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Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future Richard T. Wright
Municipal Solid Waste: Disposal and Recovery
PPT by Clark E. Adams
Chapter 18
Municipal Solid Waste: Disposal and Recovery
The solid-waste problem Solutions to the solid-waste problem Public policy and waste management
The Solid-Waste Problem
Disposal of municipal solid waste Landfills Combustion: waste to energy Costs of municipal solid-waste disposal
Disposal of Municipal Solid-Waste (MSW)
The solid-waste problem: We generate huge amounts of MSW, and it is
increasingly expensive to dispose of it in ways that are environmentally responsible and protective of human health.
MSW Components
The Fate of MSW
Factors Contributing to Increasing Amounts of MSW Increasing populations Changing lifestyles Disposable materials*
Diapers Excessive packaging*
* = two largest contributors to waste volume
Old Landfill Problems
Leachate generation Methane production Incomplete
decomposition Settling
http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Pictures.htm
Improving Landfills
Located above water table and away from airports
Contoured floor for leachate-collection system
Covered with earthen material Groundwater monitoring wells
A Modern Landfill
Landfill Siting: Public Reactions
LULU (locally unwanted land use)
NIMBY (not in my backyard)
NIMTOO (not in my term of office)
http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Pictures.htm
Interstate Transfer of MSW
Trash to Treasure (Table 18-1)
Highest (more than 1 million tons) net importers of MSW Pennsylvania Virginia Michigan
Trash to Treasure (Table 18-1)
Highest (more than 1 million tons) net exporters MSW New York New Jersey Maryland Missouri
Combustion: Waste to Energy (WTE)
WTE Benefits
80% MSW burned for electrical energy production
12% recovered and recycled 8% put into landfill
WTE Benefits
Tipping fees = $15 to $100/ton Efficient Electricity and fuel oil savings
WTE Benefits
Extends life of landfill Reduces pollution Concrete blocks Resource recovery
WTE Drawbacks
Cost of construction Uninterrupted MSW stream flow Hazardous materials Siting Competition with recycling efforts
Costs of MSW Disposal
Tipping fees increase: $34 to $263/ton All revenues from MSW disposal = >$14
billion a year in 2002. Illegal dumping
Tires Refrigerators Car parts
Solutions to the Solid-Waste Problem
Source reductions The recycling solution Municipal recycling Regional recycling options
Source Reduction
Less weight Internet information transfer Resale and donation of durable goods Lengthening a product’s life cycle Refusing bulk mail Composting
The Recycling Solution
Paper to paper Newspaper = 13% MSW stream Worth $30/ton Ton of newspapers = 17 trees
The Recycling Solution
Paper Glass Plastic Metals Yard wastes Textiles Old tires
Compost Refabrication Synthetic lumber Sand or gravel Insulation Strengthens recycled
paper Highways
Match
Municipal Recycling
75% MSW recyclable if: Mandatory Easy to do Incentives Political and industrial support
State Recycling Rates
MSW Recycling in the United States
8
Regional Recycling Options
Materials recovery facilities (MRFs) Mixed waste processing Mixed waste and yard trimmings
composting
Public Policy and Waste Management
The regulatory perspective Integrated waste management
The Regulatory Perspective
Solid Waste Disposal Act 1965 Resource Recovery Act 1970 and 1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) of 1976 Superfund Act 1980 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
1984
Integrated Waste Management
Waste reduction Safe waste disposal Recycling and reuse Pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) trash pickup
End of Chapter 18