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Part 4:Part 4:

LFG UtilizationLFG Utilization

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical Low-Grade Fuel System with Heat Export

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTechnical Options for Electrical Power from LFG

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationGuidelines for Technology Selection: Electrical Generation from LFG

TechnologyTechnology Preferred Preferred Plant Size Plant Size

(MW)(MW)

Fuel GradeFuel Grade Minimum Minimum LFG LFG

Heating Heating Value Value

(BTU/cf)(BTU/cf)

Minimum Minimum Methane Methane Content Content (%v/v)(%v/v)

Plant Plant Efficiency Efficiency Gross (%)Gross (%)

Plant Plant Efficiency Efficiency Net (%)Net (%)

Reciprocating Reciprocating Gas EnginesGas Engines

0.5-120.5-12 MediumMedium 400 (LHV)400 (LHV) 4545 ~35~35 ~30~30

Gas TurbinesGas Turbines 3-183-18 MediumMedium 360 (LHV)360 (LHV) 4040 ~27~27 ~21~21

Combined Combined CycleCycle

>10>10 MediumMedium 350 (LHV)350 (LHV) 4040 ~37~37 ~35~35

LFG-Fired LFG-Fired Boiler with Boiler with Steam TurbineSteam Turbine

10-5010-50 Low-MediumLow-Medium 200 (HHV)200 (HHV) 2020 ~33~33 ~30~30

LHV = Low Heating ValueHHV = High Heating Value

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical Low-Grade Fuel System with Heat Export

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical Facility Sending LFG to Nearby Industry

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical LFG-Fired Steam Power Plant

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical Gas Engine Power Plant

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationLFG Engine

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationExhaust from LFG Engines

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical LFG-to-Electricity Facility

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationControl Panels at LFG-to-Electricity Facility

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationGas Turbine Power Plant

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationMicroturbine Power Plant

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationMicroturbine Project in California, USA

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical Combined Cycle LFG Utilization System

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationTypical High-Grade LFG Fuel System

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationFuel Cell Electrical Power

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationLFG Utilization Development Process

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LFG UtilizationLFG UtilizationBudget Yardsticks for LFG Utilization Systems

(in 2005 Canadian dollars)

Utilization Utilization TechnologyTechnology

Typical Typical Site Site

Sizes Sizes (million (million tonnes)tonnes)

Capital Capital Costs Costs

($/tonne)($/tonne)

Capital Costs Capital Costs ($/kW ($/kW

generated)generated)

Annual Annual Operations & Operations & Maintenance Maintenance Costs ($/kW Costs ($/kW

generated/yr)generated/yr)

Reciprocating EngineReciprocating Engine 1 – 81 – 8 $1.35-$1.95$1.35-$1.95 $1,500-$2,000$1,500-$2,000 $180-$220$180-$220

Gas TurbineGas Turbine 3 - 123 - 12 $1.60-$1.90$1.60-$1.90 $1,500-$2,000$1,500-$2,000 $110-$145$110-$145

Combined CycleCombined Cycle >10>10 $1.35-$1.95$1.35-$1.95 $1,000-$1,500$1,000-$1,500 $60-$100$60-$100

Boiler/steam turbineBoiler/steam turbine >6>6 $1.20-$1.80$1.20-$1.80 $1,000-$1,500$1,000-$1,500 $55-$85$55-$85

Assumption: 800 to 1200 kW/million tonnes of MSW