Environmental Science

Environmental Science

R.C. DasD.K. Behera

Principles and Practice

Environmental SciencePrinciples and Practice

R.C. DASConsulting Professor, Xavier Institute of Management

Bhubaneswar(Formerly, Vice-Chancellor, Berhampur University, Orissa andChairman, Orissa State Pollution Control Board, Bhubaneswar)

D.K. BeheraSenior Environmental Scientist

State Pollution Control Board, Orissa

New Delhi-1100012008

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: Principles and PracticeR.C. Das and D.K. Behera

© 2008 by Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this bookmay be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing

the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-3330-7

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Mudrak, 30-A, Patparganj, Delhi-110091.

iii

Contents

Preface vii

Abbreviations ix

1. Basic Concepts of Ecology and Environment 1–191.0 Introduction 11.1 System Concept in Ecology 11.2 Biodiversity 91.3 Abiotic Components of the Environment 121.4 Socio-Economic Functions of the Natural Environment 17Review Questions 19

2. Water Pollution (Basic Principles) 20–422.0 What is Water Pollution 202.1 Pollutants: Types and Effects 202.2 Path-way of Toxic Pollutant in the Environment 242.3 Sources of Water Pollution 282.4 Marine Pollution 292.5 Groundwater Pollution 332.6 Monitoring of Pollutants 33Review Questions 42

3. Water Pollution Control Methods 43–643.0 Introduction 433.1 Classification of Pollutants and Treatment Methods 433.2 Physical Methods of Treatment 453.3 Chemical Methods of Treatment 483.4 Biological Methods of Treatment 503.5 Natural Method of Wastewater Treatment 573.6 Land Application of Wastewater 593.7 Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters 61

Review Questions 64

iv Contents

4. Air Pollution (Basic Principles) 65–944.0 What is Air Pollution 654.1 Types of Air Pollutants 664.2 Atmospheric Reactions and Formation of Secondary Pollutants 744.3 Global Effects of Air Pollution 754.4 International Efforts for Meeting the Challenges of Global Climate

Change 784.5 Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution 804.6 Sampling and Analysis of Air Pollutants 88Review Questions 93

5. Air Pollution Control Methods 95–1075.0 Air Pollution Types and Control Strategies 955.1 Source Control 965.2 Control Devices and Equipments (End-of-the Pipe Cleaning) 975.3 Plantation of Trees and Creation of Green Belt 1045.4 Zoning 1065.5 Construction of High Stacks/Chimneys 106Review Questions 107

6. Noise Pollution 108–1176.0 Introduction 1086.1 Noise Standards 1096.2 Health Hazards of Noise 1106.3 Legal Aspects 1126.4 Control Strategy 115Review Questions 117

7. Vehicular Pollution 118–1267.0 Introduction 1187.1 Vehicular Pollutants and Their Hazards 1187.2 Extent of Vehicular Pollution 1197.3 Sources of Vehicular Pollution 1207.4 Control of Vehicular Pollution 121Review Questions 126

8. Environmental Laws and Constitutional Provisions 127–1528.0 Introduction 1278.1 The General Acts 1288.2 Water and Air Acts 1298.3 The Water Cess Act 1358.4 The Environment (Protection) Act 1378.5 Some Important Rules and Notifications of the EP Act, 1986 1408.6 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 1438.7 Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 1448.8 Other Relevant Acts 144Review Questions 145Appendices 8.1–8.3 146

Contents v

9. Pollution Control Norms and Standards 153–1829.0 Introduction 1539.1 Points Where Norms and Standards Can be Set 1539.2 Norms at Source 1549.3 Coastal Regulation Zone Restrictions 1579.4 Zoning Atlas 1589.5 Raw Material Quality Norms 1599.6 Manufacturing Process Norms 1599.7 Product Standards 1609.8 Emission Standards 1629.9 Medium Related Standards (Ambient Standards) 1639.10 Target Based Standards 1669.11 Exposure Standards 1669.12 Other Biological Standards 166

Review Questions 167Appendices 9.1–9.11 168

10. Waste Minimization and Resource Conservation 183–19510.0 Introduction 18310.1 Benefits of Waste Minimization 18310.2 Source Reduction Techniques 18410.3 Recycling 18610.4 Conservation of Water 18710.5 Energy Conservation 18810.6 Waste Minimization and Resource Conservation Activities 18910.7 Financial Assistance and Promotional Measures for Clean

Technology in India 191

Review Questions 193Appendices 10.1–10.2 193

11. Management of Solid Wastes Including Hazardous Wastes 196–24411.0 Introduction 19611.1 Non-hazardous Solid Waste 19611.2 Hazardous Solid Waste (HSW) 20111.3 The Basel Convention 21111.4 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989

(Amended 2000, 2003) 21211.5 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 21511.6 Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 22011.7 Biomedical Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 222Review Questions 225Appendices 11.1–11.8 226

vi Contents

12. Management of Hazardous Chemicals and Chemical Accidents 245–31112.0 Introduction 24512.1 Definition and Classification 24512.2 Properties of Hazardous Chemicals 24612.3 Some Common Terms Used in Hazard Measurements 24812.4 Appreciation of Hazards 24912.5 Storage of Hazardous Substances 25212.6 Transport of Hazardous Chemicals 25412.7 Fire Hazard 25812.8 Chemical Hazards 26212.9 Risk Assessment 26412.10 Emergency Management Plan (EMP) 26812.11 Legal Provisions 270

Review Questions 279Appendices 12.1–12.13 280

13. Environment Impact Assessment 312–34013.0 Introduction 31213.1 Stages of EIA Process 31413.2 Identification and Evaluation of Impacts 31813.3 Public Consultation 32413.4 Statutory Provisions 326

Review Questions 329Appendices 13.1–13.3 329

14. Environmental Audit 341–35014.0 Introduction 34114.1 Aims and Objectives of Environmental Audit 34214.2 Elements of Environmental Audit 34314.3 Implementation of Environmental Audit 34414.4 Environmental Audit Statement Notification, 1992

(Amended 1993) 347Review Questions 348Appendix 14.1 348

15. Environmental Management System 351–35815.0 Introduction 35115.1 Environment Management System Standards 35215.2 The ISO 14000 Series 35315.3 The ISO 14001 355

Review Questions 358

Index 359–362

vii

Preface

Increasing population, basic human needs and consumeristic lifestyles and large-scaleindustrialization are regarded as the major culprits contributing to the gradual environmentaldegradation of our ‘Space Ship’ called Earth.

The second-half of the 20th century experienced a spurt of industrial activity never seen inthe past. There has been a phenomenal increase in the production of goods and services.Industrial activity has both positive and negative impacts on the environment. A well-plannedand sustainable industrial project minimizes the negative impacts and maximizes the positiveones. In the absence of good planning and environmental safeguards, industrial developmentbecomes a bane rather than a boon for us.

It was once erroneously believed that investment in pollution control in an industry is a‘dead investment’ and cuts down the profits. It has now been realized that ‘pollution preventionpays’. Today, most of the state-of-the-art technologies are cleaner and have high productivity.Sustained efforts in this direction are being continuously made.

Environmental regulations in this country are becoming stricter day by day. Internationaltrade and business norms insist on clean technology as a basic requirement for export ofproducts.

In the current scenario the management staff at all levels and in all departments of anindustry need be sensitized to environmental management principles and the related practices.This book primarily aims at achieving that objective. It encompasses the entire gamut ofenvironmental management in industries.

Both of us (the authors) have long experience in regulatory agencies at the highest level. Assuch, we have had opportunities of studying the environmental problems of industries. We havealso been associated with the process of formulation and development of various environmentallaws and regulations in the country. These experiences have prompted us to write this bookwhich will be useful for the students of B.Sc. and M.Sc. Environmental Science courses inIndian universities and educational institutions, where special papers are offered onenvironmental management. This book also addresses the actual needs of all industrial managersfrom the highest corporate to the shop floor level as well as those of the officials in thegovernment and regulatory agencies. The language of the book is simple and not too technical.Advanced knowledge of any particular engineering or science subject is not a prerequisite tounderstand this book. All relevant rules and regulations pertaining to management ofenvironment have been explained in detail and practical tips given.

We are grateful to Dr. R.C. Mohanty, Former Executive Director, National AluminiumCompany and Sri N.R. Sahoo, Senior Environmental Engineer, Orissa State Pollution ControlBoard for their suggestions and helps. The corrections and suggestions made by Dr. S. Tripathy,former Director (Evaluation) and Advisor, World Bank Projects of the Government of Orissahave helped in improving the readability of the book. We acknowledge his help with gratitude.Lastly, we are greatly indebted to the persistent moral support and encouragement ofSmt. Manasi Das throughout the period of preparation of the manuscript.

R.C. DasD.K. Behera

viii Preface

ix

Abbreviations

AA : Air Act

AAS : Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy/Spectrometer

ADI : Acceptable Daily Intake

AIBTMF : All India Bricks and Tiles Manufacturer’s Federation

AMOEBA : A Method for Ecological and Biological Assessment

AOX : Adsorbable Organic Halides

ASP : Activated Sludge Process

BC : Basel Convention

BCSD : Business Council on Sustainable Development

BDI : Biological Diversity Index

BF : Blast Furnace

BLEVE : Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion

BIS : Bureau of Indian Standards

BMW : Biomedical Waste

BOD : Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BOF : Basic Oxygen Furnace

BPI : Bacterial Pollution Index

BSI : Benthic Saprobity Index

CAS : Chemical Abstract Series

CCG : Central Crisis Group

CD : Chlorine Demand

CFC : Chlorofluorocarbon

CFU : Colony Forming Unit

CITES : Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species

CNG : Compressed Natural Gas

COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand

Environmental Science : Principles AndPractice

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120333307 Author : DAS, R.C., BEHERA,D.K.

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