EO 011.05 Types of Swimming Pools TP 9 1. 2 Types of Swimming Pools References: CFP 213, Health...

EO 011.05

Types of Swimming Pools

TP 9

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References:• CFP 213, Health Manual, Chapter 4• CFAO 34-38

CFAO 34-38 SANITARY CONTROL OF INDOOR AND OUTDOOR POOLS AND SWIMMING AREAS

• General Safety Program – Safety Standards Manual, Chapter 17, Electricity safety

• Saskatchewan Health, Water Theme Facility Design/Operational Standards Updated 02/00

http://admfincs.mil.ca/admfincs/subjects/cfao/034-38_e.asp




General:

• By definition, a swimming pool means “any structure, basin, chamber, or tank containing an artificial body of water for swimming, diving, or recreational bathing and having a water depth of two feet and six inches or more at any point”. A swimming area is any natural body of water which is used in a similar manner to a swimming pool. Swimming pools may be indoor or outdoor and are of three types:

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Fill and Draw Pools:

• Pools of this type are static, they are filled with water which is periodically run off to waste and replaced. In general, such pools are no longer approved for communal use, because of the difficulty in keeping the pool water in sanitary, disinfected condition.

Fill and Draw Pool

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Flow-through Pools:• In flow through pools there is continuous

flow, so that when the pool is in use water is simply flowing in at one end and out to waste at the other, ensuring continuous displacement. Sanitary control of this type of pool is largely dependent upon controlling the quality of the up-stream water. The out-flowing water may become a source of pollution downstream.

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Flow-through Pool

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Flow-through Pool

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Recirculating Pools:

Design

Basically, a recirculation system continuously

pumps the same water through

filtration/disinfection apparatus and equipment

and returns it to the pool, Make up water being

added when necessary.

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Types of Swimming PoolsRecirculating Pools:• The recirculation system provides:• circulation of the water through the pool by pumps;• withdrawal of the water from the pool for treatment and

return to the pool as clean water; and

• treatment of the water by filtration and disinfection to approved standards, and by the application of any other treatment processes which may be found necessary.

• the Recirculating pool is regarded as the most desirable, from the health standpoint, of the three types of swimming pools discussed.

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Pool Operation:

A typical swimming pool piping system is illustrated in

Fig 4-1. Various modifications exist but all conform to

the same principles:• the pool is filled with water from a potable source;• the water is continuously circulated by pumping

through the filters after having hair and lint removed by a straining device; and

• the filtered water is disinfected and returned to the pool.

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Pool Water Supply:• The water supply must satisfy the normal

bacteriological and chemical requirements for drinking water. Of special importance to recirculation pool operation is a supply which has low turbidity and a neutral pH. The water supply to the pool must be protected against contamination from back siphonage or cross connection.

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Filters:

Swimming pool filters are commonly of two types:

• Rapid Sand; and

• Diatomaceous earth.


Filters:

• Filters must be of such capacity that the entire pool volume can be recirculated through them not less than three time in 24 hours of operation.

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Types of Swimming PoolspH of Pool Water:

It has been shown that a high pH in water retards

disinfection by chlorine and may favour algal growths.

However, a drop in pH (below 7.2) may cause

conjunctivitis or dermatitis and will certainly give rise to

a strong chlorine odour. Accurate control of the pH of

pool water is essential, especially so where

hypochlorite solutions are used for pool water

disinfection as these have a tendency to drop the pH.

It must also be remembered that to ensure proper

alum flocculation a pH range of 7.2 – 7.6 is desirable.

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Types of Swimming PoolspH of Pool Water:

To adjust pH upwards soda ash is added by means of

A chemical feeder. To lower the pH, sodium

bisulphate, hydrochloric, or phosphoric acid may be

used. Tests for pH are usually made colorimetrically,

although electronic devices exist for this purpose. In

Canadian Forces pools it is required that pH must be

Maintained between 7.2 and 7.6 when there is a free

available chlorine residual between 0.4 and 1 mg/l.

High pH readings (8.0 to 8.9) are permitted where a

high free chlorine residual (over 1mg/l) is required.

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Coagulants – Alum:

Where alum is used in a rapid sand filter it is usually

applied ahead of the filters. The amount required is

generally two ounces per square foot of filter surface.

Alum solution should be applied rather slowly, six to

Eight hours to feed the amount needed. It is highly

important that the alum should be thoroughly mixed

with the influent, otherwise, being acid, the alum will

floc in the pool instead of on the filters.

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Chlorination:

Swimming pool water should, when disinfected

by chlorination, show a free available chlorine

residual of not less than 0.5 mg/l or higher in

all parts of the pool.

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Temperature:

Where a pool is artificially heated the water

temperature is maintained at 23°C to 26°C.

Ambient air temperature in an indoor pool where the

water is heated is required to be not more than 4°C

warmer or more than 1°C cooler than the pool water at

any time when in use. Ventilation must be so adjusted

that draughts are prevented. CFHS personnel must be

In possession of suitably calibrated thermometers

when making this part of an inspection.

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Bather Load:

The number of bathers in the pool at any time

must not exceed one person per 25 square

feet of water surface area.

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Pool Cleaning:

The frequency of pool cleaning depends upon

such factors as the type of pool, bather load,

efficiency of filter operation, chemical

treatment and disinfection, and the results of

laboratory tests. Visible dirt in small quantities

may be removed by vacuuming.


Pool Cleaning:

The presence of scum or floating debris calls for

immediate removal. Generally, the pool should be

emptied and thoroughly cleaned with sufficient

frequency to, at all times, maintain a high standard of

sanitation and attractive appearance. The adherence

to strict rules of personal hygiene, coupled with the

provision of adequate bathing and toilet facilities, have

a distinct bearing upon the pool’s water quality and

appearance.

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Sanitary facilities:

Sanitary facilities shall be provided as follows:• Bath-houses:

Separate sections must be provided for men and women. The construction must be such as to facilitate thorough daily cleaning.


Sanitary facilities:• Barriers shall be placed at the entrances and

exits of dressing rooms to break the line of sight. Floors shall be of impervious material, have a pitch of 1/4 inch per foot, slope to a proper drain. Walls and partitions shall be of smooth material without open cracks or joints.

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Sanitary facilities:• Showers - Separate shower facilities shall be

provided for each sex. A minimum of one shower per 40 bathers shall be provided. The use of shower boards is not recommended; instead, shower floors should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected daily.

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Sanitary facilities:• Toilets - The men’s bath-house shall have a

minimum of one toilet and one urinal per 60 males. The women’s bath-house shall have a minimum of one toilet per 40 females.

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Personal Hygiene:

The Canadian Forces require a high standard

of personal hygiene from users of swimming

pools, and the following precautions are to be

taken:


Personal Hygiene:

Suitable instructions, covering personal

hygiene shall be displayed prominently in the

locker rooms: i.e..• all persons using the swimming pool must

take a cleansing shower, using warm water and soap, before entering the pool;

• all bathers who have used the toilet must shower before entering the pool;

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Personal Hygiene:• persons having skin disease, sore or

inflamed eyes, cold, nasal or ear discharges, or any communicable diseases will not be allowed in the pool;

• spitting, spouting of water, blowing the nose, etc, in the pool is prohibited. If spitting is necessary, scum gutters must be used;

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Personal Hygiene:• blowing the nose to remove water may force

infectious matter into the sinuses and inner ear and cause serious consequences;

• no articles of food are permitted in the bath-house or pool enclosure;

• no smoking is permitted in the pool area; and


Personal Hygiene:• no boisterous or rough play, except

supervised water sports, is permitted in the pool, on runways, on diving boards, floats, platforms, or in dressing rooms and shower rooms.

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Types of Swimming PoolsChemistry:Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) - it may be noted that pH levels above 8.1 can favour the growth of algae, particularly where the water may contain free carbon dioxide. Of the various chemicals recommended for pH adjustment, the following appraisal should be made before using any one of them:

– Soda ash (Sodium carbonate). Use to raise pH. Generally safe. Less effective than caustic soda.

– Caustic soda. Hazardous to handle or use without protective clothing, especially goggles. Not considered to be a safe chemical.

– Sodium bisulphate. Used to lower pH. Generally safe.– Hydrochloric & Sulphuric acids. Can be used to lower pH but

is highly unsafe.

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Alum (Aluminum Sulphate):

A pressure sand filter can not be operated

without using a coagulant; the coagulant of

choice being alum. Other alum compounds

such as ammonium aluminum sulphate may

be used provided that there is chemical

supervision, because these compounds are

complex in themselves and may add to the

Water treatment problem.


Alum (Aluminum Sulphate):

Alum, in an aqueous solution, has an acid

reaction. On mixing alum with water in the correct

proportions, aluminum hydroxide is formed, as a white

gelatinous precipitate which adheres to the sand

grains in the filter forming a mat having similar

properties to biological film formed in a slow sand filter.

This mat enables the filter to remove and retain

suspended matter present in the water.

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Alkalinity:• Alkalinity and pH. The pH is not a complete

measurement of water alkalinity because carbonate and bi-carbonate alkalinity does not react to a pH test. This is specially important when complaints of eye and skin irritation are received in those cases where the pool pH is over 8.3

Types of Swimming Pools• Tests for alkalinity. Carbonate - bicarbonate

alkalinity can be determined by the reaction of the water with phenolphthalein solution. A pinkish colour reaction to three to four drops of phenolphthalein solution in 50 mg/l of the water indicated carbonate. Reducing the pH to 8.3 or below removes carbonate alkalinity. The total alkalinity is best determined by titration in a laboratory. In swimming pool waters a total alkalinity of 100 - 350 mg/l is desirable.

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Chemical Disinfection:

Three elements of the halogen group or their

compounds have been used in the disinfection

of swimming pool water:• chlorine• bromine• iodine

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Effects on pH:The application of chlorine to water as a gas results in

the formation of acids which lower the pH. It is for this

reason that treatment with soda ash is necessary.

Calcium hypochlorite only slightly affects pH, but this

depends on the chemistry of the water at source.

Sodium hypochlorite is prepared by bubbling chlorine

gas through a caustic alkali in the solution which will

cause the pool water pH to rise, rendering the use of

sodium bisulphate necessary.

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Chloramines:

These compounds are formed from chlorine

and ammonia. they have been used for

disinfection of pool water but their bactericidal

effect is slower than chlorine or iodine.

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MAINTENANCE - Control of Algal Growths:

Algal growths are favoured by a pH below 8.1.

An incipient algal growth may be detected by a

Sudden rise in pH, caused by algae removing

carbon dioxide. Algae will also deviate chlorine,

increasing chlorine demand. The free residual

chlorine treatment, properly applied, prevents

growth of algae


MAINTENANCE - Control of Algal Growths:

Shaded pools are less susceptible to algal

problems because of reduction in direct

sunlight. Routine superchlorination is an

excellent preventive. Where a massive algal

growth has developed the pool must be

drained, scrubbed with strong (5 %)

hypochlorite or copper sulphate solution, and

thoroughly flushed.

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MAINTENANCE - Filter Sand Purging:

Failure to properly backwash filters will give rise to:• Calcification caused by calcium compounds

adhering to grains of sand, resulting in the formation of impermeable masses or (cakes); and

• Mud balls which are of biological origin, caused by the multiplication of bacteria. This causes solid aggregation of sand, dirt, and hair into “mud balls”. These mud balls disrupt the filter bed, so that uniform filtration is impossible.

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Types of Swimming PoolsMAINTENANCE - Filter Sand Purging:

Corrective Measures (Purging). When either of the two conditions

previously described arises, the filter, or filters, must be purged.

The methods commonly used are:• replacement of the entire sand bed if the condition is of long standing

in either case.• calcification, if not too far advanced, may be corrected by purging with

an acid wash. The filter is opened and drained and the chemical spread over the surface. The filter is then closed and sufficient water admitted to just cover the surface. After six hours, the filter is thoroughly backwashed.

• for mud balls, the same procedure as under 2b above is used. Lye or calcium hypochlorite may be substituted for sodium biusulphate, but involve special hazards and are better avoided.

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Types of Swimming PoolsBATHING PLACES - Wading Pools:

This type of pool is designed for outdoor used by small

children. A continuous flow, shallow, spray type pool

is the design most favoured by sanitarians. The water

supply may be fresh, potable water which is rapidly run

to waste, or recirculated, in which case treatment is the

same as for recirculation swimming pools. Wading

pools require the same precautions with regard to

construction, operation, and safety as swimming pools.

Types of Swimming PoolsBATHING PLACES - Wading Pools:

Such pools can, unless carefully supervised, become foci of

infection, especially for those communicable diseases peculiar to

children. Contact with a wading pool should be ascertained when

investigating any case caused by droplet infection, or direct

contact, and involving small children, during the summer months.

Notwithstanding these drawbacks, a wading pool in which the

water is adequately treated, and where those wading are

supervised, is infinitely safer than a beach wading area.

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Types of Swimming Pools Inspection:Records:• Daily pool records are maintained by the

BCEO. Copies of these records should be available either at the pool, or through the BCEO, or the PERI staff. Of special importance to CFMS preventive medicine personnel are those records pertaining to:

• chemical tests for chlorine residual, pH, and alkalinity;


Inspection:Records:• bacteriological water samples;• number of bather per day - if bathing is on a

unit basis the unit designation should be recorded; and

• dates and time of tests of emergency telephone, or for electrical ground fault.

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Types of Swimming PoolsInspection: Inspection Procedure:• So many enter-related factors, which bear upon

health, exist at a swimming pool that a check-list type of inspection form should be utilized. A suggested form for this purpose is appended as Annex A to this chapter. When making a routine inspection, CFHS personnel should conduct tests for chlorine residual and pH, also alkalinity if required. Samples for bacteriological examination should also be secured, first aid kits inspected, and emergency communication system tested. Any existing adjacent facilities for refreshment service must also be include in this inspection.

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Annex A – Swimming Pool Report

CFP 213, Chapter 4 – Section 416

INSPECTION, Records & Inspection

Procedure

Annex A – Swimming Pool Inspection Report

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• Water Theme Facility Design/Operational Standards • Safety• Electrical• Disinfection (play equipment in pods)• Operational of wave pools and water slides• Problem solving (wave pools and water slides)

http://www.ciphi-sk.ca/site/wp-content/uploads/water_theme_standard.pdf



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Types of Swimming PoolsSalt Water Pools & Spas:• Saltwater swimming pools and spas rely on chlorine-

or bromine-generating devices to sanitize the water. They require the same basic care as traditional pools and spas to control disease-causing microorganisms, algae and organic matter.

• The main difference is that saltwater pools and spas rely on chlorine- or bromine-generating devices to sanitize the water whereas traditional pools and spas can use chlorine or bromine chemical products. As with traditional pools and spas, the minimum free available chlorine or equivalent bromine levels must be maintained at 1-3 ppm for swimming pool water and at 3-5 ppm for spa water.

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