Environmental Impacts of Chemical IndustriesDr. Lek Wantha

Contents

Industrial pollutants of the biosphere

Air pollution and its effect

Composition and classification of waste water

Industrial solid waste

Wasteless chemical processing

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Industrial pollutants of the biosphereMaterial (mechanical,

chemical, biological)Emission to

atmosphereGases,

vapors, perfume

Liquid

Solid

Mixed

Waste water

Premonitory polluted

Polluted

Solid waste

Non-toxic

Toxic

Power generation

Heat emission

Noise,Vibration ,Ultrasound

Electromagnetic

Light, In, UV

Laser emission

Ionizing radiation

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Materials

Non-biodegradable

Biodegradable

Groups of Industry Pollutants

Chemical pollutants

GasesLiquidSolid

Biological pollutants

Microorganisms and their wastes

Thermal or mechanical pollutants

1. Material pollutants2.Physical (energy) pollutants

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Air Pollution

1. Natural pollutionDust storm: fine particle of soils, rock, seed and organismsVolcanic eruptions: hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, chloride, CO, CO2, SO2, HF, Ash(silica)

2.Man made air pollutionThermal pollution stations: fuelIron works and non ferrous smelteries: dust, CO, NO, SO2, Hydro carbon (HC)

Motor vehicle: NOx, CO, HCChemical Industries: toxic compound

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Air Pollutants and Effects

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Colorless Respiratory irritant Poison Acid rain (H2SO4) Major source is fuel (coal,

oil) Carbon monoxide (CO)

Colorless Odorless Reduce O2 carrying in

blood Obtained when fossil fuel

is incompletely burned

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Air Pollutants and Effects

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Nitrous oxide (Nox) Mostly NO HNO3 and NO2

Reactive gas at Temperature > 1093.3°C (2000 °F)

Hydrocarbon Volatile organic compounds Evaporation of petroleum (fuel) Incomplete fuel combustion Carcinogenicity

Air Pollutants and Effects

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Particulate or Particular matter (PM) 0.005-100 m (diameter) Dust Ash Smog Reduce visibility Reparatory problem Carcinogenicity

Greenhouse

effects

CO2

57%

CFCs25%

Methane12%

N2O6%

% = percent of contribution of greenhouse effect

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Global Greenhouse Gases

By gases By sources

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2008 Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion

and some Industrial Processes (million metric tons of CO2)

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Greenhouse Effects12

Composition and classification of waste water

Pollutant sources Pollution compositions

1. Manufacture of mineral and inorganic salts

1. Inorganic acid, alkalis, salts (fluorides sulphates, phosphates, etc.

2.Basic organic and petro chemical synthesis

2. Fatty acid, aromatic compounds, monomers, polymer fragments, etc.

3.Manufacture of synthetic resins, polymers, synthetic fiber

3. High-molecular –weight compounds, monomers, polymer fragments, etc.

4.Petroleum processing, thermal conversion of fuel

4.Petroleum products, fuel oil, resins, surfactants, etc.

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Water Contaminants

•Fine suspension (10-4-10-5 cm)

1.Water suspension

•Detergents with particle sizes 10-5-10-6 cm

2. Hydrophobic and hydrophilic colloidal system

•Particle sizes 10-6-10-7 cm3. Organic

composition

•Particle sizes less than 10-7 cm

4. Ionic solution

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Waste Water Sources

Reaction water: reactants and products

Wash water: wash raw materials and products

Liquors Water extracts and absorption

fluid Cooling water Rain water

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Grade of Waste Water

Lift after plant cooling and some condensate

Reactive water: acid and alkali Highly mineralized Contaminated with organic compound Containing component whose recovery

economically advantage Contain petroleum and oil Domestic waste water

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Industrial Solid & Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste properties Corrosively: highly acid or alkali (pH <2 or

>12.5) Ignitability: easily ignited or fire Reactivity: explosion Toxicity: release to water and be toxic

Sources Manufacturing process Commercial/institutional wastes waste water treatment

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Wasteless Chemical Process Wasteless chemical processing

Reduce water consumption Use non-toxic replaced toxic materials Volatile solvents are exclude from operation Better method for waste treatment is

researched

Good sample Air cooling using new ammonia synthesis

reduced water requirement ten-fold Using double absorption in H2SO4 manufacture

to reduce its emission from 0.2% to 0.03-0.05%

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Sources Kiattikomol, R. Chemical process

industries. Faculty of Engineer, Burapha University.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html

http://cenvironment.blogspot.com/2011/11/particulate-matter.html

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