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Environmental ScienceUnit 1 - Studying the Earth
Objectives
•Locate Earth in a diagram of the solar system. •Identify and describe the three layers of Earth.
Chapter 1.1 Parts of Earth
Chapter 1.1 Parts of EarthLocate Earth in a diagram of the solar system.
Identify and describe the three layers of Earth.
Earth can be divided into three major layers (aka ‘sphere’s).
•lithosphere •hydrosphere •atmosphere
Chapter 1.1 Parts of the Earth
Objectives•Describe the three main types of rocks that make up the lithosphere. •Explain why fresh water is a valuable resource for
organisms.
Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Land & Water
•Describe the three main types of rocks that make up the lithosphere.
Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Land
IgneousIgneous SedimentarySedimentary MetamorphicMetamorphic
•Explain why fresh water is a valuable resource for
organisms.
Chapter 1.2 Earth’s Water
Greater than 70% of surface is covered by water.
HOWEVERHOWEVER
More than 97% of the water is salt water.
ADDITIONALLYADDITIONALLY
Of the remaining 3% of the fresh water , 2/3 of it is locked up in glaciers and ice caps.
LEAVING US . . . LEAVING US . . . Less than 1% available for our use.
Objectives•Diagram the layers of the atmosphere.
•Describe the characteristics of each layer.
Chapter 1.3 The Air
Troposhpere
Earth’s Surface
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Thickness 16-18 Km by Equator & ~10 Km near poles, Composition 78% N2 & 21% O2, Key Feature most of our weather occurs here.
Height, above the Mesosphere and up. (debate about how far out it actually extends) Key Feature , this is the hotest layer of our atmosphere, temperatures as high as 2,000°C – however the gas molecules are extremely far apart.
Height from above the Stratosphere to about 80 Km. Key Feature , this is the coldest layer of our atmosphere, temperatures as low as -100°C
Height is beyond Troposphere to ~50Km, Composition ozone is found here (O3) , Key Features Jet stream is found here, airline travel takes advantage of.
Objectives•Describe the location of the biosphere.
•Explain how organisms interact with the biosphere.
Chapter 1.4 The Biosphere
Biosphere – all part of Earth that support life
Chapter 1.4 Biosphere’s Location
Extends from the tops of the highest mountains to the bottom of the deepest oceans.
HOWEVERHOWEVER
That is ONLY a thickness of about 20 Km.
ADDITIONALLYADDITIONALLY
Most life lives between 500 m below the ocean’s surface to 6 Km above sea level.
LEAVING US . . . LEAVING US . . . With a layer about as thick as the skin of an apple to support life.
Chapter 1.4 Biosphere’s interaction
My daily processes continually interact with the hydrospherehydrosphere (water to drink) and the atmosphereatmosphere (air to breathe).
AndAnd
By eating I process trace elements of the lithospherelithosphere.
Gaia hypothesis offers a different way of viewing Earth:
• A holistic way, instead of a reductionistic way. • A view of mutualism, not separationism • Amazing ability of maintaining its homeostasis (30% increase in solar radiation, but the same temperature about 15C) • Gaia does incorporate evolution • Opinion of human beings as the weed of mammals? The cancer of Gaia
Chapter 1 Gaia hypothesis
Chapter 1 Words to be familiar with
Table 1 - Chapter 1 - Planet Earth Word Bank
aquifersatmosphere biosphere Earth
fresh water Gaia Hypothesis
glaciers hydrosphere
ice caps igneous lithosphere mesosphere
metamorphic Oceans Organisms sedimentary
stratosphere surface water
thermosphere troposphere
With pointed fangs it sits in wait,
With piercing force its doles out fate,
Over bloodless victims proclaiming its might,
Eternally joining in a single bite.
What am I?
Chapter 2.1 The Nature of Science
Only one color, but not one size,
Stuck at the bottom, yet easily flies,
Present in sun, but not in rain,
Doing no harm, and feeling no pain.
What am I?
Objectives•Explain why there is always uncertainty in science. •Distinguish between subjects that can and cannot be studied scientifically.
As we made guesses, (our hypothesis) we also used the additional information to modify our ideas - we kept making our hypothesis better.
Chapter 2.1 The Nature of Science (continued) Objectives
•Distinguish between subjects that can and cannot be studied scientifically.
Simply put – to be studied scientifically, a subject must be observable and testable.
Ethics and personal values cannot be studied scientifically!
Chapter 2 Skills & Methods (of Science)
The order of steps in a scientific method can vary. Most scientific methods to solving a problem , however, include
defining the problem,
stating a hypothesis
analyzing the results of the test
and drawing conclusions.
Objectives•Describe the steps involved in conducting a scientific experiment.
Chapter 2.2 Methods of Science (Continued)
•Variables are factors that change in an experiment. A dependent variable can change in response to changes in the independent variable. • With a control set-up , the variable being testing is missing.
May we burn her ?
Let’s examine BAD scientific method . . .
Chapter 2 Designing an Experiment
OBSERVE
AskQuestions
Hypothesize
Predict
Design ExperimentGather
Data
AnalyzeData
EvaluateHypothesize
•all the non-living parts of the environment.
•Everything that surrounds an organism.
Chapter 2.3 – Environmental Science
Environment
Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors
•All the living parts of the environment.
Objectives•Give examples of how parts of the environment interact.•Explain why policy must balance the needs of the environment with the needs of society.
•Explain why policy must balance the needs of the environment with the needs of society.
Chapter 2.3 Environmental Science
There Are No Second Chances.There is no other planet that we know of that harbors life like Earth. Once life on Earth is diminished beyond a certain threshold it may no longer sustain humanity.
Chapter 2 Words to be familiar with
Table 2 - Chapter 2 – The Nature of Science Word Bank
abiotic analyzed Ask Questions
biotic Control Data
dependent Environment Evaluate
Experiment Hypothesis independent
Observe Prediction variable
3.1 The Changing Environment
•Describe ways in which the three layers of the biosphere have changed over time.
Chapter 3 - Change in the Biosphere
Chapter 3.1 – The Changing Environment
Humans have only been around a short time, only appearing 30 seconds before midnight.
6:00 AM
12:00 Noon
6:00 PM
12:00 Midnight •Earth’s age ~ 4.5 billion years,
•Humans have only been around for ~ ½ million years.
World Tectonic Map to Label
Chapter 3 – The Changing EnvironmentContinual Change includes:
LITHOSPHERE
•Weathering is the continual process of breaking down rocks & Erosion is the process whereby that material is carried off. The main agents for both is H2O
HYDROSPHERE
•Ice Ages
Cooling of the Earth’s climate is associated with periods of glaciation.
These glaciers are responsible for major geographical features: Cape Cod, Great Lakes and the Finger Lakes in NY
•El Nino nutrient-poor warm water lasting longer than usual which leads to death of fish (economic impact)
Chapter 3 – Continual Change includes:
Chapter 3 – Continual Change includes:ATMOSPHERE
•Atmospheric Changes Approximately 1 billion years after plants first evolved photosynthesis – the first discernable amounts of O2 were found.
The gas that most contributes to the greenhouse effect is CO2.
Stromatalites – a bacteria (shown here) are believed to have been the first life that began on the shores of ancient oceans.
Atmospheric ChangesEvolution of Earth's Atmosphere
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Present
BYBP (Billion years Before Present)
% of Total Atmosphere
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Other Gases
Objectives
•List factors that affect an area’s ability to support life. •Predict how changes in the environment might affect organisms.
Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms
Chapter 3.2 – Survival
Ways organisms deal with extreme climates include:
Hibernation:
•Slow breathing
•Lower body temperature
•Slow heart rate
Plants:
•May lie dormant (in seed form) for years
Warm-blooded:
•Wider range of tolerance, but requires greater energy
Cold-blooded:
•Gain heat from sun
Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms
Needs include:
Nutrients Provide:
•Energy
•Aids biochemical reactions
•Build up tissues w/ in bodies
Their territory provides water, food and a place to live (shelter)
Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms
Motive Name Motive Animal BehaviorIntrinsic Feeling
Power Desire to influence (including leadership; related to mastery)
Dominant animals eat more food
Efficacy
Curiosity Desire for knowledge
Animals learn to find food more efficiently and learn to avoid preditor
Wonder
Independence Desire to be autonomous
Motivates animals to leave nest, searching for foods over a larger area.
Freedom
Status Desire for social standing (including desire for attention)
Attention in nest leads to better feedings
Self-importance
Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms
Motive Name Motive Animal BehaviorIntrinsic Feeling
Social contact
Desire for peer companionship (desire to play)
Safety in numbers for animals in wild
Fun
Vengeance Desire to get even (including the desire to compete, to win)
Animals fight when threatened
Vindication
Honor Desire to obey a traditional moral code
Animal runs back to herd when stared at by predators
Loyalty
Idealism Desire to improve society (including altruism, justice)
Unclear: Do animals show altruism?
Compassion
Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms (continued)
Motive Name MotiveAnimal
BehaviorIntrinsic Feeling
Physical Exercise
Desire to exercise muscles
Strong animals eat more and are less vulnerable to prey
Vitality
Romance Desire for sex (including courting)
Reproduction essential for species survival
Lust
Family Desire to raise own children
Protection of young facilitates survival
Love
Order Desire to organize (including desire for ritual)
Cleanliness rituals promote health
Stability
Chapter 3.2 – Needs of Organisms (continued)
Motive Name MotiveAnimal Behavior
Intrinsic Feeling
Eating Desire to eat Nutrition is essential for survival
Satiation (avoidance of hunger)
Acceptance Desire for approval
Unclear: animal self-concept?
Self-confidence
Tranquility Desire to avoid anxiety; fear
Animal runs away from danger
Safe, relaxed
Saving Desire to collect, value of frugality
Animals hoards food and other materials
Ownership
Needs of Organism Quiz
LINK
Sorry ‘bout yesterday – someone accused me of being mean and that was not me desire.
Objectives
•Describe the structure of an ecosystem. •Relate the concept of habitat destruction to the lose of biodiversity.
Chapter 3.3 – The Ecosystem
Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem
The type of environment in which a particular species lives is its habitat
Total range in which a species can live is its
geographical range
Species
•Group of organism so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
Example
+
Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem
The variety of species in an ecosystem is known as biodiversity
Population
•Same species living in same area
Community
•All the populations that live and interact in the same area
Ecosystem
•All the communities that live and interact in the same area as well as the abiotic features
Chapter 3.3 – Ecosystem - Finis
Habitat destruction is the largest of the many threats to biodiversity
At least 90 percent of areas now inhabited by great apes - gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos (pygmy chimps) in Africa and orangutans in southeast Asia - will be affected within 30 years unless urgent action is taken now, UNEP said.
Quiz – Chapter 3
1. Relatively speaking, if Earth time were reduced to 24 hours humans only appeared ____________ ago.
2. ___________ is the continual process of breaking down rocks
, generally done by H2O
3. _____________ is nutrient-poor warm water lasting longer than usual which leads to death of fish.
4. Approximately 1 billion years after plants first evolved _____________ freed oxygen for use by organisms.
5. Warm-blooded animals have a wider range of environmental tolerance, but requires greater ____________ .
6.The most important requirement for all living things is ___________.
7.Organism’s ___________ provides (Q6), food and a place to live (shelter).
8.The type of environment in which a particular species lives is its ___________.
9. A __________ is all the populations that live and interact in the same area.
10. Habitat destruction is the largest of the many threats to _______________.