ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONfrom PROCESS INDUSTRIESfrom PROCESS INDUSTRIES

&&Battery RecyclingBattery Recycling

Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof. DrDr.. Mustafa Mustafa IILKANLKAN

School of Computing and TechnologySchool of Computing and Technology

DirectorDirector

April 2010April 2010

Industrial PollutionIndustrial Pollution

In this In this presentationpresentation

• Pollution and Pollutants

• Types of Pollution

• Effects of Pollution

• Managing Pollution

PollutionPollution

• Introduction by man, waste matter or surplus energy into the environment, which directly or indirectly causes damage to man and his environment.

PollutantPollutant• A substance or effect which adversely

alters the environment by changing the growth rate of species, interferes with the food chain, is toxic, or interferes with health, comfort amenities or property values of people.

PollutantPollutant

PollutantPollutant

EFFECTS ON BIOSPHEREEFFECTS ON BIOSPHERE

1. Damage to human health by specific chemical substances present in the air, food, water and radioactive material

2. Damage to natural environment affecting vegetation, animals, crops, soil and water

3. Damage to visual quality by smoke, fumes, dust, noise and waste

4. Damage by radioactive materials and excessive noise

TYPES OF POLLUTIONTYPES OF POLLUTION

• Water Pollution• Air Pollution• Land Pollution• Noise Pollution• Thermal Pollution• Electro Pollution

(electronic wastes)• Visual Pollution

Water PollutionWater Pollution

Industrial Sources ResponsibleIndustrial Sources Responsiblefor Organic Pollutionfor Organic Pollution

Industrial SourcesIndustrial SourcesResponsible for InorganicResponsible for Inorganic

PollutionPollution

Industrial Sources Responsible for Industrial Sources Responsible for HeavyHeavy

Metal PollutionMetal Pollution

b) Air Pollutionb) Air Pollution

• Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful dust and gases.

• Polluted air affects:– Humans

– Animals

– Vegetation

– Materials

Effects from Air PollutionEffects from Air Pollution

• Global warming

• Ozone depletion

(Ozone hole)

• Acid Rain

• Various respiratory

illnesses

• Air Pollution has No

Boundaries

Pollution of airPollution of air• Particulate Matter PM10 (<10μm)

– Dust (e.g. cement dust, bagasse, foundry dust and wind blown solid dust)

– Mist– Smoke– Carbon black– Aerosols

Some Polluting Process Some Polluting Process IndustriesIndustries

• Sulfuric Acid Plants Thermal Power Stations

• Nitric Acid Plants

• Cement Plants

• Foundaries

• Plastic Industries

TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION

c) Land Pollutionc) Land Pollution

• Urbanization and Concentration of Population

• Municipal Solid Waste• Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste• Uncontrolled “Land Treatment”.• Burning open dumps and forest fires• Deforestation• Mining and Erosion

d) Noise Pollutiond) Noise Pollution

• Exposure to prolong noise affects speech, hearing, general health and behaviour.

• Noise Levels _ dB– Intensity– frequency– periods of exposure and– duration

Intensity (Loudness)Intensity (Loudness)

• Measure of acoustic energy of the sound vibrations

• Expressed in terms of sound pressure.

• Decibels (dB) are the unit of measurement on the Loudness scale

Physical Characteristics of Physical Characteristics of SoundSound

• Measurement and human perception of Sound involves three basic physical characteristics:– Intensity– Frequency– Duration

How sound is measuredHow sound is measured

Comparative Noise Levels Comparative Noise Levels (dB)(dB)

Industrial Noise SourcesIndustrial Noise Sources

• Metal fabrication (pressing, grinding, chipping etc.)• High pressure burners in furnaces• Turbines• Compressors• Pumps• Welding machines• Cranes and other vehicles• Pipe lines carrying high velocity fluids and solids• Vibrating and grinding equipment

Pollution ManagementPollution Management

• Pollution can be controlled by proper choice of preventive and

remedial measures

Techniques are changing ...Techniques are changing ...

Typical WastewaterTypical WastewaterProcessingProcessing

Land Pollution ControlLand Pollution Control

• Integrated Solid Waste Management

• Good agricultural practices

• Remediation of polluted soils

• Prevention of erosion and silting

• Containment of hazardous waste and waste water treatment using land treatment techniques.

3R Principle3R Principle

• Reduce

• Reuse

• Recycle

Noise Pollution ControlNoise Pollution Control

Waste takes many formsWaste takes many forms

Occupational Health & SafetyOccupational Health & Safety

• Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees of the industry and the general public.

• Safety in process design can be considered under the following broad headings.– 1. Identification and assessment of the hazard– 2. Control of hazards– 3. Control of the process– 4. Limitation of the loss.

Battery RecyclingBattery Recycling

• Americans purchase nearly 3

billion dry-cell batteries every year.

• 350 million are rechargeable.

• Only 3-5% of primary dry cells are

recycled.

• Nearly 99 million wet-cell lead acid

car batteries are manufactured each year

Battery recyclingBattery recycling

• A primary battery will only return

1/50 the energy used to make it.

• Batteries contain heavy metals such

as mercury, lead, cadmium, and

nickel, which can contaminate the

environment when batteries are

improperly disposed of.

Battery RecyclingBattery Recycling

• The oceans are starting to show

elevated levels of cadmium.

• NiCd batteries account for 75% of

cadmium in landfills.

• Preserve natural resources.

Industry and RecyclingIndustry and Recycling

• Companies claim it not economically

profitable.

• – Transportation

• – Sorting

• Lead acid batteries are

the most recycled product

How recycling works?How recycling works?

• Lead Acid Recycling

• Plastic is broken up

and reused

• Lead and lead oxide is

smelted

• Sulfuric acid is reclaimed

Recycling other types of Recycling other types of batteriesbatteries

• NiCd

batteries can be reprocessed through a similar

Thermal technique

• NiMH

The output of this process is a product with high nickel content which can be used in the manufacture of stainless steel

Recycling other types of Recycling other types of batteriesbatteries

• Li-İonCurrently reprocessed through pyrolysis (heat

treatment) with the primary recovery the metal content

• Zinc-carbon/air and alkaline-manganesecan be reprocessed using a number of

different methods which include smelting and other thermal-metallurgical processes to recover the metal content (particularly zinc)

Recycling other types of Recycling other types of batteriesbatteries

• Batteries Containning mercury

Most commonly processed using a vacuum – thermal treatment

AdvancesAdvances

• Mercury battery act• – Phase out mercury• – Increase Recycling• Rechargeable Battery Recycling

Corporation• Since 1994, RBRC has recycled more

than 20 million pounds of rechargeable batteries.

• Battery Counsel International

SolutionsSolutions

• Purchase rechargeable

batteries.

• Use solar power

• Battery Deposit

• Make companies take back products they sell.

• Make batteries easier to recycle.

ResourcesResources• www.epa.gov• www.energy.gov gy g• www.wasteonline.org.uk• www.bbc.co.uk• http://www.batteryrecycling.com/index.html• Inorganic Chemistry (Shriver, Atkins)• Recycling of Consumer Dry Cell batteries (Hurd

et al.)• http://www.relfe.com/IDetoxamin/

cadmium_toxicity.htm• www.zerowasteamerica.org

The End The End