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en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab–Israeli_conflict
Arab–Israeli conflict
"Arab-Israeli War" redirects here. For other uses, see Arab–Israeli War (disambiguation).
Arab–Israeli conflict
Date May 15, 1948–present
Location Middle East
Result Ongoing
Territorialchanges
Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula (1956–57; 1967–1982), West Bank (1967–present),Gaza Strip (1967–2005), Golan Heights (1967–present) and South Lebanon (1982–2000)
Belligerents
Israel Palestinians:
Jordan (1948–1994) Egypt (1948–1978) Iraq (1948–) Syria (1948–) Lebanon (1948–)
Hezbollah (1982–)
Suez Crisis: (1956)
South Lebanon Conflict:
SLA (1978–2000)
War of Attrition: (1967–70)
Soviet Union
Supported by:[show] Supported by:[show]
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Commanders and leaders
Casualties and losses
≈22,570 military deaths[5]
≈1,723 civilian deaths[6]
90,785 total Arab deaths [7]
Both sides:74,000 military deaths18,000 civilian deaths
(1945–1995)[8]
The Arab–Israeli conflict ( Arabic: Al-Sira'a Al'Arabi A'Israili ; Hebrew: -ע ה ה
Ha'Sikhsukh Ha'Yisraeli-Aravi ) refers to the political tension and military conflicts between certain Arab countries
and Israel. The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict are bound in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism
towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their historical homeland is also
regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and currently belonging to the Palestinians,[9] and in the Pan-
Islamic context, as Muslim lands. The sectarian conflict between Palestinian Jews and Arabs emerged in the early20th century, peaking into a full-scale civil war in 1947 and transforming into the First Arab-Israeli War in May 194
following the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel .
The nature of the conflict has shifted over the years from the large scale regional Arab–Israeli conflict to a more
local Israeli–Palestinian conflict, as large-scale hostilities mostly ended with the cease-fire agreements that
followed the 1973 Yom Kippur War . Attempts have been made to resolve the conflict, but without success. Peace
agreements were signed between Israel and Egypt in 1979, and Israel and Jordan in 1994. The interim Oslo
Accords led to the creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, though a final peace agreement has yet
to be reached. An Israeli–Palestinian peace process is ongoing. A cease-fire currently stands between Israel and
Syria, as well as more recently with Lebanon (since 2006). The conflict between Israel and Hamas-ruled Gaza,
which resulted in the 2009 cease-fire (although fighting has continued since then) is usually also included as part
of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and hence the Arab–Israeli conflict. Despite the peace agreements with Egypt
and Jordan and the generally existing cease-fire, the Arab world and Israel generally remain at odds with each
other over many issues.
Contents
[hide]
Background
Religious aspects of the conflict
Some groups opposed to the peace process invoke religious arguments for their uncompromising positions.[10]
The contemporary history of the Arab–Israeli conflict is very much affected by the religious beliefs of the various
sides and their views of the idea of the chosen people in their policies with regard to the "Promised Land" and the
"Chosen City" of Jerusalem.[11]
The Land of Canaan or Eretz Yisrael (Land of Israel) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, promised by God to the
Children of Israel. This is also mentioned in the Qur'an. In his 1896 manifesto, The Jewish State, Theodor Herzl
repeatedly refers to the Biblical Promised Land concept.
[12]
Likud is currently the most prominent Israeli politicalparty to include the Biblical claim to the Land of Israel in its platform.[13]
Muslims also claim rights to that land in accordance with the Quran.[14] Contrary to the Jewish claim that this land
was promised only to the descendants of Abraham's younger son Isaac, they argue that the Land of Canaan was
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promised to what they consider the elder son, Ishmael, from whom Arabs claim descent. [14] Additionally, Muslims
also revere many sites holy for Biblical Israelites, such as the Cave of the Patriarchs and the Temple Mount. In the
past 1,400 years, Muslims have constructed Islamic landmarks on these ancient Israelite sites, such as the Dome
of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount, the holiest site in Judaism. This has brought the two
groups into conflict over the rightful possession of Jerusalem. Muslim teaching is that Muhammad passed through
Jerusalem on his first journey to heaven. Hamas, which governs the Gaza Strip, claims that all of the land of
Palestine (the current Israeli and Palestinian territories) is an Islamic waqf that must be governed by Muslims.[15]
Christian Zionists often support the State of Israel because of the ancestral right of the Jews to the Holy Land, assuggested, for instance, by Paul in Romans 11. Christian Zionism teaches that the return of Jews in Israel is a
prerequisite for the Second Coming of Christ.[16][17]
National movements
The roots of the modern Arab–Israeli conflict lie in the rise of Zionism and the reactionary Arab nationalism that
arose in response to Zionism towards the end of the 19th century. Territory regarded by the Jewish people as their
historical homeland is also regarded by the Pan-Arab movement as historically and presently belonging to the
Palestinian Arabs. Before World War I, the Middle East, including Palestine (later Mandatory Palestine), had been
under the control of the Ottoman Empire for nearly 400 years. During the closing years of their empire, theOttomans began to espouse their Turkish ethnic identity, asserting the primacy of Turks within the empire, leading
to discrimination against the Arabs.[18] The promise of liberation from the Ottomans led many Jews and Arabs to
support the allied powers during World War I, leading to the emergence of widespread Arab nationalism. Both Ara
nationalism and Zionism had their formulative beginning in Europe. The Zionist Congress was established in
Basel in 1897, while the "Arab Club" was established in Paris in 1906.
In the late 19th century European and Middle Eastern Jewish communities began to increasingly immigrate to
Palestine and purchase land from the local Ottoman landlords. The population of the late 19th century in Palestine
reached 600,000 – mostly Muslim Arabs, but also significant minorities of Jews, Christians, Druze and some
Samaritans and Bahai's. At that time, Jerusalem did not extend beyond the walled area and had a population of
only a few tens of thousands. Collective farms, known as kibbutzim, were established, as was the first entirely
Jewish city in modern times, Tel Aviv.
During 1915–16, as World War I was underway, the British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon,
secretly corresponded with Husayn ibn 'Ali, the patriarch of the Hashemite family and Ottoman governor of Mecca
and Medina. McMahon convinced Husayn to lead an Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was aligned
with Germany against Britain and France in the war. McMahon promised that if the Arabs supported Britain in the
war, the British government would support the establishment of an independent Arab state under Hashemite rule
in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, including Palestine. The Arab revolt, led by T. E. Lawrence
("Lawrence of Arabia") and Husayn's son Faysal, was successful in defeating the Ottomans, and Britain took
control over much of this area.
Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine
Main article: Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine
First mandate years and the Franco-Syrian war
In 1917, Palestine was conquered by the British forces (including the Jewish Legion). The British government
issued the Balfour Declaration, which stated that the government viewed favorably "the establishment in Palestine
of a national home for the Jewish people" but "that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil andreligious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Declaration was issued as a result of the
belief of key members of the government, including Prime Minister David Lloyd George, that Jewish support was
essential to winning the war; however, the declaration caused great disquiet in the Arab world.[19] After the war, the
area came under British rule as the British Mandate of Palestine. The area mandated to the British in 1923
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A Jewish bus equipped with wire screens to
protect against rock, glass, and grenade throwing,
late 1930s
included what is today Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Transjordan eventually was carved into a separate
British protectorate – the Emirate of Transjordan, which gained an autonomous status in 1928 and achieved
complete independence in 1946 with the approval by the United Nations of the end of the British Mandate.
A major crisis among the Arab nationalists took place with the failed establishment of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in
1920. With the disastrous outcome of the Franco-Syrian War, the self-proclaimed Hashemite kingdom with its
capital in Damascus was defeated and the Hashemite ruler took refuge in Mandatory Iraq. The crisis saw the first
confrontation of nationalist Arab and Jewish forces, taking place in the Battle of Tel Hai in March 1920, but more
importantly the collapse of the pan-Arabist kingdom led to the establishment of the local Palestinian version of Aranationalism, with the return of Haj Amin al-Husseini from Damascus to Jerusalem in late 1920.
At this point in time Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine continued, while to some opinions a similar, but
less documented, immigration also took place in the Arab sector, bringing workers from Syria and other
neighbouring areas. Palestinian Arabs saw this rapid influx of Jewish immigrants as a threat to their homeland and
their identity as a people. Moreover, Jewish policies of purchasing land and prohibiting the employment of Arabs in
Jewish-owned industries and farms greatly angered the Palestinian Arab communities.[20][verification needed ]
Demonstrations were held as early as 1920, protesting what the Arabs felt were unfair preferences for the Jewish
immigrants set forth by the British mandate that governed Palestine at the time. This resentment led to outbreaks
of violence later that year, as the al-Husseini incited riots broke out in Jerusalem. Winston Churchill's 1922 White
Paper tried to reassure the Arab population, denying that the creation of a Jewish state was the intention of the
Balfour Declaration.
1929 events
In 1929, after a demonstration by Vladimir Jabotinsky's political group Betar at the Western Wall, riots started in
Jerusalem and expanded throughout Mandatory Palestine; Arabs murdered 67 Jews in the city of Hebron, in what
became known as the Hebron massacre.
During the week of the 1929 riots, at least 116 Arabs and 133 Jews [21]
were killed and 339 wounded.[22]
1930s and 1940s
By 1931, 17 percent of the population of Mandatory Palestine were
Jews, an increase of six percent since 1922.[23] Jewish immigration
peaked soon after the Nazis came to power in Germany, causing the
Jewish population in British Palestine to double.[24]
In the mid-1930s Izz ad-Din al-Qassam arrived from Syria andestablished the Black Hand, an anti-Zionist and anti-British militant organization. He recruited and arranged
military training for peasants and by 1935 he had enlisted between 200 and 800 men. The cells were equipped
with bombs and firearms, which they used to kill Jewish settlers in the area, as well as engaging in a campaign of
vandalism of Jewish settler plantations.[25] By 1936, escalating tensions led to the 1936–39 Arab revolt in
Palestine.[26]
In response to Arab pressure, [27] the British Mandate authorities greatly reduced the number of Jewish immigrant
to Palestine (see White Paper of 1939 and the SS Exodus). These restrictions remained in place until the end of
the mandate, a period which coincided with the Nazi Holocaust and the flight of Jewish refugees from Europe. As
a consequence, most Jewish entrants to Mandatory Palestine were considered illegal (see Aliyah Bet), causingfurther tensions in the region. Following several failed attempts to solve the problem diplomatically, the British
asked the newly formed United Nations for help. On May 15, 1947, the General Assembly appointed a committee,
the UNSCOP, composed of representatives from eleven states. [28] To make the committee more neutral, none of
the Great Powers were represented.[29] After five weeks of in-country study, the Committee reported to the
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Boundaries defined in the 1947 UN
Partition Plan for Palestine:
Area assigned for a Jewish state;
Area assigned for an Arab state;
Planned Corpus separatum with the
intention that Jerusalem would be
neither Jewish nor Arab
Armistice Demarcation Lines of
1949:
Israeli controlled territory from
1949;
Arab controlled territory until 1967
General Assembly on September 3, 1947.[30] The Report contained a majority and a minority plan. The majority
proposed a Plan of Partition with Economic Union. The minority proposed The Independent State of Palestine .
With only slight modifications, the Plan of Partition with Economic Union was the one the adoption and
implementation of which was recommended in resolution 181(II) of November 29, 1947. [31] The Resolution was
adopted by 33 votes to 13 with 10 abstentions. All six Arab states who were UN-members voted against it. On the
ground, Arab and Jewish Palestinians were fighting openly to control strategic positions in the region. Several
major atrocities were committed by both sides.[32]
Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
Main article: 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine
In the weeks prior to the end of the Mandate the Haganah launched a number
of offensives in which they gained control over all the territory allocated by the
UN to the Jewish State, creating a large number of refugees and capturing the
towns of Tiberias, Haifa, Safad, Beisan and, in effect, Jaffa.
Early in 1948, the United Kingdom announced its firm intention to terminate its
mandate in Palestine on May 14.[33]
In response, U.S. President Harry S.Truman made a statement on March 25 proposing UN trusteeship rather than
partition, stating that "unfortunately, it has become clear that the partition plan
cannot be carried out at this time by peaceful means. ... unless emergency
action is taken, there will be no public authority in Palestine on that date
capable of preserving law and order. Violence and bloodshed will descend
upon the Holy Land. Large-scale fighting among the people of that country will
be the inevitable result."[34]
History
Main article: History of the Arab–Israeli conflict
1948 Arab–Israeli War
Main article: 1948 Arab–Israeli War
On May 14, 1948, the day on which the British Mandate over Palestine expired,
the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a
proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz
Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. The declaration was made by David
Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization.[35]
There were no mention of the borders of the new state other than that it was in
Eretz Israel. In an official cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League
of Arab States to the UN Secretary-General on May 15, 1948, the Arab stated
publicly that Arab Governments found "themselves compelled to intervene for
the sole purpose of restoring peace and security and establishing law and order
in Palestine." (Clause 10(e)). Further in Clause 10(e) – "The Governments of
the Arab States hereby confirm at this stage the view that had been repeatedly
declared by them on previous occasions, such as the London Conference and
before the United Nations mainly, the only fair and just solution to the problem
of Palestine is the creation of United State of Palestine based upon the
democratic principles ..."
That day, the armies of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq invaded/intervened in what had just ceased to be
the British Mandate, marking the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . The nascent Israeli Defense Force
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repulsed the Arab nations from part of the occupied territories, thus extending its borders beyond the original
UNSCOP partition.[36] By December 1948, Israel controlled most of the portion of Mandate Palestine west of the
Jordan River . The remainder of the Mandate consisted of Jordan, the area that came to be called the West Bank
(controlled by Jordan), and the Gaza Strip (controlled by Egypt). Prior to and during this conflict, 713,000 [37]
Palestinian Arabs fled their original lands to become Palestinian refugees, in part, due to a promise from Arab
leaders that they would be able to return when the war had been won, and also in part due to attacks on
Palestinian villages and towns by Israeli forces and Jewish militant groups.[38] Many Palestinians fled from the
areas that are now present-day Israel as a response to massacres of Arab towns by militant Jewish organizationslike the Irgun and the Stern Gang (See Deir Yassin massacre). The War came to an end with the signing of the
1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and each of its Arab neighbours.
Before the adoption by the United Nations of Resolution 181 in November 1947 and the declaration of the State of
Israel in May 1948, several Arab countries adopted discriminatory measures against their local Jewish
populations. The status of Jewish citizens in Arab states worsened dramatically during the 1948 Israeli-Arab war.
Major anti-Jewish riots erupted throughout the Arab World in December 1947, and Jewish communities were hit
particularly hard in Syria and Aden, with hundreds of dead and injured. By mid-1948, almost all Jewish
communities in Arab states had suffered attacks and their status deteriorated. Jews under Islamic regimes were
uprooted from their longtime residency or became political hostages of the Arab–Israeli conflict. As a result, a
large number of Jews fled or were forced to emigrate from Arab countries and other Muslim countries as well. AntiJewish violence and persecution initiated the first waves of exodus, with many following. In Libya, Jews were
deprived of citizenship, and in Iraq, their property was seized.[39] Egypt expelled most of its Jewish community in
1956,[citation needed ] while Algeria denied its Jews of citizenship, upon its independence in 1962. The majority
were fleeing due to worsening political conditions, although some emigrated for ideological reasons.[40]
1949–67
As a result of Israel's victory in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War , any Arabs caught on the wrong side of the ceasefire lin
were unable to return to their homes in what became Israel. Likewise, any Jews on the West Bank or in Gaza
were exiled from their property and homes to Israel. Today's Palestinian refugees are the descendants of thosewho left, the responsibility for their exodus being a matter of dispute between the Israeli and the Palestinian
side.[41][42]:114 Morris concluded that the "decisive cause" for the abandonment by Palestinian Arabs of their
settlements was predominantly related to, or caused by, actions of the Jewish forces (citing actual physical
expulsions, military assaults on settlements, fear of being caught up in fighting, the fall of nearby settlements, and
propaganda inciting flight), while abandonment due to orders by the Arab leadership was decisive in only six out o
the 392 depopulated Arab settlements analysed by him.[42]:xiv-xviii Over 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel between
1948 and 1952, with approximately 285,000 of them from Arab countries.[43][40]
In 1956, Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, and blockaded the Gulf of Aqaba, in contravention of
the Constantinople Convention of 1888. Many argued that this was also a violation of the 1949 Armistice Agreements.[44][45][not in citation given] On July 26, 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal Company, and closed
the canal to Israeli shipping.[46] Israel responded on October 29, 1956, by invading the Sinai Peninsula with British
and French support. During the Suez Crisis, Israel captured the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula. The United
States and the United Nations soon pressured it into a ceasefire.[46][47] Israel agreed to withdraw from Egyptian
territory. Egypt agreed to freedom of navigation in the region and the demilitarization of the Sinai. The United
Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) was created and deployed to oversee the demilitarization. [48] The UNEF was
only deployed on the Egyptian side of the border, as Israel refused to allow them on its territory.[49]
Israel completed work on a national water carrier , a huge engineering project designed to transfer Israel's
allocation of the Jordan river 's waters towards the south of the country in realization of Ben-Gurion's dream of
mass Jewish settlement of the Negev desert. The Arabs responded by trying to divert the headwaters of the
Jordan, leading to growing conflict between Israel and Syria.[50]
The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) was first established in 1964, under a charter including a
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Egyptian forces crossing the Suez Canal on
October 7, 1973
Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David
commitment to "[t]he liberation of Palestine [which] will destroy the Zionist and imperialist presence..." (PLO
Charter, Article 22, 1968).
On May 19, 1967, Egypt expelled UNEF observers,[51] and deployed 100,000 soldiers in the Sinai Peninsula.[52] It
again closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping,[53][54] returning the region to the way it was in 1956 when
Israel was blockaded.
On May 30, 1967, Jordan signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. Egypt mobilized Sinai units, crossing UN lines
(after having expelled the UN border monitors) and mobilized and massed on Israel's southern border. On June 5,Israel launched an attack on Egypt. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) destroyed most of the Egyptian Air Force in a
surprise attack, then turned east to destroy the Jordanian, Syrian and Iraqi air forces.[55] This strike was the crucia
element in Israel's victory in the Six-Day War .[52][54] At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai
Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Shebaa farms, and the Golan Heights. The
results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.
1967–73
At the end of August 1967, Arab leaders met in Khartoum in response
to the war, to discuss the Arab position toward Israel. They reachedconsensus that there should be no recognition, no peace, and no
negotiations with the State of Israel, the so-called "three no's".[56]
In 1969, Egypt initiated the War of Attrition , with the goal of exhausting
Israel into surrendering the Sinai Peninsula.[57] The war ended
following Gamal Abdel Nasser 's death in 1970.
On October 6, 1973, Syria and Egypt staged a surprise attack on
Israel on Yom Kippur , the holiest day of the Jewish calendar. The
Israeli military were caught off guard and unprepared, and took about
three days to fully mobilize.[58][59] This led other Arab states to send
troops to reinforce the Egyptians and Syrians. In addition, these Arab countries agreed to enforce an oil embargo
on industrial nations including the U.S, Japan and Western European Countries. These OPEC countries increased
the price of oil fourfold, and used it as a political weapon to gain support against Israel.[60] The Yom Kippur War
accommodated indirect confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union. When Israel had turned the tide of
war, the USSR threatened military intervention. The United States, wary of nuclear war , secured a ceasefire on
October 25.[58][59]
1974–2000
Egypt
Further information: Egypt–Israel relations
Following the Camp David Accords of the late 1970s, Israel and Egypt
signed a peace treaty in March 1979. Under its terms, the Sinai
Peninsula returned to Egyptian hands, and the Gaza Strip remained
under Israeli control, to be included in a future Palestinian state. The
agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through
the Suez Canal and recognition of the Straits of Tiran and the Gulf of
Aqaba as international waterways.
Jordan
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Further information: Israel–Jordan relations
In October 1994, Israel and Jordan signed a peace agreement, which stipulated mutual cooperation, an end of
hostilities, the fixing of the Israel-Jordan border, and a resolution of other issues. The conflict between them had
cost roughly 18.3 billion dollars. Its signing is also closely linked with the efforts to create peace between Israel
and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representing the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). It was
signed at the southern border crossing of Arabah on October 26, 1994 and made Jordan only the second Arab
country (after Egypt) to sign a peace accord with Israel.
Iraq
Further information: Iraq–Israel relations
Israel and Iraq have been implacable foes since 1948. Iraq sent its troops to participate in the 1948 Arab–Israeli
War , and later backed Egypt and Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War and in the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
In June 1981, Israel attacked and destroyed newly built Iraqi nuclear facilities in Operation Opera.
During the Gulf War in 1991, Iraq fired 39 Scud missiles into Israel, in the hopes of uniting the Arab world against
the coalition which sought to liberate Kuwait. At the behest of the United States, Israel did not respond to thisattack in order to prevent a greater outbreak of war.
Lebanon
In 1970, following an extended civil war , King Hussein expelled the Palestine Liberation Organization from Jordan
September 1970 is known as the Black September in Arab history and sometimes is referred to as the "era of
regrettable events". It was a month when Hashemite King Hussein of Jordan moved to quash the autonomy of
Palestinian organisations and restore his monarchy's rule over the country.[61] The violence resulted in the deaths
of tens of thousands of people, the vast majority Palestinians.[62] Armed conflict lasted until July 1971 with the
expulsion of the PLO and thousands of Palestinian fighters to Lebanon. The PLO resettled in Lebanon, from which
it staged raids into Israel. In 1978, Israel launched Operation Litani, in which it together with the South Lebanon
Army forced the PLO to retreat north of the Litani river. In 1981 another conflict between Israel and the PLO broke
out, which ended with a ceasefire agreement that did not solve the core of the conflict. In June 1982, Israel
invaded Lebanon. Within two months the PLO agreed to withdraw thence.
In March 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed a ceasefire agreement. However, Syria pressured President Amine
Gemayel into nullifying the truce in March 1984. By 1985, Israeli forces withdrew to a 15 km wide southern strip of
Lebanon, following which the conflict continued on a lower scale, with relatively low casualties on both sides. In
1993 and 1996, Israel launched major operations against the Shiite militia of Hezbollah, which had become an
emergent threat. In May 2000, the newly elected government of Ehud Barak authorized a withdrawal fromSouthern Lebanon, fulfilling an election promise to do so well ahead of a declared deadline. The hasty withdrawal
lead to the immediate collapse of the South Lebanon Army, and many members either got arrested or fled to
Israel.
In 2006, as a response to a Hezbollah cross-border raid, Israel launched air strikes on Hezbollah strongholds in
Southern Lebanon, starting the 2006 Lebanon War . The inconclusive war lasted for 34 days, and resulted in the
creation of a buffer zone in Southern Lebanon and the deployment of Lebanese troops south of the Litani river for
the first time since the 1960s. The Israeli government under Ehud Olmert was harshly criticized for its handling of
the war in the Winograd Commission.
Palestinians
Further information: Israeli–Palestinian conflict
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The 1970s were marked by a large number of major, international terrorist attacks, including the Lod Airport
massacre and the Munich Olympics Massacre in 1972, and the Entebbe Hostage Taking in 1976, with over 100
Jewish hostages of different nationalities kidnapped and held in Uganda.
In December 1987, the First Intifada began. The First Intifada was a mass Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule
in the Palestinian territories.[63] The rebellion began in the Jabalia refugee camp and quickly spread throughout
Gaza and the West Bank. Palestinian actions ranged from civil disobedience to violence. In addition to general
strikes, boycotts on Israeli products, graffiti and barricades, Palestinian demonstrations that included stone-
throwing by youths against the Israel Defense Forces brought the Intifada international attention. The Israeliarmy's heavy handed response to the demonstrations, with live ammunition, beatings and mass arrests, brought
international condemnation. The PLO, which until then had never been recognised as the leaders of the
Palestinian people by Israel, was invited to peace negotiations the following year, after it recognized Israel and
renounced terrorism.
In mid-1993, Israeli and Palestinian representatives engaged in peace talks in Oslo, Norway. As a result, in
September 1993, Israel and the PLO signed the Oslo Accords , known as the Declaration of Principles or Oslo I; in
side letters, Israel recognized the PLO as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people while the PLO
recognized the right of the state of Israel to exist and renounced terrorism, violence and its desire for the
destruction of Israel.
The Oslo II agreement was signed in 1995 and detailed the division of the West Bank into Areas A, B, and C. Are
A was land under full Palestinian civilian control. In Area A, Palestinians were also responsible for internal security.
The Oslo agreements remain important documents in Israeli-Palestinian relations.
2000–09
The Second Intifada forced Israel to rethink its relationship and policies towards the Palestinians. Following a
series of suicide bombings and attacks, the Israeli army launched Operation Defensive Shield. It was the largest
military operation conducted by Israel since the Six-Day War.[64]
As violence between the Israeli army and Palestinian militants intensified, Israel expanded its security apparatus
around the West Bank by re-taking many parts of land in Area A. Israel established a complicated system of
roadblocks and checkpoints around major Palestinian areas to deter violence and protect Israeli settlements.
However, since 2008, the IDF has slowly transferred authority to Palestinian security forces.[65][66][67]
Israel's then prime minister Ariel Sharon began a policy of disengagement from Gaza from the Gaza Strip in
2003. This policy was fully implemented in August 2005.[68] Sharon's announcement to disengage from Gaza
came as a tremendous shock to his critics both on the left and on the right. A year previously, he had commented
that the fate of the most far-flung settlements in Gaza, Netzararem and Kfar Darom, was regarded in the same
light as that of Tel Aviv.[69]
The formal announcements to evacuate seventeen Gaza settlements and another four in the West Bank in February 2004 represented the first reversal for the settler movement since 1968. It divided
his party. It was strongly supported by Trade and Industry Minister Ehud Olmert and Tzipi Livni, the Minister for
Immigration and Absorption, but Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom and Finance Minister Benjamin Netanyahu
strongly condemned it. It was also uncertain whether this was simply the beginning of further evacuation.[70]
On March 16, 2003, Rachel Corrie, an American peace activist was crushed to death by an Israeli Defense
Forces (IDF) bulldozer in Rafah, Gaza, during a non-violent protest of the Israeli demolition of Palestinian
homes.[71] Corrie stood in confrontation with the bulldozers for three hours wearing a bright orange jacket and
carrying a megaphone.[71] Although the Israeli government has denied responsibility in the incident and ruled her
death as an accident, several eye-witness reports say that the Israeli soldier operating the bulldozer deliberatelyran her over.[71][72]
In June 2006, Hamas militants infiltrated an army post near the Israeli side of the Gaza Strip and abducted Israeli
soldier Gilad Shalit. Two IDF soldiers were killed in the attack, while Shalit was wounded after his tank was hit
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with an RPG. Three days later Israel launched Operation Summer Rains to secure the release of Shalit. [73] He
was held hostage by Hamas, who barred the International Red Cross from seeing him, until October 18, 2011,
when he was exchanged for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.[74][75]
In July 2006, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon into Israel, attacked and killed eight Israeli
soldiers, and abducted two others as hostages, setting off the 2006 Lebanon War which caused much destruction
in Lebanon.[76] A UN-sponsored ceasefire went into effect on August 14, 2006, officially ending the conflict. [77] Th
conflict killed over a thousand Lebanese and over 150 Israelis,[78][79][80][81][82][83][84] severely damaged Lebanese
civil infrastructure, and displaced approximately one million Lebanese[85] and 300,000–500,000 Israelis, although
most were able to return to their homes.[86][87][88] After the ceasefire, some parts of Southern Lebanon remained
uninhabitable due to Israeli unexploded cluster bomblets.[89]
In the aftermath of the Battle of Gaza, where Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip in a violent civil war with rival
Fatah, Israel placed restrictions on its border with Gaza borders and ended economic cooperation with the
Palestinian leadership based there. Israel and Egypt have imposed a blockade of the Gaza Strip since 2007.
Israel maintains the blockade is necessary to limit Palestinian rocket attacks from Gaza and to prevent Hamas
from smuggling advanced rockets and weapons capable of hitting its cities.[71]
On September 6, 2007, in Operation Orchard, Israel bombed an eastern Syrian complex which was allegedly a
nuclear reactor being built with assistance from North Korea.[90] Israel had also bombed Syria in 2003.
In April 2008, Syrian President Bashar al-Assad told a Qatari newspaper that Syria and Israel had been discussin
a peace treaty for a year, with Turkey as a go-between. This was confirmed in May 2008 by a spokesman for
Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. As well as a peace treaty, the future of the Golan Heights is being discussed.
President Assad said "there would be no direct negotiations with Israel until a new US president takes office."[91]
Speaking in Jerusalem on August 26, 2008, then United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice criticized
Israel's increased settlement construction in the West Bank as detrimental to the peace process. Rice's comments
came amid reports that Israeli construction in the disputed territory had increased by a factor of 1.8 over 2007levels.[92]
A fragile six-month truce between Hamas and Israel expired on December 19, 2008; [93] attempts at extending the
truce failed amid accusations of breaches from both sides.[94][95][96][97] Following the expiration, Israel launched a
raid on a tunnel suspected of being used to kidnap Israeli soldiers which killed several Hamas fighters.[98]
Following this, Hamas resumed rocket and mortar attacks on Israeli cities, most notably firing over 60 rockets on
December 24. On December 27, 2008, Israel launched Operation Cast Lead against Hamas. Numerous human
rights organizations accused Israel and Hamas of committing war crimes.[99]
In 2009 Israel placed a 10-month settlement freeze on the West Bank. Hillary Clinton praised the freeze as an"unprecedented" gesture that could "help revive Middle East talks."[100][101]
A raid was carried out by Israeli naval forces on six ships of the Gaza Freedom Flotilla in May 2010.[102] after the
ships refused to dock at Port Ashdod. On the MV Mavi Marmara, activists clashed with the Israeli boarding party.
During the fighting, nine activists were killed by Israeli special forces. Widespread international condemnation of
and reaction to the raid followed, Israel–Turkey relations were strained, and Israel subsequently eased its
blockade on the Gaza Strip.[103][104][105][106] Several dozen other passengers and seven Israeli soldiers were
injured,[104] with some of the commandos suffering from gunshot wounds. [107][108]
2010–present
Following the latest round of peace talks between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, 13 Palestinian militant
movements led by Hamas initiated a terror campaign designed to derail and disrupt the negotiations.[109] Attacks
on Israelis have increased since August 2010, after 4 Israeli civilians were killed by Hamas militants. Palestinian
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militants have increased the frequency of rocket attacks aimed at Israelis. On August 2, Hamas militants launched
seven Katyusha rockets at Eilat and Aqaba, killing one Jordanian civilian and wounding 4 others.[110]
Intermittent fighting continued since then, including 680 rocket attacks on Israel in 2011. [111] On November 14,
2012, Israel killed Ahmed Jabari, a leader of Hamas's military wing, launching Operation Pillar of Cloud.[112]
Hamas and Israel agreed to an Egyptian-mediated ceasefire on November 21.[113]
The Palestinian Centre for Human Rights said that 158 Palestinians were killed during the operation, of which: 102
were civilians, 55 were militants and one was a policeman; 30 were children and 13 were women. [114][115]
B'Tselem stated that according to its initial findings, which covered only the period between 14 and 19 November,
102 Palestinians were killed in the Gaza Strip, 40 of them civilians. According to Israeli figures, 120 combatants
and 57 civilians were killed.[116] International outcry ensued, with many criticizing Israel for what much of the
international community perceived as a disproportionately violent response.[117] Protests took place on hundreds
of college campuses across the U.S., and in front of the Israeli consulate in New York.[118] Additional protests took
place throughout the Middle East, throughout Europe, and in parts of South America.[118]
However, the governments of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, France, Australia, Belgium,
Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Netherlands expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself, and/or condemned
the Hamas rocket attacks on Israel.[119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129]
Following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas, Israel started an operation in the Gaza Strip on July 8,
2014.[130]
Notable wars and violent events
Time Name
1948–1949 First Arab–Israeli War
1951–1955 Reprisal operations
1956 Suez War
1967 The Six-Day War
1967–1970 War of Attrition
1971–1982 Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
1973 Yom Kippur War
1978 First South Lebanon conflict
1982 First Lebanon War
1985–2000 Second South Lebanon conflict
1987–1993 First Intifada
2000–2004 Second Intifada
2006 Operation Summer Rains
Second Lebanon War
2008–2009 Gaza War
2012 Operation Pillar of Defense
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2014 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
Time Name
Cost of conflict
See also: Arab League boycott of Israel
A report by Strategic Foresight Group has estimated the opportunity cost of conflict for the Middle East from 19912010 at $12 trillion. The report's opportunity cost calculates the peace GDP of countries in the Middle East by
comparing the current GDP to the potential GDP in times of peace. Israel's share is almost $1 trillion, with Iraq an
Saudi Arabia having approximately $2.2 and $4.5 trillion, respectively. In other words, had there been peace and
cooperation between Israel and Arab League nations since 1991, the average Israeli citizen would be earning ove
$44,000 instead of $23,000 in 2010.[131]
In terms of the human cost, it is estimated that the conflict has taken 92,000 lives (74,000 military and 18,000
civilian from 1945 to 1995).[8]
See also
Art of the Arab–Israeli conflict
One-state solution
Two-state solution
International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict
Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict and Russia and the Arab–Israeli conflict
Foreign relations of Israel
Israel–European Union relations
Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Israeli–Lebanese conflict
Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
Jordanian occupation of the West Bank
Policide
Israel–Turkey relations
Political status of the Palestinian territories
Jewish-Islamic conflict in the days of Muhammad
Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator
Civil defense in Israel
List of wars involving Israel
Israeli casualties of war
Palestinian casualties of war
Palestinian political violence
Zionist political violence
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionist_political_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_political_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_casualties_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_casualties_of_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict:_Middle_East_Political_Simulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Palestinian_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_occupation_of_the_West_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-state_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-state_solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_costhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Foresight_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League_boycott_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict
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