Environmental Pollution Final

8/14/2019 Environmental Pollution Final

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EnvironmentalEnvironmental

PollutionPollution


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ObjectivesObjectives

Define few terms related toDefine few terms related toEnvironmental PollutionEnvironmental Pollution

Enlist the types of PollutionEnlist the types of PollutionDiscuss the effects of PollutionDiscuss the effects of Pollution

Identify the ways how to manageIdentify the ways how to manage

PollutionPollution


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EnvironmentEnvironmentAll the external factors surrounding theAll the external factors surrounding thehost that might influence vulnerability orhost that might influence vulnerability or

resistance.resistance.

Environmental HealthEnvironmental HealthAssessing, controlling, and improving theAssessing, controlling, and improving the

impact people make on their environmentimpact people make on their environmentand the impact of environment on them.and the impact of environment on them.

Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Imp

act

The effect of positive or negative changesThe effect of positive or negative changeson the environment and on the people,on the environment and on the people,animals, and plants living in it.animals, and plants living in it.


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PollutionPollution

It is the contamination of naturalIt is the contamination of natural

resources such as air, water, and soil,resources such as air, water, and soil,making them foul and unfit for humanmaking them foul and unfit for humanconsumeconsume

(Allender & Spradley, 2005)(Allender & Spradley, 2005) Introduction by man, waste matter orIntroduction by man, waste matter or

surplus energy into the environment,surplus energy into the environment,

which directly or indirectly causeswhich directly or indirectly causesdamage to man and his environmentdamage to man and his environment


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Pollutant:Pollutant:

A substance or effect whichA substance or effect whichadversely alters the environment byadversely alters the environment bychanging the growth rate of species,changing the growth rate of species,interferes with the food chain, is toxic,interferes with the food chain, is toxic,

or interferes with health, comfortor interferes with health, comfortamenities or property values ofamenities or property values ofpeoples.peoples.

MERCURY


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DeforestationDeforestationThe clearing of tropical, and temperate forests forThe clearing of tropical, and temperate forests forcropland, cattle grazing, or urbanization.cropland, cattle grazing, or urbanization.

EcosystemEcosy

stemA community of living organisms and theirA community of living organisms and theirinterrelated physical and chemical environments.interrelated physical and chemical environments.

Ecologic PerspectiveEcolog

ic Perspective

A view point about the community of living organismsA view point about the community of living organismsand their interrelated physical and chemicaland their interrelated physical and chemicalenvironment.environment.


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Major Global EnvironmentalMajor Global EnvironmentalEffectsEffects

Over populationOver population

Air PollutionAir Pollution

Dusts, Gases, and Naturally OccurringDusts, Gases, and Naturally Occurring

elementselements Acid PrecipitationAcid Precipitation

Ozone Depletion and Global WarmingOzone Depletion and Global Warming

Water pollutionWater pollution Deforestation, Wetlands, destruction, andDeforestation, Wetlands, destruction, and

desertificationdesertification

Energy DepletionEnergy Depletion


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Major Global EnvironmentalMajor Global EnvironmentalEffects (Cont)Effects (Cont)

Inadequate HousingInadequate HousingUnhealthy or contaminated FoodUnhealthy or contaminated Food

Inherently harmful foodInherently harmful food

Contaminated FoodsContaminated Foods Foods with Toxic AdditivesFoods with Toxic Additives Food IrradiationFood Irradiation

Water DisposalWater DisposalDisposal of human wastesDisposal of human wastesDisposal of GarbageDisposal of GarbageDisposal of Hazardous WasteDisposal of Hazardous Waste

Insect and rodent ControlInsect and rodent Control


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Major Global EnvironmentalMajor Global EnvironmentalEffects (Cont)Effects (Cont)

Safety in the Home, Worksite, and CommunitySafety in the Home, Worksite, and Community Exposure to toxic chemicalsExposure to toxic chemicals Exposure to IrradiationExposure to Irradiation Injury HazardsInjury Hazards Exposure to Noise pollutionExposure to Noise pollution Exposure to Biological PollutantsExposure to Biological Pollutants Psychological hazardsPsychological hazards Facing Terrorist DangerFacing Terrorist Danger Gases (Burning fossil fuels, Carbon dioxideGases (Burning fossil fuels, Carbon dioxide Tobacco smoke and fumes from domestic fuelTobacco smoke and fumes from domestic fuel Producing Carbon dioxide & sulpher oxide from industriesProducing Carbon dioxide & sulpher oxide from industries


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TYPES OF POLLUTIONTYPES OF POLLUTION

Water PollutionWater Pollution


Land PollutionLand Pollution

Noise PollutionNoise Pollution

Thermal PollutionThermal Pollution

Electro PollutionElectro Pollution

Visual PollutionVisual Pollution


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Effects on BiosphereEffects on BiosphereDamage to human health by specificDamage to human health by specific

chemical substances present in the air,chemical substances present in the air,food, water and radioactive materialfood, water and radioactive material

Damage to natural environment affectingDamage to natural environment affecting

vegetation, animals, crops, soil and watervegetation, animals, crops, soil and waterDamage to visual quality by smoke,Damage to visual quality by smoke,

fumes, dust, noise and wastefumes, dust, noise and waste

Damage by carcinogens, radioactiveDamage by carcinogens, radioactivematerials and excessive noisematerials and excessive noise


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Factors Responsible for Water PollutionFactors Responsible for Water Pollution Inorganic materialsInorganic materials

alkalis, acids, inorganic salts, ammonia, phosphates,alkalis, acids, inorganic salts, ammonia, phosphates,

etc.etc. Heavy metalsHeavy metals

chromium, mercury, nickel, copper, cadmium etc.chromium, mercury, nickel, copper, cadmium etc.

Disinfection by productsDisinfection by products trihalomethanestrihalomethanes

Other harmful substancesOther harmful substances organochlorides etc.organochlorides etc.

Physical factorsPhysical factors turbidity, colour, temperature etc.turbidity, colour, temperature etc.


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Sources Discharging PathogenicOrganismsSources Organism Diseases

Sewage Bacteria Cholera, typhoid, dysentery,

Farm slurry gastroenteritis

diarrhea, salmonellosis

Hospital waste Viruses polio, hepatitis,

Protozoa Diarrhea,dysentery,

Medical

laboratory

Amebiasis

Cryptosporidium

Giardia,

Food processingHelminths Roundworm infestation,

pinworm,

beef tapeworm,


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hashas NoNoBoundariesBoundaries


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Effects from Air PollutionEffects from Air Pollution

Global warmingGlobal warming

Ozone depletionOzone depletion(Ozone hole)(Ozone hole)

Acid RainAcid Rain Various respiratoryVarious respiratory

illnessesillnesses


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Health Effects of Ozone DepletionHealth Effects of Ozone Depletion Skin cancerSkin cancer

CataractsCataracts

Health Effects of Global WarmingHealth Effects of Global Warming Damage to food chainDamage to food chain

Vector-borne diseasesVector-borne diseases Raised ocean levelsRaised ocean levels

Effects on crop productionEffects on crop production

Temperature increase in 1-2 C wouldTemperature increase in 1-2 C wouldenable mosquitoes to extend their range toenable mosquitoes to extend their range tonew geographic areas, leading 45%-60%new geographic areas, leading 45%-60%increases `in cases of malaria by 2050increases `in cases of malaria by 2050


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Indoor air pollutionIndoor air pollution More than three billion people worldwide continue toMore than three billion people worldwide continue to

depend on solid fuels, including :depend on solid fuels, including :

Biomass fuels (wood, dung, agricultural residues)Biomass fuels (wood, dung, agricultural residues) coal, for their energy needscoal, for their energy needs

Cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires orCooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires ortraditional stoves results in high levels of indoor airtraditional stoves results in high levels of indoor airpollutionpollution

Indoor smoke contains a range of health-damagingIndoor smoke contains a range of health-damagingpollutants, such as small particles and carbonpollutants, such as small particles and carbonmonoxide, and particulate pollution levels may bemonoxide, and particulate pollution levels may be20 times higher than accepted guideline values20 times higher than accepted guideline values

Indoor air pollution is responsible for 2.7% of theIndoor air pollution is responsible for 2.7% of theglobal burden of diseaseglobal burden of disease

((The World Health Report 2002)The World Health Report 2002)


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Major Air Pollutants & their ImpactsMajor Air Pollutants & their Impacts

Suspended Particulate MatterSuspended Particulate Matter Dust, smoke, and hazeDust, smoke, and haze

Carbon Monoxide (CO)Carbon Monoxide (CO) Vehicle emissions (highly toxic)Vehicle emissions (highly toxic)

low levels can start or increase heart problemslow levels can start or increase heart problems

Medium concentrations causes headaches and fatigue.Medium concentrations causes headaches and fatigue.

With increased concentration reflexes slow down andWith increased concentration reflexes slow down anddrowsiness occurs.drowsiness occurs.

High levels of carbon monoxide causes death.High levels of carbon monoxide causes death.

People at greatest risk from carbon monoxide include:People at greatest risk from carbon monoxide include:

Pregnant womenPregnant women Infants, andInfants, and

Those with heart or respiratory diseases.Those with heart or respiratory diseases.


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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) GasolineGasoline Paint solvents andPaint solvents and Organic cleaning solutionsOrganic cleaning solutions

Lead & other heavy metalsLead & other heavy metals Dangerous even at low concentrationsDangerous even at low concentrations Lead to reduced intelligence in children, brain damageLead to reduced intelligence in children, brain damage

and deathand death It accumulates in the body and damages body tissue.It accumulates in the body and damages body tissue.

Ground Level OzoneGround Level Ozone Ozone in the upper atmosphere shields us fromOzone in the upper atmosphere shields us from

ultraviolet radiationultraviolet radiation On ground level, it is highly toxic to both plants andOn ground level, it is highly toxic to both plants and

animals as it can damage lungsanimals as it can damage lungs

It can bring on coughing, asthma attacks and lower theIt can bring on coughing, asthma attacks and lower theimmune system.immune system. Fuel woodFuel wood

burning of fuel-wood and dung for cookingburning of fuel-wood and dung for cooking Cause suffocationCause suffocation


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How does air pollution affect us?How does air pollution affect us? Irritates eyesIrritates eyes

Suppress the immune system: IncreasedSuppress the immune system: Increased

susceptibility to infectionsusceptibility to infection Chronic respiratory diseases, such asChronic respiratory diseases, such as

emphysema and bronchitisemphysema and bronchitis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseChronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Asthma, respiratory infectionsAsthma, respiratory infections

Cardiovascular diseaseCardiovascular disease

CancerCancer

Acidification of lakes and soils impacts on cropAcidification of lakes and soils impacts on cropproductivity, forest growth, and biodiversityproductivity, forest growth, and biodiversity

Ozone and sulphur dioxide is reducing cropOzone and sulphur dioxide is reducing cropyieldsyields


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Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) Lung irritants, lead to acuteLung irritants, lead to acute

respiratory diseasesrespiratory diseases

over-sensitivity to pollenover-sensitivity to pollenand dustand dust

Sulphur Oxides (SOX)Sulphur Oxides (SOX)

Converted to sulphuric acidConverted to sulphuric acidin the atmospherein the atmosphere

Poisonous to both plantsPoisonous to both plantsand animalsand animals

Irritates the respiratoryIrritates the respiratorytracttract

Asthma and emphysemaAsthma and emphysema

Air Pollution andAir Pollution and


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Air Pollution andAir Pollution andHealthHealth


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Specific MeasuresSpecific Measures Phasing out of two stroke rickshawsPhasing out of two stroke rickshaws

Setting up of computerized vehicle tuning centersSetting up of computerized vehicle tuning centers

Introduction of CNG as vehicular fuel (1.4 Million CNGIntroduction of CNG as vehicular fuel (1.4 Million CNGvehicles, 1,450 Stations, 29,167 conversions/month)vehicles, 1,450 Stations, 29,167 conversions/month)

Introduction of CNG busesIntroduction of CNG buses

Tax incentives for installing pollution control devicesTax incentives for installing pollution control devices

Environmental Protection Orders / closure ofEnvironmental Protection Orders / closure ofpollution-causing industriespollution-causing industries

Imposition of finesImposition of fines

Awareness campaignsAwareness campaigns

Initiation of dialogue with the Ministry of HealthInitiation of dialogue with the Ministry of Health


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Government's RoleGovernment's Role

In 1963, 1In 1963, 1stst

series of clean air act passedseries of clean air act passed In 1997 EPA identified some ways in whichIn 1997 EPA identified some ways in which

people can help stop global warmingpeople can help stop global warming Reduce home energy usage, unplug appliancesReduce home energy usage, unplug appliances

when not in usewhen not in use Energy efficient houseEnergy efficient house

Buy products those are reusable, recyclable, orBuy products those are reusable, recyclable, orreduced packingreduced packing

Buy fuel smart carBuy fuel smart car Insulate your home to save money & energyInsulate your home to save money & energy

Plant tressPlant tress


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Nurses RoleNurses Role

Nurses can promote health by helpingNurses can promote health by helpingto detect indoor pollutants andto detect indoor pollutants andinforming people of existing orinforming people of existing or

potential dangerspotential dangersAssist with prevention or elimination ofAssist with prevention or elimination of

these health hazards by ensuring thatthese health hazards by ensuring that

the indoor environment is wellthe indoor environment is wellventilatedventilated


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Review Of Environment AndReview Of Environment AndHealth Decision-MakingHealth Decision-Making

"Considering the risks, why aren't these"Considering the risks, why aren't these

issues higher on policy agendas?"issues higher on policy agendas?"

Health and Environment LinkagesHealth and Environment LinkagesInitiative (HELI)Initiative (HELI)


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i l i lI i l/N i l


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International/NationalInternational/NationalPartnershipPartnership

International agencies (UNEP, WHO) andInternational agencies (UNEP, WHO) andinstitutions have 'convening' power thatinstitutions have 'convening' power thatcan provide incentives to intersectoralcan provide incentives to intersectoral

action and help overcome barriers.action and help overcome barriers.Direct financial support can also beDirect financial support can also be

critical in stimulating interest andcritical in stimulating interest and

cooperation.cooperation.

Alternatives to HouseholdAlternatives to Household


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Alternatives to HouseholdAlternatives to Household

Products containing HazardousProducts containing Hazardous

SubstanceSubstance Drain Cleaner: flush with 1/4 cup bakingDrain Cleaner: flush with 1/4 cup baking

soda and vinegar. Avoid direct skin contactsoda and vinegar. Avoid direct skin contactand ventalate area.and ventalate area.

Ammonia based cleaners: vinegar and saltAmmonia based cleaners: vinegar and saltwater mix.water mix.

Floor and Furniture polish: 1 part lemon oil,Floor and Furniture polish: 1 part lemon oil,2 parts olive/vegetable oil.2 parts olive/vegetable oil.

Bleach: 1/2 cup white vinegar and bakingBleach: 1/2 cup white vinegar and bakingsoda, do not inhale fumes.soda, do not inhale fumes. Oven Cleaners: baking soda and water,Oven Cleaners: baking soda and water,

avoid skin contact and breathing fumes.avoid skin contact and breathing fumes.


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Environmental Pollution Final

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