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Environmental Knowledge for Disaster Risk Management
Challenges in Integrating Geospatial Technologies
P. S. Roy([email protected])
Indian Institute of Remote SensingISRO, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India
Dehradun
We Live in Two Environments
Natural Manmade
Self-Regulated Managed
And they are increasingly in conflict..
Major Issues & Challenges
Bio-resources DeforestationLoss of species
Loss of critical habitats
Bio-resources DeforestationLoss of species
Loss of critical habitats
Snow & Glaciers
Melting of Mountain GlacierLoss of Polar Ice cap
Snow & Glaciers
Melting of Mountain GlacierLoss of Polar Ice cap
Ocean
Rise in sea levelDestruction of coral reefs
Ocean Circulation
Ocean
Rise in sea levelDestruction of coral reefs
Ocean Circulation
Climatology
Global warmingExtreme Weather
Climatology
Global warmingExtreme Weather
Atmosphere
Atmospheric loading Loss of ozone layerGreen house effect
Atmosphere
Atmospheric loading Loss of ozone layerGreen house effect
Physical ResourcesLand dynamics
Unequal Water availability Soil degradationBiodiversity loss
Physical ResourcesLand dynamics
Unequal Water availability Soil degradationBiodiversity loss
Ozone Depletion (DU)(1950 : 160 ; 2009 : 110; 2050: 220 )
Deforestation (mha/yr) –
( 1950 : 15 ; 2007 : 13; 2050 : 10 )
Per capita forest present & future (ha)
(1950: 1.13; 2007: 0.62; 2050: 0.35)
Species loss - Present : 40-200 / day; 5-20%; lost during last century
Projected : 2050 : 15-35%;
Global freshwater withdrawalsGlobal freshwater withdrawals
1990 – 3500 km3 ; 2000 – 4430 km3
Agriculture water use : 70%, Expected Agriculture water use : 70%, Expected
rise by 18% by 2050 to maintain rise by 18% by 2050 to maintain
agriculture production ; agriculture production ;
26% global wetland lost26% global wetland lost
Global Mean Temp (oC) (1950 : 13.96 ; 2009: 14.59; 2050:16.30)
CO2 (ppm) (1950 : 29; 2009 : 380; 2050 : 480)
Sea level rise (1950 : 2cm ; 2009 : 9cm; 2050: 16cm )
27 % of coral reef destructed
Average glacier Average glacier Thickness change Thickness change
(cm / yr) (cm / yr) 1990 – 40 ; 2050– 95;
Food SecurityWater Security
Enhanced Natural Disasters
Social & Health Security
Knowledge Building for DisasterRisk Management
FLOOD FLOOD MAPMAP
DROUGHT DROUGHT MAPMAP
DAMAGEDAMAGEMAPMAP
HAZARD HAZARD ZONESZONES
RISKRISKMAPMAP
Data (Observation)for Information
Information for Decision
Decision for Action
Data
Information
[Model]
DSS/SDSS
[AI]
Expert System
[Process]
Measurement, Monitoring, Modeling,Measurement, Monitoring, Modeling,Planning, Decision Making, ManagementPlanning, Decision Making, Management
How Can Geospatial TechnologiesHelp in Knowledge Building?
• EO Systems (spaceborne & airborne)– SENSORS with various SPATIAL, TEMPORAL SCALES, EM REGIONS– GEOPHYSICAL PRODUCTS from RS
• GIS– Link, view, analyse all geo-linked data
• GPS– LOCATIONS, MOBILE MAPPING
• (INTEGRATION) : Sensor-Web, Web-GIS, Crowdsourcing GI, Mobile Mapping, Spatial/ Non-spatial Databases, AWS, etc.
• APPLICATION : Modelling & Decision Making with knowledge
Regional
LocalEarth ObservationFrom Space
Multi-resolution Capability
(Low Res.)
(High Res.)
EARTH OBSERVATION
FROM SPACE
Time-Series & All-weather Observations
11.04.2008(pre-flood)
20.08.2008(post-flood)
22.08.2008 23.08.2008 24.08.2008 27.08.2008
29.08.2008 03.09.2008 05.09.2008 10.09.2008
High temporal resolutionLarge swath
Medium temporal resolutionLarge swath
Low temporal resolutionLimited swath
Low temporal resolutionVery limited swath
High spatial resolutionLocation specific information
Coarse spatial resolutionRegional level information
Medium spatial resolutionLocal level information
Depends on• Phase of the disaster• Type of the disaster• Extent and severity ….
Low spatial resolutionGlobal level information
Global to Local
Spatial Vs. Temporal Resolutions – Trade-offsSpatial Vs. Temporal Resolutions – Trade-offs
Location Based Services and Mobile GIS
Mobile Mapping – Integration of 4 Technologies•Lightweight hardware•GPS•Telecommunications•GIS
Automatic Weather Stations
• Affordable alternatives to get detailed weather information like rainfall, humidity, temperature, etc.
• Special sensors for measuring soil moisture
• Data transmission through communication satellites
• Consistency in data recording
• Enhanced frequency of coverage
• Coverage of inaccessible areas, all weather and all time operations
Soil
Water Resources
Depth toWater Table
Cadastre
Village Infrastructure
Village boundariesTransport networkSettlementsDrainage systemCanal networkCensus InformationPRA/RRA data
Geo-spatial Analysis Using GIS
IntegratedGeo-spatial Analysis
• SIMPLE QUERY• SPATIAL QUERRYING • SINGLE LAYER OPERATION• MULTIPLE- LAYER OPERATIONS• SPATIAL MODELING• SURFACE ANALYSIS• NETWORK ANALYSIS• POINT PATTERN ANALYSIS• GRID ANALYSIS
Land use
EM Data Server
INPUTS
DecisionOutcome
Decision Maker
Spatial Data
• National Informatics Centre
• Ministry of Industry
• Public Works Department
• Office of Registrar General of India
• Bureau of Economics and statistics
• Central Water Commission
• Indian Meteorological Department
• Ministry of agriculture
• Ministry of Home Affairs
• Ministry of Health
• …….
• Survey of India
• Forest survey of India
• Public Works
Department
• Indian Railways
• Ministry of shipping and
surface transport
• Department of Space
• Land Records
department
• Central Water
Commission
• Ministry of Defense
• Indian Meteorological
Department
• National Hydrographic
Organization
• Ministry of agriculture
• Geological Survey of
India
• Ministry of Home Affairs
……..
Non-Spatial Data
SpatialOutput
StatisticalReport
Expert System
Shell
Output
Decision Analysis
Spatial Analysis
Information system
Other GUI
DSS/SDSS
NDEM
Authorized user community
Request
Response
EM Conceptual FrameworkEM Conceptual Framework
Data server
INPUTS
Database Manag.System
SpatialOutput
StatisticalReport
Multi-criteriaSpatial Modeling
Logicaloperators
EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL
Decision Outcome
SDSS SOFTWARE
DECISION MAKER
Evaluation & validation
Yes
No
Output
Health facility•Hospitals•Diagnostics centers•Medical shops•Doctors/Medical staff information•Blood banks•Eye banks•Surgical instrument shops
Infrastructure•Admin boundary •Roads •Rail and Railway station •Police station •Airports/helipads •Settlement •Drainage/surface water bodies
•DEM •Relief shelter locations •Education centers •Fire stations •Forensic Lab •Mining areas •Industry locations
CensusPopulationDensityIncome leveloccupation
UtilityPower lines pipelines communication network
Non spatial data
IDRN link
Sensitive Areas
Input
Input
Input
Request
Converting Knowledge base into DSS / SDSS
Climate Change Research Initiatives
Mapping Indicators of Climate Change using Space inputs
• Glacial Retreat in Himalaya• Change in Polar Ice Cover • Upward Shift in Timberline &
Vegetation in Alpine zone• Bleaching of Coral Reefs• Desertification• Disasters - Flood, Drought
• GHGs & Other Gases - Variability of atmospheric CO/ CO2/ NO2/ CH4
• Biomass burning/ forest fire• Terrestrial Carbon• Atmospheric Aerosols & Trace gases
• Impact on Food Security• Hydrology • Coastal Zone• Ocean Productivity • Land Surface Changes in Regional Climate
Simulations over India • Role of Indian Ocean in Climate variability
Monitoring the Agents of Climate Change
Modeling the impact of climate change
Wetlands
Geomorphology
Forest & Vegetation Soils
Land Degradation
Land Use /Land Cover
•AWiFS -1 : 250000
• LISS III - 1 : 50000
NR Census Layers * User Projects
National Database to address EnvironmentalIssues & their Web Dissemination
ISRO & Multi-institutional Initiatives
• The interoperability framework for accessing and utilizing sensors and sensor systems in a space-time context via Internet and Web protocols
• A set of web-based services may be used to maintain a registry of available sensors.
• The same web technology standards for describing the sensors’ outputs, platforms, locations, and control parameters, thus ensuring interoperability..
Some Solutions: Sensor WebSome Solutions: Sensor Web
Past• 2-D flat map displays
– User as observer from 2-D description to 4-D interaction
Future• Effective 3-D visualization
• 4-D incorporation of time: “The time has come for time.”– Via agent-based modeling / cellular automata? Or how?
• agents (e.g. vehicles, fires or people) interacting over time in a raster (cell)-based environment according to established rules
• 5, 6 and 7-D incorporation of touch (pressure, texture, temperature), sound and smell into modeling/simulation environment)
• User as participant – Users (researchers, professionals, the public) interact with the model;– Participatory GIS: the public as the planner.
Move from 2-D description to 4-D interactionMove from 2-D description to 4-D interactionand beyond?and beyond?
Operational Database
Data Cleaning
Data Preparation
Training Set
Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) Process
Data Warehouse
Data Mining
Extracted PatternVerification & Evaluation
Operational Database
Adapting Advanced Methods for Knowledge Adapting Advanced Methods for Knowledge Discovery from large databasesDiscovery from large databases
Data Mining
Artifical Intelligence
Expert System
Distributed Geoprocessing, Spatial Analysisand Modelling
Operational Operational Data-2Data-2
Operational Operational Data-3Data-3
Operational Operational Data-nData-n
Operational Operational Data-1Data-1
Platform Platform Independent Independent
Solution for Geo-Solution for Geo-spatial analysisspatial analysis
Platform Platform Independent Independent
Solution for Geo-Solution for Geo-spatial analysisspatial analysis
User Defined Products
DSS/SDSS DSS/SDSS OutputsOutputs
Outcomes from Outcomes from Expert SystemExpert System
Information Information DisplayDisplay
Geo-visualizationsGeo-visualizations
Many more…
An Example of Drought Assessment and Early Warning SystemAn Example of Drought Assessment and Early Warning System
RS Satellite Systems
NDVI
Soil Moisture measurement
& Changes
Space Based Inputs
Ground Observation
NetworkMeteorological
Data
Receiving Stations
Drought Monitor & Early Warning
System
Real-time data
Real-t ime data
Real time data
Distributed Geoprocessing contd..
Using Crowdsourcing & VGI Technologiesin Disaster Applications
Challenge
• New mechanism for voluntarily producing & disseminating geographic information using ICT/web-based mapping services (Goodchild, 2007).
• Especially useful in disaster/ emergency applications where real-time updated information (in case of a disaster) is required or where spatial information is not adequate.
• Examples – Wikimapia, OpenStreetMap, Google MyMaps, etc.
• Success Stories – Haiti Earthquake of 2010, Wild Fires of Sanata Barbara (USA) in 2007-09, etc.
• Integration of crowdsourced & authoritative data?
• Data quality?
• Credibility of contributor?
Resourcesat – 2 LISS III, LSS IV , AWiFS
Indian EO Missions - The Near Future
RISAT-1C-band SAR
MEGHA-TROPIQUESSAPHIR, SCARAB & MADRAS
INSAT-3DVHRR, Sounder
Geo HR Imager50m resolution
SARALKa band Altimeter
2011-12
2012-16
Resourcesat-3LISS-3 WS
RISAT 3/4LX SAR
Cartosat- 2C/ 2D80 cm res.
ScatsatKu Band Scatterometer
Cartosat- 330 cm res.
Oceansat-3Ku Band
Scatterometer
Resourcesat - 2 RLISS III, LSS IV , AWiFS
GHGSATSpectrometer(being planned)
IMS-ATMBeing Planned
ISTAGMAGIS, MAVELI,
MAPI
Integrate what we know in to a knowledge system
• Represent
• Understand
patterns,
relations,
processes
• Manage
• Communicate
We Need Better Ways to…
On Mission for transferring technology through education, research & capacity building…..
Thank you..