Enzymes (Proteins)

Standards 1b, 1h, 4e, 4f,

From the largest entity in the Universe to the smallest

entity that makes up all the matter in the Universe

Universe

From the largest entity in the Universe to the smallest

entity that makes up all the matter in the Universe

• Universe > Galaxies > Star > • (Milky Way) Solar

• System (Sun)

Universe

Galaxies

Stars

Planets

• Planet > Organisms > Organ >• (Earth) (Human Being) System

(Digestive)

System

Organisms

Organ System

• Organ > Tissue > Cells >(Stomach) (Smooth) (Smooth)

Muscle Muscle Tissue Cells

Organs

Tissue

Cells

• Organelles > Macromolecules >

Nucleus (Organic Compounds)

i.e. Protein (Enzymes)

Organelles

Organic Compounds

• Atoms > Subatomic > Quarks >

Elements (Proton)

Carbon (Neutron)

(Electron)

Atoms

Subatomic

Quarks

Proton Neutron

• > Energy Strings ?

String Theory ?

Energy Strings?

Proton

From the Simplest to the Most Complex

• Virus < Bacteria < Animal < Plant

Cell Cell Cell

↓ ↓ ↓

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Cells Cells

↓ ↓

No Nucleus Have a Nucleus

Standard 1h

• Students know most macromolecules (polysaccharides, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) in cells and organisms are synthesized from small collection of simple precursors.

Types of Macromolecules(Organic Compounds)

• Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) sugars

• Proteinas (Enzymes)

• Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

• Lipids (Fats)

Types of Macromolecules(Organic Compounds)

Carbohydrates(Polysaccharides)

Sugars

Proteins(Enzymes)

Nucleic Acids(DNA & RNA)

Lipids(Fats)

Types of Monomers• Monosaccharides

• Amino Acids

• Nucleotides

• Fatty Acids

Types of Monomers

Monosaccharide Amino Acid Nucleotide Fatty Acid

Monomers That Make Up The Macromolecules

• Many Monosaccharide make up a Polysaccharide.

• Many Nucleotides makes up a Nucleic Acid.

• Many Amino Acids make up a protein (Enzyme).

• 3 chains of Fatty Acids attached to a glycerol molecule make up the lipids.

Standard 1b

• Students know enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reaction equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings.

Enzymes

• They are proteins that are made in the ribosomes of the cell, and are involved in speeding up the millions of chemical reactions needed to sustain life in living things.

• They help certain substrates (reactants) become products quickly, but do not become part of the products.

• They lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

Factors that affect Enzyme Function

• Temperature

• pH • Ionic conditions.

Temperature

Review Standards 8th Grade Physical Science

• pH scale 0 14• pH < 7 solution is acidic• pH > 7 solution is basic• pH = 7 solution is neutral

Ionic Conditions

Ionic Conditions at the Molecular Level

Standard 4e

• Students know proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino acids.

Standard 4f

• Students know why proteins having different amino acid sequences typically have different shapes and chemical properties.

Amino Acid AbbreviationAbbreviation

Letter

Alanine Ala A

Asparagine Asn N

Cysteine Cys C

Glutamine Gln Q

Glycine Gly G

Isoleucine Ile I

Leucine Leu L

Methionine Met M

Phenylalanine Phe F

Proline Pro P

Amino Acid AbbreviationAbbreviation

Letter

Serine Ser S

Threonine Thr T

Tryptophan Trp W

Tyrosine Tyr Y

Valine Val V

Aspartic Acid Asp D

Glutamic Acid Glu E

Arginine Arg R

Histidine His H

Lysine Lys K

Insulin

Insulin (Ribbon Form Structure)

Human Growth Hormone