0

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) -- 250 mg/l

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) -- 100 mg/l

-- 200 mg/l

(Land for irrigation)

Oil & Grease (O & G) -- 10 mg/l


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In addition to the above, the following standards are followed for

complete analysis of water samples, once in a year.

Industrial Effluents : GSR 801(E), EPA, 1986, Dated: Dec.

31, 1993

Surface water : IS-2296-1982

Ground water : BIS-10500: 1991

6.3.3 Phreatic Surface Levels Monitoring.

Phreatic surface levels will be monitored in proposed Open Cast

Project continue through out the life of the project to study the impact

of opencast mining operations on ground water regime. A network of

observation wells will be identified for monitoring of phreatic surface

levels. The trend of ground water level fluctuations will be monitored

by recording of phreatic surface levels during pre-monsoon and post-

monsoon seasons.

6.3.4 Noise Level Monitoring

Noise level monitoring is done for achieving the following objectives:

To compare sound levels with the values specified in noise

regulations

To determine the need and extent of noise control of various

noise generating sources

Correlation of noise levels with community response to noise

levels

Noise level monitoring will be done at the work zone to assess the

occupational noise exposure levels and also at the noise generating

sources like Stone and Metal arrangements, HEMM maintenance

workshop and also nearby villages for studying the impact due to

higher noise levels for taking necessary control measures at the

source.


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6.3.4.1 Parameters

The noise level recordings are measured in dB (A) Leq values, where

dB (A) denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in

decibels on scale A, which is relatable to human hearing.

6.3.4.2 Frequency

Monitoring frequency for noise levels shall be once in a fortnight.

MoEF has stipulated that noise levels have to be monitored between

06.00 am to 10.00 pm for daytime and 09.00 am to 05.00 pm for

night time.

6.3.4.3 Methodology

Precision integrated sound level meters are being used for monitoring

of Leq noise levels in dB (A) scale at the work place and also in the

surrounding villages.

6.3.4.4 Standards

MoEF has also stipulated ambient air quality standards in respect of

noise in Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. MoEF

stipulated in GSR-826 (E), Dt. 19.11.2009 that occupational exposure

levels of noise as prescribed by DGMS should also be followed at work

environment.

TABLE: 6.2-AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN RESPECT OF NOISE

Area Code Category of Area/Zone Limits in dB(A) Leq*

Day Time Night Time

(A) Industrial area 75 70

(B) Commercial area 65 55

(C) Residential area 55 45

(D) Silence Zone 50 40

DGMS stipulated, vide circular no 18 of 1975, the following standards for

attainment in work environment:


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A warning limit of 85 dB (A) is set below which there will be little

risk to an unprotected ear for an eight hour exposure.

The danger limit value of 90 dB (A), above which hearing

impairment and deafness may result from an unprotected ear.

A worker should not be allowed to enter, without appropriate

ear protection, an area in which the noise level is 115 dB (A) or

more.

Personal protective equipment shall be worn, if here are single

isolated outbursts of noise which can go above 130 dB(A)

“impulse” or 120 dB(A) “Fast”

No worker shall be allowed to enter an area where the noise

level exceeds 140 dB(A)

6.3.5 Blast Vibrations

Whenever the mine boundary approaches the danger zone of 300m

from villages/dwellings/structures etc., controlled blasting and

vibration study have to be conducted by a scientific agency for

relaxation of danger zone, i.e., to work within 300 m. The

recommendations of controlled blasting study, i.e., Blast geometry,

charge/delay, charge/round, Initiation pattern, muffling etc. will be

strictly implemented. Continuous monitoring of controlled blasting

operations and ground vibrations are very significant from the post-

project monitoring point of view.

6.3.5.1 Blast Vibration Study Methodology and Instrumentation

Director General of Mines Safety (DGMS), Dhanbad, has stipulated

vide Circular No. 7 of 1997, Dt. 29.08.1997, guidelines for monitoring

of blast induced ground vibrations for preventing damage to surface

structures. The transducer shall be placed near the structure on the

solid undisturbed ground and should be placed well in contact with

the ground. For structural response, the transducers shall be placed

horizontally over the wall, floors and ceiling.


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The air overpressure and vibration measuring instruments would be

used for monitoring of impacts due to blasting operations. The

blasting personnel are trained in the operation of equipment so that

observations can be made during regular blasting operations.

6.3.5.2 Parameters

The peak particle velocity (ppv) has so far been considered the best

criteria for evaluating blast vibrations in terms of potential to cause

damage. The peak particle velocity is measured in mm/sec and air

overpressure is measured in dB (A).

6.3.5.3 Frequency

The ground vibrations and air overpressure would be monitored

regularly during blasting operations for continuous supervision of

blasting methodology for compliance.

6.3.5.4 Permissible Standards

DGMS has stipulated permissible limits for blast induced ground

vibrations in mining areas. Depending on the type of structures and

the dominant excitation, DGMS has stipulated that the peak particle

velocity (ppv) on the ground adjacent to the structure shall not exceed

the values given below in the Table 6.3.

TABLEL - 6.3 : THE PEAK PARTICLE VELOCITY (PPV) AT THE

FOUNDATION LEVEL OF STRUCTURES IN MINING AREAS IN MM/S

Type of structure

Dominant Excitation

Frequency, Hz

< 8 Hz 8-25 Hz > 25 Hz

(A) Buildings/Structures not belonging to the owner

i Domestic houses/ structures (kuchha brick and cement)

5 10 15

ii Industrial Buildings (RCC & Framed Structures)

10 20 25

iii Objects of historical importance & sensitive structures

2 5 10

(B) Buildings belonging to the owner with limited span of life


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i Domestic houses / structures (kuchha brick and cement)

10 15 25

ii Industrial Buildings (RCC & Framed

Structures)

15 25 50

The summarized monitoring programme of post-project environmental

status around the project is given in Table 6.4

TABLE 6.4- MONITORING PROGRAMME OF POST PROJECT

ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS

Parameter to

be Monitored Proposed Location

Monitoring

Remarks Sampling

Duration Frequency

Ambient Air

Quality

PM2.5, PM10,

SO2 and NOx

One station in the

project site and at

least three in

nearby residential,

commercial or

industrial areas,

one in the upwind

and two stations

on the downwind

directions.

24 hours Twice a week/

fortnight/ two

times in a

quarter year

depending on

the pollution

load.

Fine Dust

Sampler and

Respirable

dust sampler

Noise 3 stations – one

station in project

site and two in the

nearby villages.

24 hours Once in

fortnight

Precision

integrated

sound level

meter

Monitoring of

blast induced

ground

vibrations

Around the project

area

- Regularly

during blasting

operations

Vibration and

Over pressure

monitoring

instrument

Water samples Samples from the

mine discharge,

workshop effluents,

near by water

bodies and ground

water samples from

the near by villages

- Once in

fortnight for the

critical 4

parameters as

specified in

GSR 742(E) and

one sample

every year for

all the optional

Phyiso-

chemical and

instrumental

methods of

analysis


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Parameter to

be Monitored Proposed Location

Monitoring

Remarks Sampling

Duration Frequency

parameters as

given in GSR

801 (E). IS-

2296-1982 for

Surface water

and BIS 10500:

1991 for

Ground water.

Phreatic surface

level

Different

observation wells

around the project

site

One time Pre- and Post-

monsoon

Manually

6.3.6. Monitoring of phase-wise reclamation programme

Project-level environment management committee will periodically

inspect the progress of reclamation activities at the mine concurrent

with the mining operations. Project officer will ensure that the

reclamation programme as envisaged in the approved EMP is

implemented in proposed project. Corporate Environment Department

will also monitor the progress of reclamation activities at the mine and

compliance status of clearance conditions as stipulated by MoEF in

respect of land reclamation.

The following equipment is proposed to be deployed in the project for

carrying out reclamation

Excavator – 1 (Bucket capacity 1m3, Boom length, 7m Model :

Tata Hitachi 200 Lc)

50 CFM – AIR compressors – 1

Jack hammers – 3 units

10 tones tippers – 2

Minor tools: Chisels, Crowbars, pick axes spades and hammers

of different sizes.

Proclaim – 2

Dumpers -4


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Compressor-2

Jack hammer drills - 8

The following personnel involve in implementation of phase-wise

reclamation programme in the project.

Mines Manager - 1

Blaster cum mate-1

Excavator manager-2

Compressor operator-2

Tipper Operator -2

Drillers -8

Helpers -8

Cutters-8

Watchman-1

6.3.7 Monitoring of Emergency Procedures

The Mine manager monitors the emergencies that may occur in

opencast mining operations and prepares an emergency organisation

plan to deal with emergency situations during the operation of the

mine. The emergencies that will be monitored are accidents that may

occur due to earthquakes, fires due to spontaneous heating, due to

water bodies and slope failures etc.

6.3.8 Monitoring of Mine Closure Plan

The monitoring of the mine closure plan is an essential requirement

for review of the efficacy of the mine closure plan and to take

corrective actions. The monitoring consists of measuring the air

quality, water quality, preservation of water body, external dump

plantation, and reclamation of land for improving aesthetic and other

land use values as prescribed in the mine closure plan. Area level

environment management committee will monitor the implementation

of mine closure plan.


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6.3.9 Reporting Schedules of Monitored Data

To achieve the desired objectives of proper implementation of

mitigation measures in proposed Open Cast Project, the

environmental management committee at the project level would been

monitoring the following activities.

i) Slope stability

Regular check for slope stability of mine working faces dumps for

taking necessary corrective steps.

ii) Soil erosion

Regular monitoring of soil erosion would be done at dumps and

other areas. Garland drains, check dams, plantation along dump

slopes shall be provided and maintained.

iii) Drains and sumps

All drains including garland drains will be de-silted periodically

during pre-monsoon season. Effectiveness of the drainage system

shall be regularly monitored.

iv) Blasting effects

Blasting operations would be monitored continuously so as to reduce/

minimize fly rock, ground vibration and dust generation.

The monitored data on air quality, water quality, noise levels, blast

vibrations and phreatic surface levels is periodically examined by the

project level Environment Management Committee for taking

necessary corrective measures. The post-project monitoring data is

being incorporated in consent renewal applications, in yearly

environmental statements submitted to CPCB and half-yearly

monitoring reports submitted to MoEF. The work zone air quality

data, noise levels, blast vibrations are also being submitted to DGMS

at periodical intervals.


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6.4 BUDGET PROVISION FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION AND

MONITORING

P. Gowtham Reddy will incur about Rs. 6.0 Lakhs towards capital cost

for environmental management plan. About 2.0 lakhs/annum will be

incurred towards recurring expenditure.


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CHAPTER - 7: ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 RISK ASSESSMENT & DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

Risk Assessment is all about prevention of accidents and there is a

need to take necessary steps to prevent it happening. The proposed

opencast Granite mine mainly comprises of winning transporting

and processing from the mine site.

The main objectives of preparing a disaster management plan

include:

To protect workers in mines from safety and health hazards

and risks in their works.

To prevent or reduce the incidence and severity of illness and

injury during mining operations.

7.2 PLANNING STAGE

The risks of injuries can be significantly reduced during mining

activity by designing low gradient roads and one way heavy

vehicles movement which reduce the probability of runaway and

collision accidents.

Use of trained drivers and providing the vehicles with suitable

appliances will reduce danger of being stuck by large moving

vehicles within the mine site. Vehicles should be properly

maintained in good working condition particularly the braking

system to minimize the accidents. Well designed access and

working platforms will also reduce the possibility of fall of any

material or persons.

7.3 HEALTH AND SAFETY PRINCIPLES

House Keeping - The provision and maintenance of a safe and

healthy workplace is the most basic principle of health and safety.

Dirty and untidy workplaces or walkways contribute to a very large


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proportion of trip and fall accidents. In the context of surface mining

the provision of well defined roadways and walkways clear of

obstruction, and regular cleaning up of spillage will greatly reduce the

potential for this type of accident. Lack of maintenance may well lead

to roadways and walkways being unsuitable for use.

The Work - The application of risk assessment depends upon a full

understanding of all aspects of the job being undertaken. In carrying

out a risk assessment in relation to a particular task the evaluation

must include a review of the knowledge, experience and training of

those persons carrying out the work.

Personal Competence - It follows that the knowledge, experience and

training of personnel involved in work is critical to the result of any

risk assessment. A knowledgeable, experienced well trained and

competently supervised workforce will be at a lower risk of accidents

occurring than a poorly trained and badly supervised workforce.

Co-ordination - a competent person should be given the

responsibility for overseeing and co-coordinating work. It is essential

that the co-coordinator ensures that everyone engaged in the work is

capable and understands the role of others and their responsibility for

each other. This is particularly important when contract workers

undertake part or all of the work to be carried out.

Dangerous Parts of Machinery - such as revolving parts, in-running

nips and entrapment between reciprocating parts as defined in

European and National standards should be protected to those

standards.

Workplaces - access to both above and below ground workplaces

should be by well constructed and maintained permanent fixed

means. When practical stairways and shallow inclined walkways are

preferred to vertical ladders, which in some circumstances can be the

cause of very high risk. The sides of all workplaces from which

persons may fall should always be protected.


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Health Hazards - For the purposes of this document health hazards

should be interpreted as being harmful dust, vibration and noise

which is emitted during surface mining operations, as well as the

handling of heavy loads. While elimination and often suppression at

source is not presently available in some cases the normal control of

health hazards is still applicable in this industry.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - should be of good

construction, suitable for the hazard e.g. a dust respirator fitted with

the correct filter to capture the particular hazardous dust, and

maintained to recommended standards. As personal protective

equipment only affords limited protection it should only be used as a

last resort and then as an interim arrangement until other steps are

taken to reduce the risk of personal injury to an acceptable level.

Traffic Movement - Should only take place within designated areas

and over suitable roadways. Adopting one way traffic movement

systems are preferred to two directional traffic systems. The risk of

accidents due to traffic movement is much less with a one way than a

two way system.


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The general model for risk assessment for any mine activity is as follows:

7.4 DRILLING RISKS

Drilling is common to the winning of rocks and clay etc. The main

hazards associated with are:

Falls from the edge of a bench

Dust created during the drilling operations

Noise

Entrapment in or being stuck by a moving part of drilling

equipment

The highest risk will occur during the drilling of the first line of holes

parallel with the working edge of the bench. One of the measures that

Identify HazardsYes

Remove Hazards Yes

Yes

No

NoNo

Stop Assessment

Has control measure created new hazard

Evaluate the most important consequences

Evaluate riskDo precautions meet legal standards

Is risk acceptable Implement plan to reduce risk (control measure)

Review periodically and if ever changes occur

Fig - 7.1 : MODEL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT


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can be taken to reduce the risk off the edge of the bench is to provide

suitable portable rail fencing which can be erected between the

drilling operations and edge of the bench.

7.5 DUSTS FROM MINING ACTIVITIES

Air borne contaminants such as rock dust, road dust are mainly

produced during mining operations. Persons exposed to excessive

dust for prolonged periods may suffer from permanent damage

diseases such as Silicosis. As far as possible the escape dust into

the atmosphere should be prevented particularly in stagnant

zones.

At OCP mine the dust suppression modeling studies indicate

ground level concentration of dust particles in the range of 0.0235

µg/m3 during all the winter season from the dust generating

sources. Dust generation can be controlled by water sprinkler

system on the mine haul roads and other locations. Provision of

treated mine water use for dust suppression will be implemented

in the mine.

7.6 FACE STABILITY AND LOADING

Face stability gives rise to rock falls or slides and this can arise

because of adverse geological falling or poor work methods. The

main hazard associated with loading is rock falling on to the driver

and soil poppling over due to uneven ground, failure of hydraulic

systems and falls while gaining access to operating cabins.

7.7 FIRST AID AT MINE SITE

Workers and supervisors should be able to respond quickly to

incidents and accidents and provide basic first aid and treatment

to injured persons. Rapid first-aid treatment can prevent further

serious health damage or even loss of life to injured persons. The


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mining operator should ensure that suitable, regularly replenished

and properly maintained first-aid kit is provided at a strategic

location where mining operations are performed. The first-aid kit

should be easily accessible and ready for use at any time while any

person is at work. Have people trained in first aid.

The minimum equipment required to ensure adequate first-aid

treatment should include:

A stretcher for transporting persons unable to walk

A blanket for persons in shock

Sufficient bandages and sterile dressings for open wounds on

limbs, body and head

Splints for fractures of limbs

Disinfectants

Any other first-aid material that may be required due to the

nature of work and recommended by a competent physician.

7.7.1 Action Following a Mining Accident

At any mine where there has been an accident, the necessary

measures should be immediately taken to:

Remove injured mineworkers to a safe place for first-aid

treatment.

Eliminate further danger arising from the event.

Any worker involved in rescue operations should take reasonable

care for the safety and health of him or herself and not endanger

themselves by rash action where there are unknown risks.

No person should be allowed to enter the area where there has

been an accident, except when it has been made safe and express

permission is given by a competent person.

Every injury to a mineworker, however small, should be reported to

the person in charge of first aid at the mine for checking up and


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treatment before the injured person returns to work or leaves the

mine.

Arrangements should be made for transporting injured or sick

persons to a hospital or other suitable medical facility, for example

through cooperation between mine sites in close proximity.

7.8 Personal Protective Equipment for Mine Workers

The mine operator will provide, free of charge, the personal protective

equipment that is to be worn when hazards cannot be eliminated and

ensure that it is worn properly and maintained in good condition.

The basic personal protective equipment should be:

Safety helmet (hard hat) where falling objects might create a

hazard.

Protective gloves when handling materials or performing work

which might cause injury to the hands.

Suitable protective footwear (e.g. safety shoes or rubber boots)

where there is a danger of slipping or of injury to the feet.

This minimum standard protection should be worn at all times in

and around the mine. Additional protective equipment should be

used as required :

Hearing protection where excessive noise levels are produced (e.g.

where compressors, drilling machines or pick-hammers are used).

Dust mask where excessive airborne dust is produced (e.g. during

drilling or rock-breaking).

Safety glasses/goggles where there is a danger from flying particles

that may cause injury to the eyes (e.g. where hard rock is to be

broken).

Other personal protection may also be required, such as:

Closely-fitting clothes when working with or around moving

machinery or equipment;

Safety belts and lines where there is a danger of falling.


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7.9 Duties of the Mine Operator

The mine operator will:

Notify the mining authority before starting operations at any

mine and before discontinuing or abandoning any existing

mining activity.

Provide all the equipment, apparatus, facilities and finance to

ensure as far as reasonably practicable, good mining practice

and an appropriate standard of occupational safety and health

at the mine.

Make sure everyone understands their safety and health

responsibilities.

Appoint, depending upon the number of mineworkers employed

and the nature and extent of mining operations, one or more

competent persons supervisor to supervise and control the

operations at the mine.

Encourage the workforce to be actively involved in safety and

health.

7.10 Requirements for Employment in Opencast Mines

Work in an opencast mine often has to be performed in a hostile

and dangerous environment. It can be made safe and productive

by continual human effort. Such efforts cannot succeed unless all

workers have certain skills and a good knowledge of possible

hazards and risks related to mine operation. It is therefore vital to

have competent and experienced persons who should be

constantly on the site of the mine to supervise and control the

operations and carry out regular inspections.

Supervisors will have immediate charge of all persons employed

within the mine area of operation and will be responsible for the

safety, health and welfare of all persons assigned to them.


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Each newly recruited mine worker will receive instructions,

guidance and supervision in his respective work from the

supervisor and adequate on-the-job training before being starting

work. This instruction will include:

Introduction to the working environment.

Health and safety aspects of the task to be assigned.

Hazard recognition and avoidance.

Hazards relating to explosives.

Ground control and working in areas of high walls.

Hazards of machinery and equipment.

Basic knowledge of first aid.

No mine worker will take any action at work which could cause

danger to other workers, damage to mining equipment or

obstruct production.

Every worker will fully comply with rules or instructions issued

by the mine operator and will make proper use of and take

reasonable care of any personal equipment provided for his

protection.

7.11 Action to Prevent Danger

Every mine worker while at work will:

Take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself or herself

and of other persons who may be affected by their acts or

omissions.

Comply with instructions given for his own safety and health and

those of others.

Report immediately to the supervisor any situation which he or she

considers hazardous and which he or she cannot correct

themselves. If this measure cannot be taken, the mineworker

should immediately warn all workers who could be in danger.


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Report any accident, injury or dangerous occurrence which arises

in the course of or in connection with work.

7.12 Mine Facilities

As far as possible, at or near every site where mining is regularly

carried out, there will be:

A clearly marked storage facility for first-aid equipment.

A place to store safety and personal protection equipment.

A site to store mining tools and equipment.

Adequate washing, sanitary and changing facilities.

Adequate shelters accommodation for mine workers when

mining operations are located in remote areas.

7.13 Resettlement & Rehabilitation Package

No R&R packages, the proposed land is vacant land.

7.14 Hydrogeology and Remedial Measures

7.14.1Introduction

TOR for P. Gowtham Reddy has been prescribed by MoEF vide

letter No J-11015/342/2013-IA.II (M) dated 8-01-2014. Following

the stipulations contained in the TOR, the study on EIA and

preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been

entrusted to M/s. Sri Sai Manasa Nature Tech (P) Ltd.,

(SSMNTech) Hyderabad, Environmental Consultants by the Project

Proponent.

In the TOR it was also prescribed to carryout a detailed Hydro-

geological Study of the area, impact on the surface and ground

water resources quality and quantity, water requirement,

availability and source, water conservation and rainwater

harvesting plans, Groundwater Elevation in the working depth and


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permission to withdraw groundwater from the competent Authority

as indicated at items against Serial Numbers from 22 to 28, in the

TOR. The Consultants have assigned this study to M/s. Global

Consultants, Hyderabad, headed by former Southern Regional

Director, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water

Resources, Government of India, a NABET recognized Functional

Area Expert (FAE) on Ground Water and Rainwater Harvesting

studies and a registered Ground Water Consultant of Government

of Andhra Pradesh. Accordingly the field study was undertaken in

the month of April 2014, after collection of necessary information

details from various sources.

7.14.2 Objective, Scope and Methodology of the Study:-

The proposed Project activity is production of black & colour

granite blocks through open cast semi-mechanized method of

extraction by developing benches of 6 m height to produce

approximately 2282 m3 / annum. Extraction of mineral from the

physical environment, formation of pits, dumps and development

of roads etc are likely to add certain changes in the rainfall storm

run-off generated in the area and water quality in terms of wash-

off from loose dumps. Statutory Authorities have mandated to

carry out detailed hydro-geological study of the area, impacts on

Ground water and surface hydrological regimes, prescribed to

adopt suitable rainwater harvesting plans and to obtain necessary

permission from Central Ground Water Authority in case of

intersection of ground water table in the mining, necessitating

dewatering of the mine pit.

In any given environment the occurrence and movement of ground

water and its quality and quantity is chiefly controlled and

governed by many factors such as Geographical Set–up, Climate

and Rainfall conditions, Hydrological features, Topography, Soil

Characteristics, the nature and thickness of underlying rock

formations and other related aspects that prevail in an area.

Therefore, the study envisages identifying the existing ground


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water conditions comprising both quality and potential within the

Project Site and its neighborhood relate the projected mining

activity, identify the likely impacts on surface and ground water

resources and indicate mitigation measures. In order to

accomplish the proposed objective of the study, the scope and

methodology adopted is as follows:

i. Collection of the relevant data contained in the EIA and EMP

Reports, from the reports and maps of the Andhra Pradesh

State Ground Water Department (SGWD) Central Ground Water

Board (CGWB) Geological Survey of India (GSI), other

Institutions and Departments.

ii. Identify Inter-related and Inter-dependent key factors that play

vital role in the occurrence of ground water, its quality and

potential.

iii. Identify surface water resources in the Project Site and its

catchment‘s area.

iv. Assess the ground water resource potentials in the Catchment‘s

area of the Project Site.

v. Bring out various events and processes that comprise the

mining Project activity.

vi. Identify the Site specific environmental issues and mitigative

measures

vii. Suggest suitable Water conservation and Rain Water

Harvesting Plans and

viii. Compile a consolidated, comprehensive and meaningful report

of the Project Site and its catchment‘s area.

Acknowledgements:

The information and data contained in the Mining plan prepared

by Mr. G. Eswar Reddy, R Q P of Anantapur, Reports of Central

Ground Water Board, Southern Region, Ministry of Water

Resources Government of India, Andhra Pradesh State Ground

Water Department, Progress Reports of Geological Survey of India


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and EIA & EMP Report of Sri Sai Manasa Nature Tech (P) Ltd.,

Hyderabad have been utilized in compilation of the present report.

During the present investigation, Environmental Engineer Mr.

Rakesh.K, of Sri Sai Manasa Nature Tech (P) Ltd. and Mr. Dharma

Raju Mining Supervisor of Proponents Company have accompanied

to the Project Site and its neighborhood. Proponent‘s

representative was available with us during the Study period and

provided all necessary cooperation and facilities for the study of

lease area and environs.

7.14.3. Geographical Set-Up

Mine site is on a hillock extending in East–West direction

surrounded by agricultural fields mostly cultivated using monsoon

rainfall. It is located close to a fair weather road connecting to

Kotta Venkatapuram Village from Ambodarapalli Village.

Ambodarapalli village is on Chittoor – Balijanaidu Kandriga road.

Ambodarapalli village is accessible by following a diversion road

near Ganagadhara Nellore (G D Nellore) on Chittoor – Puttur High

Way after traveling 15 km from Chittoor. The nearest Railway

Station is Chittoor which is 25 km from the Mine site. The nearest

Airport is at Tirupati and nearest Sea ports are Krishnapatnam

and Chennai.

The Mine lease area extent is 8.099 ha and falls in the village Sy.

Numbers 107/P and 13 /P in Ambodarapalli and Pattapalaiyam

Villages of G. D. Nellore Mandal. The Project site hill has Survey of

India Point Height of 302 representing an elevation of 302 m AMSL

and is the top most point of lease area located at Google Map

Coordinates 13˚10΄36.44"N: 79˚15΄16.70"E. The Google location of

one of the South–West corner points of the lease boundary with

fixed mark provided by Proponent is on the Granite rock out crop

located at Coordinates 13˚10΄35.4"N : 79˚15΄24.6"E, having

surface elevation of 265 m AMSL. Thus the surface elevation

difference between the maximum and minimum are 302 and 265


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m AMSL respectively. Photograph showing the hillock of project

site is given below.

7.14.4 Climate And Rain Fall

Chittoor District experiences semi arid climate. It is one of the

chronically drought prone districts with variation in the rainfall in

space and time. District has only one meteorological station at

Arogyavaram (Madanapalli). State Government has set up Rain

Gauge stations in each Mandal head quarters at present.

The District receives rainfall from both S-W and N-E monsoons.

The area receives rainfall almost in all months except in the month

of March. The mean monthly rainfall is shown in the Figure–7.3.

The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 416.5mm in south –

west monsoon (June-September), it is 362.2 mm in North – East

monsoon (October – December), it is 15.1 mm in Winter and 94.3

mm in summer months (March to May). The season wise

percentage distribution of Rainfall is 46.9% in S-W monsoon,

40.8% in NE monsoon, 1.7% in winter and 10.6% during summer.

The district Normal rainfall is 934 mm. The average normal

rainfall for the last decade is 888 mm. Areal distribution of rainfall

Project Site Hillock


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varies as low as 600 mm in the West at Molakalacheruvu and

experiences a high of 1152 mm at Srikalahasthi in the East.

The five years moving average for the last 40 years data shows that

there is no cyclic trend in the rain fall pattern in between 1970 and

1985, however there is observable cyclic trend from 1985m

onwards for every 5 to 7 years.

Long Period Monthly Average rain fall of the district is shown in the

Figure-7.3

During the last 1999 – 2011 period the amount of rainfall in the

area ranges from 657.2 mm in 2003 to 1544 mm in 2005. The

Long period average (LPA) annual rainfall departure ranges from –

26% in 2002 to +74% in the year 2005. The annual rainfall,

season wise rainfall amounts, their percentages and annual long

period average departure are shown in the Table–7.1. The

cumulative departure is shown in the Figure–7.4.

The areal distribution annual total rain fall in the district is shown

in the Figure-7.5. Amount of rain fall received is less in the west

and it is high in the East

FIG – 7.3 :


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TABLE 7.1 : THE ANNUAL RAINFALL, SEASON WISE RAINFALL

AMOUNTS, THEIR PERCENTAGES AND ANNUAL LONG PERIOD

AVERAGE DEPARTURE

FIGURE-7.4: Cumulative Departureof Annula Rainfall From

LPA


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Figure-7.5

The areal distribution annual total rain fall in the district

December is the coolest moth with mean daily minimum of 15.4˚C

and mean daily maximum of 25.3˚C April and May are the hottest

months with mean daily maximum at 34.8˚C. The Relative

Humidity (RH) is about from 70% to 80% in the mornings and it is

between 60-65% in the afternoons in the period from July to

December. February to May is the dry period ranging between

25% and 40%. The Annual Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) is

about 1556 mm and monthly PET ranges from 89 mm in

December and 169 mm in March.

7.14.5Topographic Features

The mine lease area comprises an independent and isolated hillock

and it extends in East – West direction having more length than

the North – South width. Highest elevation is 302 m AMSL and it

slopes to South and North on either side. The Southern gradient is

gentler from 302 to about 260 m AMSL and northern gradient is

Project

Site


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little sleeper from 302 to about 270 m AMSL. The Total deposit is

covered by huge blocks and boulders of rock fragments derived

from the underlying massive rock deposit. The lease area is devoid

of any tree or Forest cover and has only shrubs.

The area around the Mine lease area is dotted by hills and

undulating terrain with general surface slope leading to the River

Ponnai flowing in almost along a straight line from North – West to

South – East. The lowest surface elevation of the Ponnai River the

close to the project site is 235 m AMSL. The general land elevation

from the mine site to the River Ponnai ranges between 270 and

235 m AMSL. The average gradient in the area in the watershed

unit is between 240 and 260 m AMSL.

However, in the same watershed area there are bigger hillocks of

Avalakonda (405) in the North, Kondala Sethuru (.471) and Eddula

Konda (.450) in the North – East. There is Amudala Reserved

Forest (561) in the East of the project sire and Raghasikonda (490)

of Pachigunta Reserved Forest in the North – East. They are far

away from the mine lease area.

7.14.6Surface Hydrological Features

The Mine site which forms the core area has no surface water

Bodies or stream courses. The mine area forms a North Eastern

peripheral region of a small micro watershed extending from

Pattapallaiyam village at an elevation of about 300 m AMSL slopes

in South West direction to the lowest elevation of about 240 m

AMSL near Balekuppam village in the Tamilnadu State. The

drainage courses are not well defined in the upper reaches as they

are modified, altered and cultivated and at places they have been

diverted into small farm ponds to store storm water.

The Balekuppam drainage course meets the Ponnai River to the

South of the Village. The drainage course has miner irrigation

rainwater storage tanks at Agraharam, Kotta Venkatapuram and


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Girigalapalle. All the water storage sources, Balekuppam drainage

course and Ponnai River course are found to be dry at the time

field study.

The mine site micro watershed is a part of the Ponnai River Sub

Basin of the major Palar River Basin which ultimately debouches

into the Bay of Bengal. The mine site micro basin is included in the

Koratlair stream let area for the purpose of Ground Water

Resources Assessment and has been put under the name of Srl.

No. 53 as Ctr _ Koratlair _ S R Puram_S R Puram Assessment unit

comprising this part of G. D. Nellore Mandal area in estimations

for total 75 units covering the entire Chittoor District by the

SWGD. The Assessment unit comprises of 2475 ha area of G D

Nellore Mandal out of the total Mandal area of 20212 ha along with

1891 ha of Palasamudram Mandal and 8524 ha of S. R. Puram

area. The Mine site micro watershed is this part of G. D. Nellore

that is included in this Assessment Unit.

Dry Balekuppam Drainage Course


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Figure-7.6

Project Site Balekuppam Watershed Area

7.14.7GEOLOGICAL FEATURES

7.14.7.1Regional Geological Set-Up:

The different geological formations occurring in the mine site

neighbourhood can be broadly divided into three major units of

Archaean Group as Older Metamorphics, Migmatite Group and

Younger Intrusives. The generalized Stratigraphic Sequence is

given in the Table – 7.2.


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TABLE – 7.2 GENERALISED STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCE

Archaean

Peninsular

Gneissic Complex

Younger Intrusives Epidote veins

Quartz veins

Dolerite dykes

Gabbro dykes

Pegmatite Veins

Quartz- Feldspathic

veins

Migmatite Group Granites

Biotite Granite

Hornblende-

Granite- Gneiss

MigmatiteGneiss

Granitoid

Dharwars Older Metamophics Amphibolite Quartz

Mica-schist,

Banded

Ferruginous-

Quartzite

Older metamorphic belong to Dharwar Group of rocks. They occur

in the form of enclaves, Xenoliths Schlieren and undigested linear

patches in the granite mass. They show warping, gneissosity,

Ptygmatic folding with sharp or broken or deformed contacts with

the host rock.

The Migmatite Group comprising Peninsular Gneissic Complex

presents complex varieties Quartz- Feldspathic- Granite Gneisses

with crude foliation, lineation of Ferro-magnesium minerals.

Among younger intrusives in the area the predominant rock

formations are dolerite dykes. Fine grained, dark colored with

sharp and well defined contacts ramify the granite country. They

occur as liner intrusive bodies extending hundreds of meters with

varying widths.


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7.14.7.2Local Geology:

The mine site is a hillock comprising multi coloured granite with

well defined Gneissoid structure. The observed Gneissosity is N

25˚E- S 25˚W. The granite Gneiss is occurring sheet rock

extending along the Gneissic foliation. The Granite mass in

intruded by dark coloured dolerite dykes. There are at least three

dolerite dykes cutting along the strike extension of Granite body.

The width of the dolerite dykes are varying and are found to have

been intruded into the Granite mass. They maintain sharp contact

with the Granite and can be quarried as large and economical

block sizes separately along with the coloured Granite. The

distribution of Granite and dolerite rock masses as seen in the

Google image is shown in the Figure–7.7.

The areal distribution of the rock formations and their

distinguishing hydrogeological characteristic features are dealt in

the subsequent chapters.

Figure-7.7

Distribution of rock types in the Lease area

Dolerite Dyke

Color Granite


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Gneissosity in Colour Granite

Site Corner Bench Mark

7.14.8 SOILS AND AGRICULTURE

Soils types are more important for agricultural production as well

as ground water recharge. Soils in the area are of ‗insitu‘ type

mainly derived from the underlying rock formations through

pedagogical processes of rock disintegration and rock

decomposition over a pro-longed period of time. Soils immediately

below the foot hill regions of Granite hills in the western part of

Karnataka State are mainly red sandy and clayey loans, whereas,

the vast plain country to the East of hill range forming Andhra

Pradesh part has a thin vender of grey coloured Silty- clayey soils.

There are no major, medium or minor surface water irrigation

projects in the area comprising part of Tamilnadu. Most of the

area is under rain-fed agriculture in the monsoon khariff period

cultivating dry crops. Irrigated and irrigated dry crops are grown

in very small extents under wells utilizing ground water source. In

Tamilnadu part of the area underlain by Granitic formations,

irrigation under wells is relatively more and farmers are raising two

crops both in Khariff and Rabi period in small extents.

There are no major, medium or minor irrigation projects in the

mine site watershed and in the Ground Water Resources

Assessment unit area of Andhra Pradesh also. Most of the area is


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under rain fed agriculture. Irrigated dry crops are being cultivated

during Khariff period using ground water available from the wells

constructed in the favorable areas.

Small extents are cultivated in the Rabi period also under wells in

certain areas, where ground water source availability is assured.

Important crops grown in the area are Sugar-Cane, Paddy, Cotton

and Millets

Agriculture is main stay of the people and there are no industries

and employment opportunities to the rural poor. They remain idle

most of the time during non-monsoon period and are not deployed

in any developmental projects of Government sponsored schemes

or Private works.

7.14.9 GR0UND WATER CONDITIONS

7.14.9.1General Features:

Geomorphic features, Climate and Rainfall, Topography and Land

Slope, Drainage pattern, Soils and Agricultural activities and

ultimately the nature, thickness, distribution and structure of

different geological formations, independently or collectively or in

association with each other play a distinct role in the occurrence,

movement, quality and availability of ground water.

Geographical set-up and Geomorphic features control, in a large

measure the amount of precipitation that contributes to run off

and ground water recharge. Dry conditions in arid and semi-arid

climatic conditions results in large scale evaporation losses,

promotes oxidation processes and results in the deep ground water

level.

High rainfall contributes higher amounts of infiltration and deep

percolation to recharge ground water. Development of land forms

mainly depends upon the nature of the rocks, their resistance to


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erosion and the geologic structure, climatic conditions and

vegetative cover.

Morpho-metric parameters such as drainage density and slope

characteristics provide a basis for evaluation of run-off and ground

water potentials of a drainage basin. Total drainage basin areal

extent determines the total quantity of water available in a basin. A

low network of drainage courses is indicative of the presence of

highly resistant or highly permeable rocks on the surface. High

drainage density characterizes hilly terrain and areas underlain by

weak or impermeable rocks result in more run-off than infiltration.

Low network drainage density corresponds to high infiltration

rates.

Surface gradient has dominant effect on the contribution of rainfall

to stream flows and to the ground water reservoir, in as much as,

it controls the duration of overland flow, infiltration and sub

surface flow. Slope condition controls the depth to water table,

distribution of head and artesian pressures in aquifers.

Steep slope gives rise to coarse textured and permeable detrital

materials, generally deposited in the form of alluvial cones, talus

fans in foot hill zones. Highly permeable material in the steep may

absorb and transmit as much water as poorly permeable

formations in the plains.

Nature and thickness of soil directly influences the infiltration rate.

Larger thickness enhances the deep percolation to recharge ground

water and reduces evaporation losses from the zone of aeration.

Vegetative cover and agricultural activities retard the overland flow

rate and provides more infiltration. Agricultural activities

associated with furrowing, tilling and crop growth shall eventually

bring change in the soil texture and the land surface. A part of

water applied for crop growth reaches to ground water as return

seepage.


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From the ground water occurrence point of view the formations are

categorized as hard rocks. Since the geological formations are of

Igneous and Metamorphic in origin, they lack primary porosity.

Secondary porosity is developed during physical disintegration and

chemical decomposition from the different geological agents of

weathering. Depth to weathered zone varies from place to place

and situation to situation depending on several factors. They show

large variation in short distances and are heterogeneous in nature.

7.14.9.2 Project Site Watershed Area:

Different de-gradational processes of physical disintegration and

chemical decomposition of mass removal, continuously acting over

millions of years on the rock formations, have brought out the

present day land configuration in the area. The formations are fine

grained, hard, and compact and lack original porosity to form

potential aquifer zones at depth. They are heterogeneous and

possess large variation in the Mineralogical composition, degree of

compaction with depth. So much so, their nature differs from point

to point and place to place.

Occurrence, movement and quality of ground water associated

chiefly depend on the topographic gradient and nature of

formations. Ground water occurrence is limited to the top shallow

weathered zone, the contact planes, interconnected fissure zones

and fissure zones developed during tectonic processes of

deformation.

The formations are concealed under soil cover. The rock type,

nature of formation with depth and weak zones associated along

the lineaments are not easily identifiable in the field. Striking

ground water, drilling and construction of successful bore-wells in

the area is difficult and a challenging task. In hard rocks,

ground water occurs only in the shallow weathered zone and inter-


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connected fissures and joints extending to a limited depth.

Ground water is being extracted by means of bore wells.

During the field study depth to water levels and total depth of wells

were measured using embossed steel measuring tape. Quality of

ground water in terms of its Specific Electrical Conductance values

was measured by using a sensitive pocket type Electrical

Conductivity Meter. The hydro-geological data of wells inventoried

is enclosed as Annexure–1 and location of wells is shown in the

Figure–7.8.

7.14.9.3 Well Types and Method of Construction:

Extraction of ground water by means of large diameter open dug

wells to meet both drinking and irrigation purposes have been

given up in the area. Dug wells were Square or Rectangle in

shape, unlined and their sides are collapsed at present. None of

them are under use. With the advent of heavy duty pneumatic

rotary cum percussion type, Down The Hole (DTH) hammer fast

drilling rigs, the construction of 6‖ dia bore wells have become very

popular for providing drinking water in rural areas through RWS

and PWS public water supply schemes. There are PWS Bore Wells

fitted with submersible pumps and RWS Bore Wells fitted with

hand pumps to meet drinking water requirements of the villagers.

There are a few Private irrigation Bore Wells constructed for

irrigation purposes.

Fissured Granite Rock in Dug-well Zone


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7.14.9.4 Depth to Water and Total Depth of Wells :

Field investigation and well inventory was undertaken in the Mine

Site and Watershed area during the month of April 2014.

Measurements represent pre monsoon water levels. The area was

almost dry. The recorded measurements of the wells in the Mine

area Watershed is indicated in the Annexure-1. The minimum and

maximum depth to water in Watershed area wells are between 8 m

bgl and a maximum of 50 m bgl respectively.

The minimum depth to water in a topographic low in granite

terrain is about 6.0 m bgl. The average depth to water varies

between 12 and 15 m bgl. Ground water elevation is between 240

m AMSL and 250 m AMSL whereas the general surface elevation

ranges from 250 t0 260 m AMSL. Deepest Water level of about 50

m bgl occurs in an irrigation bore well at Mittur near the Mine site.

The CGWB has prepared Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon water

levels distribution in the entire district for the year 2011 and is

shown in the Figure-7.8(a) & 7.8(b). The recorded observations are

not in consonance with present data. They show the average water

levels of the total district area, whereas the observations are

specific to the area.

7.14.9.5 Water Level Fluctuation:

Rainfall is the chief source of ground water recharge. Recharge to

ground water also takes place farm ponds, irrigation sources

abandoned Mine pits and also return recharge from the water

applied for irrigation. Depending on the distance from the surface

water bodies, amount of monsoon rainfall received, topography and

soil conditions, and ground water recharge takes place through

infiltration and deep percolation in each hydrological cycle.

Maximum recharge takes place by the end of monsoon and water


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levels rise substantially by the end of October or November every

year.

As the monsoon retreats, dry spell continues ground water draft in

the region for irrigation increases and ground water natural

outflow from the base of drainage basin results in depletion of

storage and consequent fall of water levels occurs by the end of

May or first week of June every year.

It is reported that Pre and Post monsoon water level fluctuation

ranges are between 3 to 5 m in the watershed area. Water level

fluctuation map between May 2012 and November 2012 prepared

by the SGWD is shown in the Figure-7.9.

Figure-7.8 (a)

Depth to water level during May 2012

Project Site


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Figure-7.8 (b)

Depth to water level during November 2012

Figure-7.9

Water level fluctuation map between May 2012 and November 2012

Project Site

Project Site


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7.14.9.6 Long term Trends:

SGWD is continuously monitoring ground water levels from a net

work of observation wells with even distribution covering the entire

State since many years. The annual average rainfall and average

depth water level in the observation wells for the period between

2002 and 2013 is shown as composite hydrograph vide Figure-

7.10. It shows that there is no significant change over the past

more than decade of time. However the observations indicate that

there are two cyclic trends in the rainfall pattern. Following the

rainfall the observed ground water levels are also showing two

different types of actual rising and falling trends of varying ranges.

Water Level Measurement in Bore Well Water Level Measurement in Dug-Well


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Fig – 7.10 : Mean Hydrograph of Chittoor District for one decade

Either under natural or forced conditions of Ground Water Draft,

ground water continuously moves from higher to lower elevation.

Elevation of ground water in the wells monitored shows a higher

elevation of about 667 m AMSL and it is confined to elevated

regions of watershed margins and in the lower plains ground water

elevation ranges from 593 m AMSL to 620 m AMSL. The lowest

Ground Water elevation of 593 m AMSL is to the end of watershed

near village Mabbuvaripalle.

Ground Water table is almost parallel to the land surface and is

from West to East and South- West to North-East following the

surface gradient.

7.14.9.7Type of Lifts:

Rural Water Supply bore-wells are fitted with closed hand pumps.

Protected Public Water Supply bore well and private bore-well is

installed with energized submersible pump-sets of two inches

diameter. Majority of private irrigation wells are provided with two

inches diameter Submersible pump sets which are not under use

at present in the Rabi period.


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7.14.9.8Well yields:

Well yields depend on the storage and transmissivity of the aquifer

zones tapped in the wells. It is reported that during monsoon

season bore-wells sustain longer duration of pumping with

enhanced discharge rate and possess shallow water level

conditions. Discharge rate of energized pump fitted Bore-wells

range from10 to 20 m3/hour in the monsoon season.

7.14.9.9 Well Density:

Bore wells are constructed to meet both drinking and irrigation

requirements. They are generally located on the valley slopes and

topographical depressions. Well density is very less in the area.

Bore wells in Amphibolites are located in the valleys and in the

areas proved ground water worthy. Successful wells are

constructed in the valley slopes and in valleys underlain by

Granitic formations in the Karnataka State part of the watershed

for irrigation purposes.

The areal distribution of different geological formations and their

general hydrogeologial conditions for the entire Chittoor district is

shown in the Figure-7.11.


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Figure-7.11

The areal distribution of different geological formations

7.14.10. Ground Water Quality

Chemical quality of ground water is as important as quantity and

its suitability for various purposes is determined by its physical

and chemical characteristics. Water is always a good natural

solvent. Ground water, although considered to be safe and pure, it

always takes into solution all the soluble Minerals. It always

exhibits certain characteristic features depending upon the

composition of source rock and length of association. Dissolved

salt content depends on the nature and Mineral content of rocks,

subordinately, the topography, rainfall and many other factors that

facilitate to add the infiltrated rainwater to the underlying rock

formations.

Quality of ground water can be expressed in terms of Specific

Electrical Conductance (E.C.) which is a measure of dissolved salt

Project

Site


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content. The location of Dug wells and other sources examined are

shown in the Figure–5. The permissible limits of E. C. for drinking

and irrigation purposes respectively are 1500 and 2000 µS/cm at

25 °C. The recorded values are in the range of 890 and 1040 and

thus water is very fresh.

E.C. values of ground water samples from wells in the water-shed

area are measured in the field and are given in the Annexure –1.

Lowest E.C of 45o µS/cm at 25° C is found on the periphery of

micro watershed in the Well No 9 and highest value of 2390 µS/cm

at 25° C is in the Well No 16 at lowest elevation near the Ponnai

River. Recorded E C values in the watershed are showing

parallelism to the surface gradient. Ground Water quality in the

watershed is found to be fresher in the upper reaches with less

mineralisiation and slightly higher salt content in low grounds.

M/s. SSMNT has collected 5 Ground Water samples from Dug

wells in and around Project Site in 10 km radius and got them

analysed. The location of the Sites is shown in the Figure–7.12

and the results of complete chemical analysis are given in the

Annexure-2.

E.C. Measurement


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The results indicate that ground water is of average natural type

with pH ranging from 7.51 to 7.97 and fall in the average natural

type pH range of 6.5 to 8.5. Against desirable limit of 250 mg/l

and permissible limit of 1000 m/l of Chloride, ground water

samples had a minimum of 118 mg/l and maximum of 517 mg/l

indicating that ground water is within the limits of good taste,

corrosion and its palatability is not affected. Hardness of ground

water ranged between 343 mg/l and 470 mg/l and is well within

the limits of 300 – 600 mg/l .

Total Dissolved Solids ranged from 738mg/l to 1646 mg/l showing

low salt content at many places. Nitrate values range from 0.1 to

0.7 mg/l and are almost free from Nitrate pollution exceeding the

prescribed limit of 45 mg/l. Sulphate content is between 56 and

135 mg/l and are with in prescribed limits of 200-400 mg/l. The

low values are attributable to the dilution through good recharge

from hilly terrain storm overland flow.

Fluoride content in ground water is between 1.28mg/l and 1.31

mg/l against desirable limit of 0.6-1.2 mg/l and permissible limit

of 1.5 mg/l for drinking purposes. Iron as Fe is between 0.27 mg/l

and 0.87 mg/l is well within the permissible range of 1.0 mg/l for

drinking purposes.

CGWB has prepared district map showing EC ranges as recorded

in the year 2011 is shown in the Figure-7.13 which indicates the

Mine site watershed area has low values confirming the

observations during the study period. Ground water E C Ranges

for the Chittoor district prepared by SGWD during November 2008

is shown in the Figure-7.14. The observed values during the

study period are in the same range.


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Figure-7.12

Location Of Sites


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Figure-7.13

E.C. Values recorded by C.G.W.B.-2011

Figure-7.14

Project Site

Project Site


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7.14.11 Ground Water Resource Potentials

Monsoon rainfall is the chief source of ground water recharge. In

the irrigated ayacut areas recharge through unlined canal network,

return recharge from the water applied for irrigation is significant.

Surface water reservoirs, ponds, check dams and all other man

made obstructions on the natural drainage courses also contribute

to certain extent. In the existing natural environmental conditions,

a known volume of ground water is always available for extraction,

which otherwise will be lost as out flow from the area. This is

dynamic recharge, which goes into storage of aquifer zones

occurring below, in each hydrological cycle. The long term average

annual replenishable dynamic recharge can be exploited without

causing any adverse impact on the ground water regime.

Ground Water Resources Estimation Committee (GEC–1997)

revised the norms and circulated methodology in the year 1997.

Following the revised methodology watershed / basin wise

assessment has been done taking into account long term pre-

monsoon and post-monsoon water level trends.

7.14.11.1 Estimation Methodology:

Watershed Assessment Unit-wise Ground Water Resources of

Chittoor district were estimated by the A.P. State Ground Water

Department based on the recommendations of Ground Water

Estimation Committee (GEC) 1997 and following the suggested

modifications of GEC 2004, issued by the Central Ground Water

Board, Ministry of Water Resources, and Government of India. The

Gross Ground Water Draft, Recharge, Balance Potential available,

Stage of Development and Categorization of the Assessment Unit (

Srl No 53) have been arrived for all the Units. The unit wise

potentials of all the 75 Watershed units of total district is shown in

the Annexure-3. The details of Mine watershed unit are given in

Table-3.


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Koratlliyar G W Assessment Unit falls in Critical Category and it is

shown in the Figure-7.15. Ground Water Resource potential of

all the Revenue Mandal Units are also estimated as shown in the

Annexure-4 and their categorization is shown in the Figure-7.16.

The G D Nellore Mandal (Srl NO 9) also falls in the Critical

Category as per the revised estimates of SGWD.

TABLE: 7.3

GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF KORATLIYAR WATERSHED,

G D NELLORE MANDAL, CHITTOOR DISTRICT

1. Total Geographical Area 12890

2. Hilly area 468

3. Rock Type Granites

4. Area Ground water Recharge worthy

Command area

Non Command area

Nil

12890

5. Shallow water table area Nil

6. Flood Prone area Nil

7. Weathered Fractured zones depths, weathered zone 11

m, Fractures 20.5 and 32m

8. Recharge from Rainfall during Monsoon 959 ham

9. Recharge from other sources during Monsoon 106 ham

10. Recharge from Rainfall during Non Monsoon period Nil

11. Recharge from other sources during Non Monsoon

period ground water

193 ham

12. Total annual ground water Recharge from all sources 1258 ham

13. Provision for Natural discharge 128 ham

14. Net ground water availability 1132 ham

15. Existing gross ground water draft for irrigation 1296 ham

16. Existing gross ground water draft for Domestic and

Industrial supply

562 ham

17. Existing ground water draft for all uses 1858 ham

18. Provision for Domestic and industrial requirements 563 ham


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supply to 2025

19. Net GW availability for future irrigation development Nil

20. Stage of ground water Development % 164

21. Pre monsoon water level trend cm / year 72

22. Is there a significant declining trend in the pre

monsoon water level : (Yes / No)

Yes

23. Post monsoon water level trend 132

24. Is there a significant declining trend in the post

monsoon water level : (Yes / No)

Yes

25. Category Over

Exploited

Figure-7.15

Project Site


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Figure-7.16

Project Site


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7.14.12. Project Processes, Impacts and Safeguard Measures

(TOR 25)

7.14.12.1Project Processes:

Considering 10 meters thickness as proved zone and 3 meters

thickness each below as the Probable and Possible zones and the

Recovery Factor as 12%, after leaving the Barrier Zone of 7.5 width

the total salable coloured granite that can be produced in the

Lease area is estimated to be 134678 m3 for a period of 128 years

life period of Mine. Leaving Barrier zone blocked Reserves of Black

Granite the total mineable reserves are 22383 m3.

7.14.12.2Plan Period Operation:

The scheme of development and production for the first five years

has been planned in consideration of the nature of the deposit

within the lease applied area. It is observed that the boulders and

sheet rock is exposed on Western and Middle of the QL applied

area without any overburden and therefore the development of the

quarry is confined towards Western side of the QL applied area.

During the first five year plan period a total rock mass of 43670

will be excavated and 5240 m3 Granite blocks will be recovered

and waste of 38430 m3 will be generated. The plan period waste

will be stacked in 168x28 m area to a height of 10 m. The total

quantity of waste generated in the mine lease area will be 1151777

m3.

Mining operations will be under taken in Open Cast Semi

Mechanized method using Jack Hammer drills, Hydraulic

excavators, Dumpers, Heavy Transportation Trucks. After removal

of soil and small sized blocks and waste material, by using

standard pneumatic Jackhammer drills 32 mm dia bore-holes with

20 cm spacing between two adjacent holes will be drilled vertically

for primary cut and horizontally to dislodge large blocks from


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mother rock. Drilled holes are charged with soundless expansive

mortar or with gun powder to wedge out the blocks along the lines

drilled. Quarrying operations will be in benches of 6 m depth, 3 m

width and 10 m length. Commercially marketable blocks of sizes

will be produced by chipping the rough corners and bulges using

chisel and hammer in the dressing yard. The dressed dimensional

blocks are transported by trucks from the quarry area.

Over burden comprising granite boulders of various sizes

generated in the plan period shall be hauled by tippers and

excavators to pre-designated dump site in the lease area which

shall be used for back filling. The soil recovered from the surface

shall be stored separately for its use in green belt development.

7.14.12.3Impacts:

Quarrying of colour granite in the present physical environment

brings change in land morphology and void / pit will be formed at

the place from where the granite mass has been removed and

surface slope will be altered.

Quarrying operations will be above the lowest surface elevation of

the lease area, occurring in the Southern boundary. Rainfall run-

off quantity generated in the extent of area of operation will not be

altered and it will descend along the slope to move along the

gradient. There will not be any significant impact on surface and

ground water resource quantities. Silt and wash-off from the

operation area is likely to be associated with overland surface run-

off deposited at the hill bottom in open areas.

7.14.12.4 Safeguard Measures:

1. Dust emission shall be controlled at the source itself by adopting

suitable measures during drilling.

2. Regular wetting and dust suppression of approach /

transportation roads shall be undertaken to minimize emissions.


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3. Garland drain will be provided around the dump site to regulate

the storm flow.

4. Soil recovered in the quarry area shall be spread on the dump site

and plantation of trees shall be taken up.

5. A Check-dam / Silt-trap bund shall be provided at the base of the

hill in the lease area and silt free run-off shall be allowed to leave

the lease area.

7.14.12.5 Water Conservation Plans: (TOR 24)

The project Site watershed area has agricultural land and has no

assured sources of irrigation. In the pre monsoon period the area

experiences non availability of water. Under Entrepreneur Social

Responsibility it is suggested to undertake campaign on water

conservation plans by involving local environmentally conscious

citizens and construct Rain Water Harvesting structures in the

private farmer‘s agricultural lands. Locally best suited structures

in the area are Farm Ponds and Nala Bunds.

7.14.12.6 Farm Pond:

The area is underlain by clayey soil of 1.0 – 2.5 meters thickness

and weathered hard rock below. It is possible to excavate and

create dug out pits on the elevated region in the individual farm

plots and divert the storm water to store in the pond. Dug out

material can be used for developing bunds around the farm pond.

7.14.12.7 Nala Bund / Stream Checks:

The area is gently sloping terrain having a number of linear

drainage courses. In the upper run-off zones of the drainage

courses, land morphology is changed. As a result the storm water

flow paths have disappeared and run off water escapes from the

region as a sheet wash along with silt from higher elevation to

lower regions. It is suggested to identify such original / natural


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flow paths and to construct Nala Bunds / Stream Checks with

local stones and soil excavated in the area across the nala courses.

7.14.13. Ground Water Intersection And Surface Elevation Profile

(TOR 26 and 28)

Mine area surface elevation ranges from the lowest 265 m AMSL on

wards from the South. Quarrying will be taken up in benches to

open up the rocks in the form of blocks to dislodge from mother

rock, by working in level after level. During the 5 year plan period

it is proposed to start working from 265 m AMSL onwards and

continue the operation upwards following the lease area elevation.

The maximum working depth in the granite quarry will be 12 m

only.

The rock formations of quarry lease area are categorized as hard

rocks from the ground water occurrence points of view. They are

massive; blocky with no original porosity or secondary porosity

developed from the subsequent weathering processes either mass

destruction and denudation or major structural disturbances. It

is not likely that this hard granite mass forms an aquifer at depth

to possess ground water and will be totally dry only.

Mine area hillock is at higher elevation of more than 302 RL.

Entire watershed area is at surface elevation ranging from 240 to

260 m AMSL. Ground water elevation in general in the watershed

area is between 238 and 246 m AMSL. Mine working depth will

be at higher elevation than the ground water elevation.

7.14.14 Working Depth and Ground Water Elevation (Tor 28)

Location of Mine lease and wells in the Watershed area are shown

in the Google Map vide Figure-7.19. Surface elevation of each well

location is derived from the Google map source. Surface elevation


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and ground water elevation in the wells monitored are shown in

the Annexure-1.

Working depth and ground water level elevation profiles have been

constructed along two cross sections A-B and A-C as shown in the

Google Map in the Figure-7.19. The surface elevation and ground

water elevation details from the water levels monitored in the area

are shown in the Table-7.4.

The surface elevation, ground water elevation in the wells

monitored and the proposed depth of mining along the two profiles

have been presented in the Figure-7.20. The sections indicate

that the working depth is much above general ground water level.

Detailed hydro-geological studies indicate that there is no scope of

encountering ground water in the Mine Lease area.

Lower E.C values from the mine area, either along the cross

section A—B at Well location numbers 2,4, 3,11,12,13,14, and 15

or along Section A-C at well location numbers 5, 7, 8, 19, and 18

may be due to gentle gradient, weathered pediment to add higher

dissolved salt content at lower elevation and recharge conditions

on the higher surface relief.

TABLE – 7.4(A): SURFACE AND GROUND WATER LEVEL ELEVATION

ALONG A –B

Item Mine Site

Well No.3

Well No.11

Well No.14

Well No.15

Well No.17

Surface Elevation

m AMSL

302 251 248 254 246 239

Ground Water

Elevation M AMSL

Dry 241 241 242 238 229

Ground Water E.C.

Dry N.A 1690 1160 1890 2310

TABLE-7.4 (B :) SURFACE AND GROUND WATER LEVEL ELEVATION

ALONG A–C


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Item Mine Site

Well No.5

Well No.19

Well No.18

Surface Elevation m AMSL

302 258 254 255

Ground Water

Elevation m AMSL

Dry 246 244 243

Ground Water E.C. Dry N.A 1140 1090


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Figure-7.19: Surface and Groundwater Elevation along A- B & A–C in the Project Area

A

B

C


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FIGURE-7.20

SURFACE ELEVATION AND GROUND WATER ELEVATION ALONG

SECTION A-B, A-C AND QUALITY VARIATION

MSL

MSL


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7.14.15 Water Requirement, Availability & Permission (TOR 22 & 23)

Water requirement for the project operations are 5 KL/d only. It

comprises 3 kl/d for the dust suppression, 1 kl/d for Green Belt

development and 1 kl/d for domestic consumption of the work force

deployed in the operations.

Source of Water proposed is from the ground water through purchase

totally by tankers. Mandal wise and the Ground Water Resource

Assessment unit wise Ground Water potential estimation studies

indicate that the existing ground water draft for all uses in the mandal

is very high. Mandal wise estimates show the Stage of Development is

under ―Critical Category‖ indicating development at more than 90%

and less than 100%. Assessment Unit wise estimates indicate that the

area falls in the ―Over Exploited Category”.

Mine area micro watershed has farm ponds and surface storage

reservoirs to harvest rain water in the upland regions in the form of

chain tank system. Ground water is being withdrawn from large

diameter wells and depth to water is between 7 and 10 meters from

the surface.

Permission for drawl of ground water from the Statutory Authorities

is either the Central Ground Water Authority or the State Ground

Water Department. The project site area is not in the list of CGWA

Notified areas for regulating ground water development. Ground

water with-drawl permission from the Central Ground Water Authority

is required for the Safe Category and non Notified areas, only when

ground water with-drawl exceeds more than 100 m3 / day as per

their Regulatory Guidelines.

Proponents are required to take up rain water harvesting plans in the

Water shed area to augment the resources to the extent of their

requirements as per the guidelines. The project requirement of 5 kl/d

of ground water drawl from nearby Bore-wells through purchase by

tankers is considered as meager. State GWD Deputy Director is


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authorized to give necessary permission to draw ground water to meet

the Industrial requirements as per the G O Ms 309 dated 01-09-2005

vide Annexure-6.

7.14.16 Details of Streams Passing Through The Lease Area (TOR 27)

The proposed colour granite quarry is from a hilly terrain with surface

rock out-crops with a very less thin soil cover. It is a sloppy area with

steep surface gradient of 30 to 40 meters over a distance of less than

200 meters. Rainfall surface run off generated in the area descends

fast instantaneously by following the slope. There is no development

of defined rainfall run-off flow paths in the lease area which can be

called as seasonal stream courses.

After removal of over burden any other waste, the granite blocks will

be extracted starting from one end of the lease margin at lowest

elevation by advancing in the form of benches of 6 m height. The

development will be from the bottom to the top of the lease area as

shown in the progressive Mine Plan.

There are no seasonal streams in the lease area. There is no diversion

of seasonal stream course in quarrying of the colour granite.

7.14.17 Details of Public Hearing

In accordance with the Notification No. S.O. 1533 dt. 14.09.2006 of

Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi,

the Environmental Engineer, APPCB, RO, Tirupathi issued a

notification pertaining to the Environmental Public Hearing on the

proposed black & colour granite of Sri P. Gowtham Reddy has been

granted a mining lease over an area of 8.099 ha. in Sy. No. 107/P &

13/P of Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal,

Chittoor District in leadin newspapers inviting suggestions, views,

comments and objections of the general public and the same was

conducted on 20-11-2014 at 10:30 am and the minutes of the

meetings are enclosed as Annexure 7D


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CHAPTER – 8

PROJECT BENEFITS

Any industrial activity will help in improving the socio-economic

benefits in areas like employment, communication and infrastructure

development etc.

8.1 EMPLOYMENT POTENTIAL

It is proposed to provide employment to about 17 persons for carrying

out mining operations and give preference to the local people in

providing employment. In addition there will be opportunity for

indirect employment to many people in the form of contractual jobs,

business opportunities, service facilities etc. the economic status of

the local people will be enhanced due to mining project.

8.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELFARE MEASURES PROPOSED

The impact of mining activity in the area will be more positive than

negative on the socio-economic environment in the immediate project

impact area. The employment opportunities both direct and indirect

will contribute to enhanced money incomes to job seekers with

minimal skill sets especially among the vulnerable communities.

8.3 IMPROVEMENT IN PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

The proposed mine is located in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh

and the area have communications, roads and other facilities are well

established. The following physical infrastructure facilities will further

improve due to proposed mine.

Road Transport facilities

Communications

Housing facilities

Water supply and sanitation

Power


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Medical, Educational and social benefits will be made available to

the nearby civilian population in addition to the workmen employed

in the mine.

8.4 IMPROVEMENT IN SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Employment is expected during civil construction period, in trade,

garbage lifting, sanitation and other ancillary services, Employment in

these sectors will be primarily temporary or contractual and

involvement of unskilled labour will be more. A major part of the

labour force will be mainly from local villagers who are expected to

engage themselves both in agriculture and mining activities. This will

enhance their income and lead to overall economic growth of the area.

Trade and Commerce

The area is mainly known for its rich depositions of granite stone. The

main agricultural crops grown in this area are Rice, Jowar,Cotton,

Turmeric , Maize, Arhar , Chillies, Sugar caneand Sesame .There are no

major, medium or minor irrigation projects utilizing the surface water

resources

TABLE 8.1

Major Crops 1997-98

Crop Area as % of

District total

Quantity

(In Thousand Tonnes) Source

Rice 18.89 222 1997-98

Jowar 0.38 2 "

Cotton * N N "

Turmeric N 1 "

Maize N N "

Arhar 1.15 1 "

Chillies 0.76 3 "

Sugar cane 5.92 2775 "

Sesame 0.19 N "


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8.5 Other Tangible Benefits

The proposed mine is likely to have other tangible benefits as given

below.

Indirect employment opportunities to local people in contractual

works like construction of infrastructural facilities,

transportation, sanitation, for supply of goods and services to

the mine and other community services.

Additional housing demand for rental accommodation will

increase.

Market and business establishment facilities will also increase.

Cultural, recreation and aesthetic facilities will also improve.

Improvement in communication, transport, education,

community development and medical facilities and overall

change in employment and income opportunity.

The State Government will also benefit directly from the proposed

mine, through increased revenue from royalties, excise duty and etc.

8.6 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy will take responsibility to develop awareness

among all levels of their staff about CSR activities and the integration

of social processes with business processes. Those involved with the

undertaking of CSR activities will be provided with adequate training

and re-orientation.

Under this programme, the project proponent will take-up following

programmes for social and economical development of villages within

10 km of the project site. For this purpose, separate budget will be

provided every year. For finalization of these schemes, proponent will

interact with “Gram Sabha” & the State Rehabilitation Commissioner.

The schemes will be selected from the following broad areas:


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Health Services.

Following activities are envisaged:

a. Financial grants to existing health care centres in the area.

b. Health awareness programme.

c. Cataract camps, Family planning camps, Immunization camps will

be organized.

Social Development


a. Facilitate in formation of SHG.

b. Formation of co-operative societies

c. Training for self employment

Infrastructure Development

Project proponent proposes to take-up following activities for

development of infrastructure in the area;

a. Rainwater harvesting schemes.

b. Construction & repair of hand pumps.

c. Renovation of ponds.

d. Bath enclosures.

Education & Sports.


a. Financial grant to the existing educational institutions for

development of physical infrastructures.

b. Organize sports activities in the area.

Self Employment

Entrepreneurship Development Programmes for local youths would

be organized. This will enable them for self-employment. Such

trainings will be organized in following fields:

a. Sewing.

b. Computer Training


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c. Horticulture.

d. Dairy

e. Poultry

f. Pisciculture

g. Goatery

All these programmes will be organized in consultation with the state

authorities & Gram Sabha. All above programmes would be

implemented through NGO’s operating in the area.

Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy is committed to operate the proposed mine in

an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner,

while recognizing the interests of its stakeholders. This commitment is

beyond statutory requirements. CSR is, therefore, closely linked with

the practice of sustainable Development.

Proposed Black & Colour Granite Mine of Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy at

Ambodarapalli &Pathapalyam Villages, G. D. Nellore Mandal,


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CHAPTER – 9

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.1 INTRODUCTION

Environment Management Plan (EMP) aims at the preservation of

ecological system by considering in-built pollution abatement facilities

at the proposed site. Mitigation measures at the source level and an

overall environment management plan at the study area are elicited so

as to improve the supportive capacity of the receiving bodies. The EMP

aims at controlling pollution at the source level to the possible extent

with the available and affordable technology followed by treatment

before they are discharged.

The EMP presented in this chapter discusses the administrative

aspects of ensuring that mitigative measures are implemented and

their effectiveness monitored after approval of the EIA.

9.2 EMP IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

Sustainable development in the study area needs to be intervened

with judicious utilisation of non - renewable resources of the study

area and within the limits of permissible capacity. The assimilative

capacity of the study area is the maximum amount of pollution load

that can be discharged in the environment without affecting the

designated use and is governed by dilution, dispersion and removal

due to physico - chemical and biological processes. EMP is required to

ensure sustainable development in the study area of 10 km radius of

the proposed mining site hence it needs to be an all encompassive

plan for the proposed activity. Government regulating agencies like

Pollution Control Board working in the region and more importantly

the people living in the study area need to extend their co-operation

and contribution.




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It has been evaluated that the study area has not been affected

adversely with the proposed activity and likely to get new economic

fillip, not only for the study area but also for the region as a whole.

Mitigation measures at the source level and an overall management

plan at the study area level are elicited so as to improve the supportive

capacity of the receiving bodies. The EMP aims at controlling pollution

at the source level to the possible extent with the available and

affordable technology followed by treatment before they are

discharged.

Environmental management for the proposed mining activity is being

discussed in two phases during construction phase and during

operation phase. It is evident from the earlier discussions that the

majority of the environmental impact pertains to the operational

phase. Even though reversible in nature - all the impacts will be

visible only during operational phase. It is planned to take corrective

measures to ensure that these effects are kept to bare minimum. The

EMP will therefore, be initiated during planning stage itself.

Second stage of the EMP will be taken up during the operational

phase. Those will ensure that impacts during operation of the facility

are kept to the barest minimum.

9.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE (EMC)

The EMC will look after all the environment related activities in the

area. Further, an EMC would be constituted at the mine level which

will be responsible for implementation of environmental clearance

conditions, approved EMP, regular environmental quality monitoring,

proper running of effluent treatment plant and liaison with regulatory

bodies like APPCB and MoEF. The Committee will be headed by

Project Officer / Manager and will be assisted by supporting staff and

workmen.

Mine level environmental protection measures like subsidence

monitoring & management, dust suppression, treatment and re-use of




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wastewater, plantation, and noise control in mine premises and house

keeping will be looked after by the mine level management.

On the other hand, for implementation of area level protection

measures in respect of mine water and domestic effluent treatment,

dust suppression at mine, plantation and green belt development over

the vacant areas, environmental quality monitoring etc., will be taken

up by different disciplines of the company like Civil, Hydrogeology,

Forestry and Environment department etc. Co-ordination between

various disciplines, periodic monitoring of various environment

protection measures will be done by a senior executive who reports

directly to the area General Manager. He will be assisted by

Environmental Officer who is oriented towards and well versed with

various aspects of environmental pollution and control in mining

areas.

9.3.1 Functions of EMC:

To integrate environmental factors into business decisions.

To monitor compliance of environmental regulations.

Continual improvement in environmental performance.

To follow proper documentation and monitoring procedures, for

developing better environmental management systems at the

mine.

To ensure systematic and routine housekeeping to reduce

generation of pollutants inside the mine.

To develop and maintain green belt at mine premises, township

and vacant land within mine premises.

To keep up with regulatory requirements and arrange for the

necessary certificates or consents viz., air and water.

To conduct regular environmental monitoring and submit the

annual statement to APPCB.

Corporate environment department will also periodically monitor the

mine for implementation of approved EMP and environmental

clearance conditions issued by MoEF to the mine.




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9.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The environmental impact assessment made in the preceding section

has identified the areas where certain control measures are called for

to minimize the negative impacts. Subsequent paragraphs deals with

effective measures proposed to be taken up with regard to the

following aspects so that the proposed mining and allied activities can

be continued in an environment-friendly manner:

Land Environment

Air pollution control

Blasting and noise control

Water pollution control

Socio-economic aspects

9.4.1 Land Environment:

Land degradation is one of the major adverse impacts of opencast

mining activities and put efforts to control adverse impacts would be

incomplete without appropriate land reclamation strategy. Plantation

shall be carried out on undisturbed areas and greenbelt shall be

planted in the statutory barrier along the mine lease boundary.

Garland drains will be provided around the dump to arrest any soil

being carried away by the rain water. Special local stone paved

chutes and channels will be provided, wherever required to allow

controlled descent of water, especially from external dumps.

In general, it is necessary to reclaim the disturbed land in the mining

areas to fulfil the following objectives:

To put the land to productive uses such as agriculture, forestry,

water reservoir etc; and

To restore the aesthetic beauty of the area.

Of the entire mining lease area of 8.099 ha about 5.90 ha will be

utilized for mining, 0.96 ha will be afforested and remaining area




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will be undisturbed. The post mining land use pattern of the mine

is given in table below

TABLE 9.1: POST MINING LANDUSE

Area in ha.

Area under Mining 5.90

Area under Roads 0.12

Area under Afforestation 0.96

Undisturbed Area 1.119

Total 8.099

After the removal of granite from the mine, waste will be back

filled into the mined out pit. Backfilled area will be stabilized

and afforested.

Fig – 4.2 shows the conceptual plan of the Mining Lease Area.

9.4.1.1 Afforestation

A plantation program over life of the mine will be planned in a phased

manner. The plantation will be start from first year of mining along

the boundary of ML area. A minimum of 7 m wide green belt

development around the ML area will be carried out and additional

green belt will be taken up wherever space is available. A thick

plantation is proposed to be provided and maintained along the roads.

Around 1500 trees/ha will be planted. Five years afforestation plant

has given in Figure: 9.1.

In order to minimize the impact of mining on the vegetation outside

the mine lease area, it is recommended that adequate protection

measures must be implemented. They include assisted regeneration in

forest areas and soil and water conservation measures. As mining

involves movement of vehicles and increased anthropogenic activities,

some of the areas can be fenced by involving local people and

educating them about increased benefits of such activities. Mine dust

should be suppressed by regular sprinkling of water on the mine

overburden dumps and haul roads including the plants near the

mining. It is essential to create a green belt around the proposed

mine lease area and along the haul roads well before the initiation of




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the mining activities. The green belt will act as a barrier to trap the

suspended dust particles and also suppresses air pollutants. It is also

important to create a green belt with tall seedlings (>1 m height) of

indigenous species so as to establish it with good survival percentage

at the earliest. Species suggested for greenbelt development are

enclosed as Annexure – 1.




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Figure: 9.1

Five years Afforestation plan (Greenbelt Plan)




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9.4.2 Air and dust pollution control measures

The PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx and CO concentrations are within

limits in the monitored ambient air quality.

The control measures will be adopted for comfortable working

conditions to employees working below ground by providing good

ventilation.

Dust control measures on belt transfer and truck loading points.

Water sprinkling by fixed and mobile sprinklers on transport road

and at the railway siding, development of green belt around

loading point.

The ventilation system will be circulating air at the rate of 10,000

m3/min. Greenbelt will be planted around the mine and loading

facilities.

Dust masks will be provided as safety measures to the workers

engaged at dust generation areas viz. loading / unloading points,

material handling etc.,

9.4.3 Noise and Blasting

Provision and maintenance of peripheral greenbelt & avenue

plantation.

Periodic maintenance of noise generating machinery and

transportation vehicles will be ensured.

Provision of the air silencer to modulate the noise generated by

machines will be made wherever required.

To protect the workers from exposures to higher noise levels

protective devices like ear muffs / ear plugs shall be provided.

The exposure time of workers to the higher noise level shall also

be reduced.

9.4.4 Water pollution control measures

The water accumulated in the mine in the sump will be pumped out

and after necessary de-silting, the water will be used for dust

suppression and for greenbelt development. Any water left after




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meeting the water requirement, will be released in the nearby

stream.

Mine workings will be above the ground water table only. Hence no

seepage water is envisaged in the mine.

There will not be any major impact on the ground water resources of

buffer zone due to mining activity. All effluents from domestic

activities shall be treated in septic tank followed by soak pit.

9.4.4.1 Storm water

Control measures to be adopted are briefly discussed below:

Garland drains with silt traps will be provided all along the

working pits and dumps.

A water gradient of about 1 in 100 will be kept at every bench

towards inside of the bench to prevent formation of gullies in the

bench slopes causing serious erosion.

The mine water will be passed through specially constructed

settling ponds to arrest any loose material being carried away

with water.

9.4.5 Socio-Economic aspects including resettlement and benefits

No rehabilitation and resettlement policy for proposed project.

Preference will be given to the local people for gainful employment in

the unskilled and semi-skilled categories as and when the need arises.

Due to development activity in the rural and backward area, traders

and private enterprises will settle in the region, which will provide

indirect employment to the local people.

9.4.6 Monitoring schedule of EMP

In order to keep a watch on the local environmental conditions (air

quality, water quality and noise levels) monitoring shall be done

regularly every year by taking measurements near the mine and




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residential areas preferably close to some of the earlier stations so as to

keep a comparative check with respect to the baseline data. For air

quality monitoring, continuous monitoring on 24 hours sampling basis

should be done for two days per week and analytical checks made for

PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx and CO.

For effective management of the environment, it is envisaged to have an

organizational set-up under the administrative supervision of the Mines

Management where responsibilities can be delegated to technical

personnel like Mining Engineer and Geologist with regard to specific

aspects of environment management plan.

9.4.7 Parking Area

Parking area for tippers/ trucks will be provided at surface bunker

area, for employees to park their vehicles separate parking will be

provided at Administrative Office of mine.


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Chapter-10

Summary & Conclusions

10.1 INTRODUCTION

Sri P. Gowtham Reddy is a private Business individual. He has been

granted a mining lease for Granite over an extent of 8.099 ha in

survey no.s 107/P & 13/P of Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam villages,

G. D. Nellore Mandal, Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh for a period of

20 years.

It is proposed to produce 1062 m3/ annum of Granite from the mine.

The estimated project cost will be about Rs. 80.0 Lakhs.

10.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The study area covers 10 km radius around the proposed Granite

mine located near Ambodarapalli & Pathapalyam villages, G. D.

Nellore Mandal, Chittoor Dt., Andhra Pradesh.

As part of Environmental Impact Assessment study, baseline

environmental monitoring was carried out covering the months of

December – 2013 to February 2014.

Predominant Wind directions during this period were from the ENE-

NE-NNE-E directions accounting to about 60.1 % of the total time.

calm conditions (Wind with <1.0 kmph speed) are recorded as 7.8 % of

the total time. Wind speeds during this period were varying between 1

– 17 kmph and sometimes up to 19kmph.

Ambient air quality of the study area has been assessed through a

network of eight ambient air quality locations. Results of the ambient

air quality at all the above locations were found to be well within the

limits of National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) Standards specified for

Rural, Residential and Industrial areas. Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5,

SO2 and NOx are mainly contributed due to vehicular traffic and local


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activities. The following is the summary of ambient air quality in the

study area.

TABLE 10.1 SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (µg/m3)

98th Percentile Values

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx

Mine Site 44.80 17.70 11.45 17.80

Study Area 41.21-59.51 16.62-23.80 10.30-16.71 16.70-19.31

NAAQ

Standards

100 60 80 80

Note : CO values are observed less than 1 ppm during study period.

Noise levels were monitored at 8 locations in the study area of 10 km

radius. Noise levels recorded were found to be in the range of 45.31-

55.39 dB(A) during day time and in the range of 41.76-54.85 dB(A)

during night time in the buffer zone.

Eight water samples were collected from different locations. Ground

water samples collected from the study area showed compliance of all

parameters with the drinking water standard of IS 10500.

Soil samples were collected from eight locations in the study area for

assessing the soil quality. All the soil samples showed average to good

fertility.

There are no endangered flora/ fauna species in the area.

The socio economic status of the study area is moderate.

10.3 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

MEASURES

10.3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT

The air borne particulate matter is the main air pollutant contributed

by opencast mining. Various emission sources are identified from the


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mining operations for the proposed production of 1062 m3/ annum of

Granite.

Ground level concentrations due to the mining activities have been

estimated to know the incremental rise and distance of impact in the

study area.

Predictions have been carried out for the worst-case scenario

considering all the operations of the mine will be under simultaneous

continuous operation of 24-hours for the proposed emissions.

OVERALL SCENARIO, µg/m3

Core Zone

( PM 10 )

Buffer Zone

Baseline Concentration, max. 44.80 59.51

Predicted Concentration, max. 0.0235 5

Overall Scenario 44.8235 64.51

NAAQ Limits 100 100

10.3.1.1 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES

The following air pollution control measures will be implemented in

the mine to control the impact of air pollution.

In order to minimize the dust emanating from the mining

operations water sprinkling is proposed at the mine pit, waste

dump and also on the haulage roads to suppress the dust.

Dust masks will be given to the mine workers.

Regular grading of haul roads will be done to clear the

accumulation of loose materials on the roads.

Transport vehicles are maintained regularly in order to minimize

the emissions from them.

Overloading of tippers will be avoided to prevent the material

spillage on the roads.

Plantation will be done which will acts as a pollution sink.


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The air pollution impacts on the nearby villages will be negligible with

this small scale manual mining after adoption of the above air

pollution control measures.

10.3.2 NOISE ENVIRONMENT

Noise levels in the proposed mine will be produced due to movement

of vehicles for transportation of granite. But the pronounced effect of

noise is felt only near the active working area.

Since the proposed mine will adopt open cast semi mechanized

method for mining, there will not be any impact on the surrounding

villages due to the mining operations.

10.3.2.1 NOISE POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES

The following are the noise pollution control measures proposed in the

mine.

Ear plugs and ear muffs will be provided to the mine workers

Vehicles used for transportation will be regularly maintained.

Greenbelt will be provided all along the mine in 7.5 m barrier

zone to reduce the noise levels.

Speed of the vehicles entering or leaving the mine will be limited

to 25 kmph to avoid undue noise from empty trucks.

10.3.3 IMPACT DUE TO GROUND VIBRATIONS

The proposed mine will adopt open cast semi mechanised method for

mining with minimum drilling and blasting for separation of primary

rock. Hence the impact on ground vibrations due to mining will be

negligible.

10.3.4 WATER ENVIRONMENT

The total water requirement for the above operations will be 5.0

m3/day and will be met from bore well located adjacent to the mine.


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Waste water generation from the above consumption is from domestic

consumption i.e., 0.8 m3/day. Waste water generated from the

domestic front will be mainly from toilets. This waste water will be

treated in septic tank and sent to soak pit.

There are no rivers, tanks and other perennial water sources in the

area. Hence there will not be any impact due to mining on surface

water bodies.

Ground water table in this region is found at a depth of 8 to 50 m

from the surface. The mine workings are proposed to a maximum

depth of 12 m from the hill top, which is above the water table depth.

Hence there will not be any impact due to mining on ground water

table.

It is proposed to construct garland drains with sedimentation pits all

along the mine pits and waste dumps to avoid erosion and

sedimentation due to storm water. Only fresh water will be left into

the nearby seasonal nalas after de-siltation. When the waste is

backfilled into the mined out pit, backfilled area will be stabilized and

afforested to avoid erosion and sedimentation of seasonal nalas.

10.3.5 LAND ENVIRONMENT

The top soil will be available between the rocks in the mine. It will be

stored separately and used for greenbelt development in the mine.

Out of the total granite produced, 88% is going to be generated as

mineral waste which consists of intercalation of weathered and hard

Granite.

During the life of the mine about 11,51,777 m3 of waste will be

generated and it will be backfilled into the mined out pit at the end of

mining. The backfilled area will be stabilized and afforested.

Of the entire mining lease area of 8.099 ha. about 5.90 ha. will be

utilized for mining, 0.96 ha will be afforested and remaining area will


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be undisturbed. After the removal of granite from the mine, waste will

be back filled into the mined out pit and the remaining area will be

converted into water reservoir. Backfilled area will be stabilized and

afforested.

10.3.5.1 AFFORESTATION

It is proposed to afforest an area of 0.96 ha. in 7.5 m barrier zone all

along the mining lease area. Additionally backfilled area will be

stabilized and afforested.

10.3.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The mine area does not cover any habitation. Hence, the mining

activity does not involved any displacement of human settlement. No

public buildings, places, monuments etc. exit within the lease area or

in the vicinity. The mining operations will be disturb/relocate any

village or need resettlement. Thus, no adverse impact is anticipated.

The mining activity can improve the economic status of the people

around the mine area. Local people will get employment with the

continued mining activities and infra-structural facilities will be

developed. Hence there is possibility of positive impact on socio-

economics of people living in the nearby villages.

10.4 PROJECT BENEFITS

It is proposed to employ about 33 persons for carrying out mining

operations and the lessee proposed to give preference to the local

people in employment. In addition there will be indirect employment to

many people in the form of contractual jobs, business opportunities,

service facilities etc. this will enhance the economic status of the local

people.

The impact of mining activity in the area will be positive on the socio-

economic environment of the region. The employment directly and


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indirectly will be increased and better infrastructure and

communication facilities will be provided.

Mr. P. Gowtham Reddy will take-up following programmes for social

and economical development of villages within 10 km of the project

site.

Health Services.

Social Development

Infrastructure Development

Education & Sports.

Self Employment

All these programmes will be organized in consultation with the state

authorities & Gram Sabha. All above programmes would be

implemented through NGO’s operating in the area.

10.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CELL

In order to implement an effective environmental management plan for

mitigating the adverse impacts on the environment, regular

monitoring of various environmental components is necessary. Mines

Manager with the support of foreman and other workers will monitor

the environment management plan of this area.

10.6 BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

It is proposed to incur about Rs. 6.0 Lakhs for environment

management plan for the proposed mine.

10.7 CONCLUSION

Based on the EIA study it is observed that there will be a marginal

increase in the dust pollution, which will be controlled by sprinkling of

water and transportation of granite in closed trucks.


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There will be negligible impact on ambient environment & ecology due

to mining activities, moreover the mining operations will lead to direct

and indirect employment generation in the area.

Hence, it can be summarized that the mining of Black & Colour

granite from the proposed mine of P. Gowtham Reddy will have a

positive impact on the socio-economic environment of the area.

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ANNEXURE – 1A

TOR LETTER

ANNEXURE – 1B

COMPLIANCE OF TERMS OF REFERENCE

Compliance for Terms of Reference

S.

No.

Minutes of ToR ToR Compliance

1 Year-wise production details since 1994

should be given, clearly stating the highest

production achieved in any one year prior

to 1994. It may also be categorically

informed whether there had been any

increase in production after the EIA

Notification, 1994 came into force w.r.t.

the highest production achieved prior to

1994.

It is a New Mine, so There is

no production.

2 A copy of the document in support of the

fact that the Proponent is the rightful

lessee of the mine should be given.

A copy of the lease document

is enclosed as Annexure-1C.

3 All documents including approved mine

plan, EIA and public hearing should be

compatible with one another in terms of

the mine lease area, production levels,

waste generation and its management and

mining technology and should be in the

name of the lessee.

Mining plan has been

approved and mining plan

approval letter is given in

Annexure-1D.

4 All corner coordinates of the mine lease

area, superimposed on a High Resolution

imagery/ toposheet should be provided.

Such an Imagery of the proposed area

should clearly show the land use and

other ecological features of the study area

(core and buffer zone).

Map showing all corner co-

ordinates of the mine lease

area on topographical is given

in Chapter – 1Figure 1.2,

Page. No: 5

5 Does the company have a well laid down

Environment Policy approved by its Board

of Directors? If so, it may be spelt out in

the EIA report with description of the

prescribed operating process/procedures

to bring into focus any

infringement/deviation/violation of the

Details of Environmental

Management committee are

given in Chapter- 9 of

Section-9.3, Page: 173

S.

No.


environmental or forest norms/

conditions? The hierarchical system or

administrative order of the Company to

deal with the environmental issues and for

ensuring compliance with the EC

conditions may also be given. The system

of reporting of non-compliances /

violations of environmental norms to the

Board of Directors of the Company and/or

shareholders or stakeholders at large may

also be detailed in the EIA report.

6 Issues relating to Mine Safety, including

subsidence study in case of underground

mining and slope study in case of open

cast mining, blasting study etc. should be

detailed. The proposed safeguard

measures in each case should also be

provided.

Mine Safety Principles are

given in Chpater-7 of

Section-7.3, Page: 113-116.

7 The study area will comprise of 10 km

zone around the mine lease from lease

periphery and the data contained in the

EIA such as waste generation etc should

be for the life of the mine / lease period.

EIA report prepared &

studies are conducted in 10

km radius from periphery

of the mine lease.

EIA report contains

production, waste

generation, Baseline

Environment, Predictions &

Management details etc.

8 Land use of the study area delineating

forest area, agricultural land, grazing land,

wildlife sanctuary, national park,

migratory routes of fauna, water bodies,

human settlements and other ecological

features should be indicated. Land use

plan of the mine lease area should be

prepared to encompass preoperational,

Generally it is low lying

plain land with an average

altitude of 175m above

M.S.L. and dendritic to sub

dendritic drainage is

observed.

The land use pattern of the

mine lease area during pre-

S.

No.


operational and post operational phases

and submitted. Impact, if any, of change of

land use should be given.

operational, operational

and post operational

phases are given in

Chapter-2, Section No:

2.6, page no.17.

9 Details of the land for any Over Burden

Dumps outside the mine lease, such as

extent of land area, distance from mine

lease, its land use, R&R issues, if any,

should be given.

Overburden is dumped in

the area earmarked as due

SE side of Q.L. applied

area.

No, R&R issues. The

proposed land is vacant

land.

10 A Certificate from the Competent Authority

in the State Forest Department should be

provided, confirming the involvement of

forest land, if any, in the project area. In

the event of any contrary claim by the

Project Proponent regarding the status of

forests, the site may be inspected by the

State Forest Department along with the

Regional Office of the Ministry to ascertain

the status of forests, based on which, the

Certificate in this regard as mentioned

above be issued. In all such cases, it

would be desirable for representative of

the State Forest Department to assist the

Expert Appraisal Committees.

The Project area is devoid of

any forest or tree cover. It

comprises shrubs only.

11 Status of forestry clearance for the broken

up area and virgin forestland involved in

the Project including deposition of net

present value (NPV) and compensatory

afforestation (CA) should be indicated. A

copy of the forestry clearance should also

be furnished.

Project site does not involve

any forest Land.

S.

No.


12 Implementation status of recognition of

forest rights under the Scheduled Tribes

and other Traditional Forest Dwellers

(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

should be indicated.

Not Applicable

13 The vegetation in the RF / PF areas in the

study area, with necessary details, should

be given.

The vegetation in study area

is given in Chapter-3,Table -

3.13,Table – 3.14, Table -

3.15, Page No: 50-57.

14 A study shall be got done to ascertain the

impact of the Mining Project on wildlife of

the study area and details furnished.

Impact of the project on the wildlife in the

surrounding and any other protected area

and accordingly detailed mitigative

measures required, should be worked out

with cost implications and submitted.

Impacts and mitigation

measures to protect wild life

is given in Chapter-4 of

Section 4.3, Page: 82.

15 Location of National Parks, Sanctuaries,

Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Corridors,

Tiger/Elephant Reserves/(existing as well

as proposed), if any, within 10 km of the

mine lease should be clearly indicated,

supported by a location map duly

authenticated by Chief Wildlife Warden.

Necessary clearance, as may be applicable

to such projects due to proximity of the

ecologically sensitive areas as mentioned

above, should be obtained from the State

Wildlife Department/Chief Wildlife Warden

under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

and copy furnished.

No, National Parks,

Sanctuaries, Biosphere

Reserves, Wildlife corridors,

Tiger/Elephant Reserves

are within 10 km radius of

the study area.

10 km radius topographical

map is given in Chapter –

1 as a Figure 1.2, Page.

No: 5.0

16 A detailed biological study of the study

area [core zone and buffer zone (10 km

radius of the periphery of the mine lease)]

Biological study in the study

area is detailed in Chapter-3,

Section 3.10 (Tables as

S.

No.


shall be carried out. Details of flora and

fauna, duly authenticated, separately for

core and buffer zone should be

furnished based on such primary field

survey, clearly indicating the Schedule of

the fauna present. In case of any

scheduled-I fauna found in the study area,

the necessary plan for their conservation

should be prepared in consultation with

State Forest and Wildlife Department and

details furnished. Necessary allocation of

funds for implementing the same should

be made as part of the project cost.

3.13,3.14&3.15), pages no.

50-57.

No schedule – I fauna is

found within the study area.

17 Proximity to Areas declared as ‘Critically

Polluted’ or the Project areas likely to come

under the ‘Aravali Range’, (attracting court

restrictions for mining operations), should

also be indicated and where so required,

clearance certifications from the

prescribed Authorities, such as the SPCB

or State Mining Dept. Should be secured

and furnished to the effect that the

proposed mining

activities could be considered.

No critically polluted areas

are located within 10 km

radius of the study area.

18 Similarly, for coastal Projects, A CRZ map

duly authenticated by one of the

authorized agencies demarcating LTL.

HTL, CRZ area, location of the mine lease

w.r.t CRZ, coastal features such as

mangroves, if any, should be furnished.

(Note: The Mining Projects falling under

CRZ would also need to obtain approval of

the concerned Coastal Zone Management

Project site in not located in

coastal area.

S.

No.


Authority).

19 R&R Plan/compensation details for the

Project Affected People (PAP) should be

furnished. While preparing the R&R Plan,

the relevant State/National Rehabilitation

& Resettlement Policy should be kept in

view. In respect of SCs

/STs and other weaker sections of the

society in the study area, a need based

sample survey, family-wise, should be

undertaken to assess their requirements,

and action programmes prepared and

submitted accordingly, integrating the

sectoralprogrammes of line departments of

the State Government. It may be clearly

brought out whether the village located in

the mine lease area will be shifted or not.

The issues relating to shifting of Village

including their R&R and

socio-economic aspects should be

discussed in the report.

No, R&R issues and plans.

The proposed mine land is

Government own land which

is vacant and barren land.

20 One season (non-monsoon) primary

baseline data on ambient air quality

(PM10, SO2 and NOx), water quality, noise

level, soil and flora and fauna shall be

collected and the AAQ and other data so

compiled presented date-wise in the EIA

and EMP Report. Site-specific

meteorological data should also be

collected. The location of the monitoring

stations should be such as to represent

whole of the study area and justified

keeping in view the pre-dominant

downwind direction and location of

Winter seasonal (December

2013 to February 2014)

baseline environmental

studies were given in EIA

report of Chapter-3.

Test results of Ambient Air

Quality, Water Quality, Noise

level and soil quality is

enclosed as Annexure – 3A,

3B, 3C & 3D respectively.

S.

No.


sensitive receptors. There should be at

least one monitoring station within 500 m

of the mine lease in the pre-dominant

downwind direction. The mineralogical

composition of PM10, particularly for free

silica, should be given.

TheMineralogical composition

of PM10 is given in Annexure-

3A1

21 Air quality modelling should be carried out

for prediction of impact of the project on

the air quality of the area. It should also

take into account the impact of movement

of vehicles for transportation of mineral.

The details of the modelused and input

parameters used for modelling should be

provided. The air quality contours may be

shown on a location map clearly indicating

the location of the site, location of

sensitive receptors, if any, and the

habitation. The wind roses showing pre-

dominant wind direction may also be

indicated on the map.

Prediction of impact of the

proposed project on the air

quality of the area is given

Chapter-4, of Section:

4.3.3-4.3.3.2, Page: 85-

87.

Prediction of impact of the

ground level concentrations

are shown in Chapter-4 of

Figure: 4.3, Page: 87.

22 The water requirement for the Project, its

availability and source should be

furnished. A detailed water balance should

also be provided. Fresh water requirement

for the Project should be indicated.

Water requirement details

are given in Chapter-1,

Section 1.4.2, Page : 4.

Schematic diagram of the

Water balance flow chart is

given as Annexure-1D.

23 Necessary clearance from the Competent

Authority for drawl of requisite quantity of

water for the Project should be provided.

Water availability and

permission details are given

in Chapter-7, Section

:7.14.15, Page : 164.

24 Description of water conservation

measures proposed to be adopted in the

Project should be given. Details of

rainwater harvesting proposed in the

Water Conservation Plans are

given in Chapter-7, Section:

7.14.12.5, Page No.158

S.

No.


Project, if any, should be provided.

25 Impact of the project on the water quality,

both surface and groundwater should be

assessed and necessary safeguard

measures, if any required, should be

provided.

Overviews of Environmental

Impacts due to Mining

activity are given Chapter-4

of Section 4.2, Page : 73.

26 Based on actual monitored data, it may

clearly be shown whether working will

intersect groundwater. Necessary data and

documentation in this regard may be

provided. In case the working will intersect

groundwater table, a detailed Hydro

Geological Study should be undertaken

and Report furnished. Necessary

permission from Central Ground Water

Authority for working below ground water

and for pumping of ground water should

also be obtained and copy furnished.

Hydrogeology and

Remedial Measures are

given Chapter-7 of

Section 7.14, Page: 122.

Ground water intersection

details are given in

Chapter-7,

Section:7.14.13., Page.

No: 159.

Details forpermission from

Central Ground Water

Authority is given in

Chapter-7, Section:

7.14.15 , Page No: 164.

27 Details of any stream, seasonal or

otherwise, passing through the lease area

and modification / diversion proposed, if

any, and the impact of the same on the

hydrology should be brought out.

No stream is passing

through the lease area.

Details of streams are

given in Chapter-7,

Section:7.14.16, Page.

No: 165.

28 Information on site elevation, working

depth, groundwater table etc. Should be

provided both in AMSL and bgl. A

schematic diagram may also be provided

for the same.

Details of Working Depth and

Ground Water Elevation are


7.14.14, Page. No.159.

29 A time bound Progressive Greenbelt

Development Plan shall be prepared in a

tabular form (indicating the linear and

Afforestration details are

Chapter-9, Section: 9.4.1.1,

Page. No: 176.

S.

No.


quantitative coverage, plant species and

time frame) and submitted, keeping in

mind, the same will have to be executed

up front on commencement of the project.

30 Impact on local transport infrastructure

due to the Project should be indicated.

Projected increase in truck traffic as a

result of the Project in the present road

network (including those outside the

Project area) should be worked out,

indicating whether it is capable of

handling the incremental load.

Arrangement for improving the

infrastructure, if contemplated (including

action to be taken by other agencies such

as State Government) should be covered.

No major impact on local

infrastructure is indicated as

the granite production is less

i.e. only one tipper for every

alternate day will be

transported. However P.

Gowtham Reddy will take

care for strengthening of local

roads through which granite

will be transported.

31 Details of the onsite shelter and facilities

to be provided to the mine workers should

be included in the EIA report.

Details of site services are


1.4.1, Page. No: 4.

32 Conceptual post mining land use and

Reclamation and Restoration of mined out

areas (with plans and with adequate

number of sections) should be given in the

EIA report.

Conceptual mining Plan

details are given Chapter-9of

fig- 9.1, Page: 178.

33 A time bound Progressive Greenbelt

Development Plan shall be prepared in a

tabular form (indicating the linear and

quantitative coverage, plant species and

time frame) and submitted, keeping in

mind, the same will have to be executed

up front on commencement of the project.

Phase-wise plan of plantation and

compensatory afforestation should be

charted clearly indicating the area to be

Phased Afforestation

ProgrammeChapter-9, TABLE

– 4.1, Page. No: 81.

Species identified for

greenbelt development is

enclosed asAnnexure – 9A.

S.

No.


covered under plantation and the species

to be planted. The details of plantation

already done should be given.

34 Occupational Health impacts of the Project

should be anticipated and the proposed

preventive measures spelt out in detail.

Details of pre-placement medical

examination and periodical medical

examination schedules should be

incorporated in the EMP.

Health and Safety Principles

details are given in Chapter-

7, Section: 7.3, Page.

No:113.

35 Public health implications of the Project

and related activities for the population in

the impact zone should be systematically

evaluated and the proposed remedial

measures should be detailed along with

budgetary allocations.

Public health implications are

detailed inChpater-7 of

Section-7.7, Page No: 117.

36 Measures of socio economic significance

and influence to the local community

proposed to be provided by the Project

Proponent should be indicated. As far as

possible, quantitative dimensions may be

given with time frames for

implementation.

Details of improvement in

social infrastructure & CSR

provisions are given in

Chapter-8 of Section-8.1 &

8.3 Page: 167.

37 Detailed environmental management plan

to mitigate the environmental impacts

which, should inter-alia include the

impacts of change of land use, loss of

agricultural and grazing land, if any,

occupational health impacts besides other

impacts specific to the proposed Project.

Environmental Management

Plan is given in Chapter-9.

38 Public hearing points raised and

commitment of the project proponent on

the same along with time bound action

Public hearing is not yet

finished. It is under process.

S.

No.


plan to implement the same should be

provided and also incorporated in the final

EIA/EMP Report of the Project.

39 Details of litigation pending against the

project, if any, with direction /order

passed by any Court of Law against the

project should be given.

Not Applicable

40 The cost of the project (capital cost and

recurring cost) as well as the cost towards

implementation of EMP should clearly be

spelt out.

Budget Provision for EMP

Implementation and

monitoring details are given

Chapter-6 of Table: 6.4,

Page: 112.

ANNEXURE – 1C

LEASE DOCUMENTS

ANNEXURE – 1C

APPROVED MINING PLAN LETTER

ANNEXURE – 1D

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE WATER BALANCE FLOW CHART

Tota

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ANNEXURE – 3A

SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (μg/m3)

SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY (μg/m3)

A1: Project Site

Date Week PM 10 PM 2.5 SO2 NOX CO

12/6/2013 1 42.3 16.1 8.2 17.7 0.25

12/7/2013 1 41.5 15.8 10.6 15.8 0.31

12/13/2013 2 43.8 16.6 9.4 16.5 0.27

12/14/2013 2 42.7 16.2 11.3 16.8 0.3

12/13/2013 3 42.6 16.2 8.3 15.6 0.24

12/14/2013 3 42.5 16.2 9.6 16.4 0.32

12/27/2013 4 44.5 16.9 11.4 15.9 0.29

12/28/2013 4 43.7 16.6 10.2 15.8 0.35

1/3/2014 5 42.9 16.3 9.5 15.6 0.21

1/4/2014 5 44.1 16.8 10.3 17.8 0.4

1/10/2014 6 41.6 15.8 11.2 17.8 0.22

1/11/2014 6 42.8 16.3 8.8 16.5 0.39

1/17/2014 7 43.9 16.7 10.4 16.6 0.28

1/18/2014 7 43.3 16.5 8.4 16.8 0.33

1/24/2014 8 44.2 16.8 9.3 16.3 0.26

1/25/2014 8 43.5 18.3 11.5 17.5 0.35

1/31/2014 9 41.4 15.7 8.7 16.5 0.26

2/1/2014 9 42.8 16.0 10.5 16.8 0.23

2/7/2014 10 44.1 17.0 9.2 16.8 0.32

2/8/2014 10 43.2 16.4 11.2 17.5 0.26

2/14/2014 11 42.4 16.1 9.7 16.6 0.39

2/15/2014 11 40.2 16.7 10.7 17.2 0.24

2/21/2014 12 44.8 16.6 8.5 16.7 0.33

2/22/2014 12 44.8 14.4 9.9 16.8 0.29

Minimum 40.20 14.37 8.20 15.60 0.21

Maximum 44.80 18.27 11.50 17.80 0.40

Average 43.07 16.37 9.87 16.68 0.30

98 Percentile 44.80 17.70 11.45 17.80 0.40

A2: 500m away down wind direction


12/6/2013 1 49.2 22.6 11.2 15.9 0.52

12/7/2013 1 47.2 21.7 11.4 16.7 0.47

12/13/2013 2 46.5 23.2 11.2 18.1 0.52

12/14/2013 2 48.4 21.8 12.4 17.4 0.55

12/13/2013 3 49.3 21.4 10.3 15.7 0.46

12/14/2013 3 49.4 20.6 10.8 17.6 0.53

12/27/2013 4 48.6 23.1 12.4 16.6 0.51

12/28/2013 4 46.5 23.2 10.1 17.2 0.48

1/3/2014 5 46.6 21.0 11.3 18.5 0.54

1/4/2014 5 47.8 22.0 11.2 17.0 0.53

1/10/2014 6 48.2 22.2 11.3 18.3 0.49

1/11/2014 6 46.4 23.6 11.5 17.1 0.51

1/17/2014 7 47.3 21.1 10.4 15.6 0.42

1/18/2014 7 48.7 22.7 11.4 17.5 0.48

1/24/2014 8 49.1 21.5 12.5 17.1 0.57

1/25/2014 8 49.5 22.2 11.6 17.6 0.54

1/31/2014 9 44.2 21.9 12.3 15.4 0.54

2/1/2014 9 49.5 20.7 11.8 17.3 0.52

2/7/2014 10 46.9 21.6 11.7 16.2 0.48

2/8/2014 10 48.9 23.5 12.4 18.5 0.49

2/14/2014 11 49.2 23.7 12.5 17.5 0.43

2/15/2014 11 48.3 23.3 11.9 16.5 0.53

2/21/2014 12 48.6 23.7 12.3 17.8 0.53

2/22/2014 12 48.5 23.9 11.8 16.4 0.52

Minimum 44.20 20.60 10.10 15.38 0.42

Maximum 49.50 23.88 12.50 18.50 0.57

Average 48.03 22.34 11.57 17.06 0.51

98 Percentile 49.50 23.80 12.50 18.50 0.56

A3: VenugopalaPuram


12/6/2013 1 43.3 21.4 13.1 18.9 0.51

12/7/2013 1 43.5 20.8 10.3 16.2 0.46

12/13/2013 2 43.8 22.0 11.3 17.6 0.63

12/14/2013 2 44.5 20.6 12.5 16.6 0.58

12/20/2013 3 43.2 20.4 12.9 15.5 0.47

12/21/2013 3 43.5 19.6 13.5 17.3 0.59

12/27/2013 4 43.5 21.9 13.6 16.3 0.53

12/28/2013 4 47.2 22.1 12.7 17.8 0.49

1/3/2014 5 45.2 20.0 13.2 18.5 0.55

1/4/2014 5 44.2 20.8 13.5 17.5 0.51

1/10/2014 6 46.5 21.1 13.3 17.8 0.35

1/11/2014 6 46.4 22.3 13.7 16.4 0.41

1/17/2014 7 46.3 19.9 13.6 18.5 0.43

1/18/2014 7 45.2 21.5 12.4 17.4 0.42

1/24/2014 8 44.4 20.9 12.5 19.4 0.46

1/25/2014 8 46.2 21.2 12.3 18.9 0.41

1/31/2014 9 44.3 20.9 12.6 17.9 0.36

2/1/2014 9 44.7 19.6 11.1 19.2 0.44

2/7/2014 10 44.1 20.4 13.4 18.3 0.61

2/8/2014 10 44.5 20.7 12.8 17.9 0.44

2/14/2014 11 45.8 22.5 12.3 17.2 0.42

2/15/2014 11 46.5 22.2 13.6 17.9 0.54

2/21/2014 12 45.8 20.6 13.6 17.5 0.43

2/22/2014 12 47.4 22.6 13.9 17.8 0.52

Minimum 43.20 19.61 10.30 15.48 0.35

Maximum 47.40 22.65 13.90 19.40 0.63

Average 45.00 21.10 12.82 17.68 0.48

98 Percentile 47.31 22.60 13.81 19.31 0.62

A4: Ramakrishnapuram


12/9/2013 1 39.4 16.5 9.9 14.4 0.41

12/10/2013 1 38.3 16.5 9.4 13.6 0.36

12/16/2013 2 35.6 15.5 10.3 13.9 0.39

12/17/2013 2 36.6 15.3 9.8 14.6 0.35

12/23/2013 3 36.5 16.8 9.3 14.5 0.41

12/24/2013 3 39.6 15.3 9.6 15.6 0.38

12/30/2013 4 36.5 14.3 8.7 13.6 0.41

12/31/2013 4 34.2 16.5 9.4 14.3 0.31

1/6/2014 5 39.2 14.6 9.2 14.3 0.43

1/7/2014 5 39.8 16.3 8.6 13.6 0.36

1/15/2014 6 38.4 16.8 8.7 14.2 0.45

1/16/2014 6 35.6 15.3 8.9 14.5 0.34

1/20/2014 7 34.2 16.1 9.9 14.2 0.36

1/21/2014 7 36.5 15.7 9.5 14.2 0.41

1/27/2014 8 38.9 14.3 9.8 14.2 0.45

1/28/2014 8 35.2 14.6 8.3 15.2 0.34

2/3/2014 9 38.9 14.4 8.3 14.2 0.45

2/4/2014 9 39.6 16.6 9.9 14.6 0.37

2/10/2014 10 43.3 15.3 8.2 14.2 0.36

2/11/2014 10 39.8 14.2 9.5 14.6 0.32

2/17/2014 11 35.6 14.6 9.9 15.4 0.33

2/18/2014 11 37.2 14.6 10.3 14.8 0.44

2/24/2014 12 38.9 14.5 9.1 15.3 0.38

2/25/2014 12 38.9 14.9 9.6 15.3 0.43

Minimum 34.20 14.20 8.20 13.60 0.31

Maximum 43.30 16.80 10.30 15.60 0.45

Average 37.78 15.40 9.34 14.47 0.39

98 Percentile 41.69 16.80 10.30 15.51 0.45

A5: Yellapalle


12/9/2013 1 55.3 26.5 14.2 18.3 0.68

12/10/2013 1 54.8 27.3 14.9 18.9 0.69

12/16/2013 2 54.3 26.3 14.7 19.5 0.67

12/17/2013 2 54.6 26.8 13.8 19.3 0.61

12/23/2013 3 53.8 26.9 13.4 18.5 0.67

12/24/2013 3 56.3 27.6 14.3 19.7 0.55

12/30/2013 4 54.6 27.9 13.7 18.9 0.63

12/31/2013 4 56.3 27.8 14.8 20.4 0.62

1/6/2014 5 56.8 27.5 13.9 21.0 0.54

1/7/2014 5 54.6 25.6 13.9 19.2 0.64

1/15/2014 6 55.8 26.3 14.6 20.1 0.52

1/16/2014 6 56.3 26.6 13.8 19.0 0.56

1/20/2014 7 56.8 26.8 13.2 18.5 0.53

1/21/2014 7 56.4 26.5 14.4 20.2 0.72

1/27/2014 8 56.3 26.6 14.3 20.0 0.64

1/28/2014 8 56.1 27.5 14.5 21.0 0.65

2/3/2014 9 55.8 28.7 13.8 18.6 0.71

2/4/2014 9 56.3 27.2 14.7 20.6 0.69

2/10/2014 10 56.8 27.6 15.5 18.9 0.56

2/11/2014 10 54.7 24.5 14.9 20.9 0.56

2/17/2014 11 56.9 26.6 14.3 20.1 0.65

2/18/2014 11 56.3 27.5 14.8 18.8 0.69

2/24/2014 12 56.8 27.6 14.9 19.4 0.64

2/25/2014 12 56.9 27.5 14.7 20.5 0.67

Minimum 53.80 24.50 13.20 18.34 0.44

Maximum 56.90 28.70 15.50 21.03 0.72

Average 55.82 26.99 14.33 19.60 0.63

98 Percentile 56.90 28.33 15.22 21.01 0.72

A6: Tengal


12/9/2013 1 56.8 28.5 14.9 21.3 0.55

12/10/2013 1 54.6 27.9 15.6 19.6 0.46

12/16/2013 2 58.1 28.3 14.8 19.2 0.63

12/17/2013 2 54.8 27.2 15.7 21.6 0.59

12/23/2013 3 53.6 27.6 14.9 19.6 0.48

12/24/2013 3 51.7 26.8 14.3 21.5 0.6

12/30/2013 4 57.9 27.3 15.7 20.8 0.64

12/31/2013 4 58.2 28.8 14.5 20.9 0.51

1/6/2014 5 59.6 27.7 14.6 21.6 0.52

1/7/2014 5 55.1 25.9 15.6 19.6 0.62

1/15/2014 6 55.6 25.6 14.7 19.1 0.48

1/16/2014 6 58.8 28.6 14.1 16.8 0.53

1/20/2014 7 56.8 27.5 15.8 21.3 0.44

1/21/2014 7 56.9 25.6 14.5 19.6 0.87

1/27/2014 8 56.3 27.8 15.8 21.3 0.54

1/28/2014 8 56.7 26.8 14.4 19.7 0.64

2/3/2014 9 54.6 27.9 15.4 20.3 0.55

2/4/2014 9 51.8 26.8 15.9 19.6 0.57

2/10/2014 10 58.6 28.9 15.4 21.3 0.49

2/11/2014 10 57.6 27.3 14.9 19.4 0.48

2/17/2014 11 59.4 26.8 16.8 20.1 0.41

2/18/2014 11 58.4 26.9 15.3 21.8 0.56

2/24/2014 12 57.9 29.1 16.6 21.3 0.64

2/25/2014 12 59.1 28.5 15.4 21.0 0.53

Minimum 51.70 25.60 14.10 16.80 0.41

Maximum 59.60 29.10 16.80 21.80 0.87

Average 56.62 27.50 15.23 20.35 0.56

98 Percentile 59.51 29.01 16.71 21.71 0.76

A7: Tirivireddikuppam


12/11/2013 1 40.4 15.6 10.4 17.2 0.51

12/12/2013 1 39.6 14.2 9.6 15.3 0.46

12/18/2013 2 37.8 15.3 11.8 16.4 0.63

12/19/2013 2 40.3 16.2 10.6 16.5 0.58

12/26/2013 3 40.6 16.3 9.8 16.7 0.47

12/27/2013 3 39.7 15.2 10.4 16.9 0.59

1/1/2014 4 39.5 15.8 9.5 15.9 0.62

1/2/2014 4 38.6 14.6 10.9 15.3 0.49

1/8/2014 5 40.7 15.8 9.6 15.1 0.55

1/9/2014 5 38.8 16.8 10.2 16.1 0.64

1/15/2014 6 40.3 16.1 9.9 16.3 0.48

1/16/2014 6 39.9 15.2 9.6 15.8 0.52

1/22/2014 7 40.1 15.3 10.2 15.3 0.43

1/23/2014 7 41.3 15.6 9.6 16.9 0.5

1/29/2014 8 38.6 16.3 10.3 17.5 0.56

1/30/2014 8 38.9 15.7 9.4 16.9 0.65

2/5/2014 9 41.1 16.3 9.8 15.5 0.53

2/6/2014 9 39.7 14.0 9.5 16.6 0.54

2/12/2014 10 37.6 16.4 9.1 17.3 0.46

2/13/2014 10 40.5 15.3 10.6 16.5 0.51

2/19/2014 11 38.6 15.4 9.9 15.9 0.42

2/20/2014 11 39.1 16.1 10.8 17.2 0.54

2/26/2014 12 39.6 16.3 9.8 15.6 0.69

2/27/2014 12 39.4 15.6 10.9 16.4 0.53

Minimum 37.60 14.00 9.10 15.10 0.42

Maximum 41.30 16.80 11.80 17.50 0.69

Average 39.61 15.64 10.09 16.30 0.54

98 Percentile 41.21 16.62 11.39 17.41 0.67

A8: Girtijanlapalli


12/11/2013 1 42.1 16.8 10.1 9.3 0.22

12/12/2013 1 43.9 15.6 9.6 10.4 0.18

12/18/2013 2 42.8 15.3 10.1 10.8 0.16

12/19/2013 2 41.3 16.8 9.4 11.6 0.21

12/26/2013 3 42.7 16.9 9.6 11.3 0.17

12/27/2013 3 41.3 15.1 10.7 12.1 0.15

1/1/2014 4 42.8 16.8 10.3 10.6 0.18

1/2/2014 4 41.4 16.7 8.9 14.24 0.24

1/8/2014 5 41.3 16.3 8.5 13.6 0.36

1/9/2014 5 40.1 15.9 10.2 16.32 0.33

1/15/2014 6 42.8 15.3 9.8 15.68 0.26

1/16/2014 6 41.5 16.7 9.4 15.04 0.18

1/22/2014 7 42.6 16.1 10.1 16.16 0.12

1/23/2014 7 42.6 15.3 8.6 13.76 0.23

1/29/2014 8 41.5 17.4 10.5 16.7 0.22

1/30/2014 8 42.7 16.9 9.7 15.52 0.32

2/5/2014 9 41.3 16.3 8.9 16.64 0.17

2/6/2014 9 42.8 16.2 9.7 15.52 0.23

2/12/2014 10 40.2 17 10.2 16.32 0.19

2/13/2014 10 42.5 15.8 9.9 14.85 0.21

2/19/2014 11 42.8 16.3 9.5 14.25 0.19

2/20/2014 11 41.9 16.9 8.4 15.9 0.31

2/26/2014 12 43.3 16.7 9.4 16.7 0.27

2/27/2014 12 42.3 16.4 9.3 13.78 0.19

Minimum 40.10 15.10 8.40 9.30 0.12

Maximum 43.90 17.40 10.70 16.70 0.36

Average 42.10 16.31 9.62 14.05 0.22

98 Percentile 43.62 17.22 10.61 16.70 0.35

ANNEXURE – 3A1

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of P10

S.No Characteristics Units A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8

1 Particulate Matter(PM10) μg/m3 43.3 56.57 56.4 52.5 52.7 52.5 52.6 51.69

2 Calcium as Ca μg/m3 1.3 3.09 2.67 2.18 2.6 2.21 2.57 2.17

3 Magnesium as Mg μg/m3 0.79 1.07 1.08 1.06 0.79 0.81 1.04 1.05

4 Sodium as Na μg/m3 0.31 0.68 0.7 0.58 0.57 0.61 0.56 0.53

5 Potassium as K μg/m3 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 0.2 0.1 <0.1 0.2 <0.1

6 Chromium as Cr μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

7 Aluminum as Al μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

8 Free Silica μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

9 Lead as Pb μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

10 Zinc as Zn μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

11 Iron as Fe μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

12 Nickel as Ni μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

13 Barium as Ba μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

14 Arsenic as As μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

15

Poly-aromatic hydrocarbons μg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

A1 Mine site

A2 500m away down wind direction

A3 VenugopalaPuram

A4 Ramakrishnapuram

A5 Yellapalle

A6 Tengal

A7 Tirivireddikuppam

A8 Girijanlapalli

ANNEXURE – 3B

WATER QUALITY DATA

WATER QUALITY DATA

W1 Gollapalle W5 Yellapalle

W2 Ambodarapalle W6 Tengal

W3 VenugopalaPuram W7 Tirivireddikuppam

W4 Ramakrishnapuram W8 Girijanlapalli

S.No Parameter W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8

1 Color <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

2 pH @ 26.3oC 7.75 7.89 7.63 7.97 7.51 7.59 7.82 7.69

3 Turbidity 0.5 0.6 1 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9

4 Oil & Grease <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

5 Electrical

Conductivity 1440 1692 2368 1364 2744 1230 1839 1502

6 Dissolved solids

922 1056 1156 818.4 1646.4 738 1562 901.2

7 Alkalinity as

CaCO3 339.5 379 406 386.1 396 346.5 358 396

8 Chlorides as

Cl- 129.24 426.46 589.29 118.26 517.39 137.97 133.7 202.03

9 Sulphates as

SO4 60.8 121.56 118.9 135.83 168.76 56.8 157.61 125.13

10 Nitrate as NO3 0.29 0.58 0.65 0.36 0.72 <0.1 0.46 0.2

11 Hardness as

CaCO3 359 372.6 381.3 343 470.4 343 472.5 382.2

12 Calcium as Ca 61.6 72.9 86.2 90.3 78.6 58.9 71.1 58.9

13 Magnesium as

Mg 32.3 62.9 53.7 28.6 66.7 47.6 41.7 57.2

14 COD 34.2 35.6 29.8 28.8 36.5 30.7 33.2 30.7

15 Sodium as Na 148 183 159 192 372 133 177 191

16 Potassium as

K 1.9 3 1.8 1.7 3.5 3.8 2.2 4.2

17 Fluoride as F 1.27 0.76 0.66 1.28 1.31 1.29 1.3 1.32

18 Iron as Fe 0.72 0.39 0.65 0.87 0.37 0.27 0.81 0.35

19 Suspended

Solids 6 9 7 8 8 7 7 9

20 Lead as Pb <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

21 Manganese as

Mn <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1

22 Cadmium as

Cd <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

23 Chromium as

Cr+6 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

24 Copper as Cu <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

25 Cyanide as CN- <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05

26 Zinc as Zn 0.93 0.9 0.94 0.99 0.95 0.91 0.95 0.92

ANNEXURE – 3C

SOIL QUALITY DATA

SOIL QUALITY DATA

Code Location

S1 Mine site

S2 500m away down wind direction

S3 VenugopalaPuram

S4 Ramakrishnapuram

S5 Yellapalle

S6 Tengal

S7 Tirivireddikuppam

S8 Girijanlapalli

S.

No Parameter S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8

1 pH (10% Solution) 6.68 7.74 7.28 6.51 7.69 8.26 6.53 8.20

2 Moisture Content 1.39 1.85 1.77 1.56 3.13 2.84 2.01 6.06

3 Organic carbon 0.36 0.43 0.82 0.64 0.82 0.82 0.61 0.97

4 Calcium as Ca 117.82 157.06 193.30 117.75 116.06 156.98 153.56 153.19

5 Magnesium as Mg 71.43 95.22 117.20 95.18 46.91 71.38 93.10 69.66

6 Ava Nitrogen as N 147.89 203.74 173.26 191.47 215.72 209.33 178.92 185.62

7 Ava Phosphates as P 74.99 72.68 69.15 75.53 101.48 85.46 74.81 72.35

8 Ava Potassium as K 89.11 196.27 93.79 136.49 198.52 102.73 118.55 178.62

9 Cadmium as Cd <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2

10 Chromium as Cr <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0

11 Nickel as Ni 8.42 7.21 12.05 10.83 18.04 19.28 7.23 8.43

12 Lead as Pb <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

13 Copper <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0

14 Zinc as Zn 24.38 23.43 31.97 31.94 38.75 42.59 31.99 39.51

ANNEXURE-3D

DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF THE STUDY AREA

POPULATION COMPOSITION OF THE STUDY ARE

S.

No No Village

Total House

Holds

Total Population Total

literates

Total

Illiterates

Total workers Total Non

workers

Total

Workers

SC Popul

ation

ST Populatio

n Male Female Cultivators Agriculture Laboures

HHI Other Workers

1 Jupalle 751 1,495 1,482 1,745 1,232 476 869 22 333 1,201 1,776 184 25

2 Krishnapuram 509 972 1,022 1,120 874 314 741 9 239 925 1,069 581 98

3 Venkatapuram 314 647 640 814 473 68 388 0 146 696 591 337 0

4 Nasanipalle 327 614 641 632 623 149 169 0 289 630 625 101 223

5 Venganapalle 123 258 259 268 249 27 237 4 16 222 295 35 0

6 Srinivasapuram 203 447 453 363 537 36 515 0 34 406 494 0 0

7 KavirallaGutta 160 310 322 390 242 155 143 0 37 299 333 60 0

8 Paramasattu 215 391 404 505 290 165 115 0 14 502 293 226 0

9 Venugopalapuram 465 926 955 966 915 295 552 4 111 921 960 831 42

10 Dalavayaipalle 508 1,024 1,221 1,600 645 50 486 40 320 1,332 913 1164 23

11 Krishnapuram 319 516 561 679 398 32 419 0 109 486 591 622 123

12 Mukkaravaripalle 287 619 618 751 486 350 273 0 25 542 695 366 0

13 A.Kothakota 563 1,094 1,156 1,224 1,026 448 313 4 251 854 1,396 408 4

14 Arimakulapalle 223 417 438 568 287 107 221 0 55 490 365 173 4

15 Gollapalle 107 228 211 341 98 37 55 0 35 312 127 176 3

16 Agaramangalam 432 871 901 1,193 579 119 351 2 350 979 793 672 0

17 Mukkelathuru 607 1,183 1,169 1,633 719 309 301 6 379 1,190 1,162 1310 0

18 Kothavenkatapuram 296 755 691 965 481 317 271 4 434 763 683 573 0

19 BakaraNarasingaRayaniPeta

258 533 614 870 277 55 122 4 186 755 392 73 2

20 Krishnapuram 408 964 964 1,191 737 273 340 41 279 1,080 848 146 0

21 Jangalapalle 411 791 796 1,065 522 109 369 16 262 1,018 569 632 37

22 Kuppireddiyur 247 470 512 725 257 108 145 0 67 668 314 388 3

23 Amudala 466 1,005 989 1,200 794 272 389 2 181 913 1,081 986 11

24 Balakrishnapuram 76 191 214 257 148 19 78 0 24 284 121 395 1

Total 8,275 16,721 17,233 21,065 12,889 4,290 7,862 158 4,176 17,468 16,486 10,439

599

16,486

ANNEXURE – 7A

HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL DATA OF WELLS

ANNEXURE – 7B

UNIT WISE POTENTIALS OF ALL THE 75

WATERSHED UNITS OF TOTAL DISTRICT

ANNEXURE – 7C

GROUND WATER RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF

ALL THE REVENUE MANDAL UNITS

ANNEXURE – 7D

MINUTES OF PUBLIC HEARING

ANNEXURE – 9A

SPECIES IDENTIFIED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN BELT

Species Identified for the development of Green Belt

S.No Botanical Name Common Name Type of Habit

1. Abutilon indicum Botlabbenda Shurb

2. Acacia auriculiformis Australian Wattle Tree

3. Acacia catechu Khadiramu Shurb

4. Acacia ferruginea Ansandra Tree

5. Acacia mearnsii Black wattle Tree

6. Acacia leucophoea Tellatumma Shurb

7. Acacia nilotica Indian

Gum/Nallatumma

Tree

8. Acacia pennata Karusikaya Shurb

9. Acacia sinuata Sikaayai Tree

10. Acacia tortilis Umbrella thorn Tree Tree

11. Adenantheraparvonina Bandiguruvenda Tree

12. Adina cordifolia Pasua-Kadamba Tree

13. Aeglemarmelos Maaredu Tree

14. Balanitesroxburghii Gara Tree

15. Bambusaarundinacia Mullabongu Shurb

16. Bischofiajavanica Nalupumusti Tree

17. Buteamonosperma Mooduga Tree


18. Calophylluminophyllum Ponnachettu Tree

19. Calotropisgigantea Peddajiileedu Shurb

20. Cassia siamea Seematangeedu Tree

21. Clerodendruminfortunatum Gurrapukattiyaku Shurb

22. Cordiadichotoma Chinnanakkeru Tree

23. Delonixregia Seemasantkesula Tree

24. Diospyrosmelanoxylon Tumki Tree

25. Erythrinavariegata Baadita Tree

26. Ficusbenghalensis Peddamarri Tree

27. Ficuselastica Indian Rubber Tree Tree

28. Grewiasubinequalis Nallajana Shurb

29. Holopteliaintergrifolia Thapass Tree

30. Ixoracoccinea KoranamTachi Tree

31. Juniperuscommunis Common juniper Shurb

32. Lagerstroemia parviflora Chinagoranta Tall Tree

33. Mallotusphilippensis Sinduri Tree

34. Nyctanthusarbortristis Sepali Shurb

35. Ouginiaoojeinensis Tellamoduga Tree

36. Peltrophorumpterocarpum Copper pod tree Tall Tree


37. Pinuswallichiana Chir pine Tree

38. Poinicianapulcherrima Ratnagandhi Shurb

39. Psidiumguayava Goyya/Guava Tree Tree

40. Ricinuscommunis Aamudamuchettu Shurb

41. Salix tetrasperma Eetipaala Tree

42. Samaneasaman Rain Tree Tree

43. Saracaasoka Asokamu Tree

44. Spondiaspinnata Amratakamul Tree

45. Syncarpiaglomulifera Turpentine Tree Tree

46. Tabernaemontanadivaricata Gandhitagarapu Shurb

47. Terminalaiarjuna Yerramaddi Tree

48. Tremaorientalis Bundamuru Tree

49. Zizyphusmouritiana Reegu Tree

50. Zizyphusrugosa Pinduparighamu Straggler

Shurb

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