EOC Final Review

1. SUGAR2. STARCH

1. BENEDICTS SOLUTION

1. IODINE SOLUTION

SHORT-TERM (quick) ENERGY

LONG-TERM (quick) ENERGY

1 GLYCEROL & 3 FATTY ACIDS

BROWN PAPER BAG TEST

AMINO ACIDS MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BODY

BIURET’S SOLUTION

NUCLEOTIDE(1 phosphate, 1 sugar, 1 nitrogen base)

HOLD GENETIC INFORMATION

HOLD RECIPE TO MAKE PROTEINS

1. ALL LIVING THINGS

2. DNA FINGERPRINTING

PROTEINSAMINO ACIDS

A

B

C

J

F

E

D

I

H

G

ALL PROTEINS!!!!!

BOTH Stores ALL of the important information for the cell

BOTH

PLANTS ONLY

BOTH

BOTHPlants have 1 LARGE vacuole

Animals have multiple small ones

PLANTS ONLY

BOTH

Decides what comes in and out of cell

Extra support and protection for plant cells

Provides energy for the cell (ATP)

Stores material

Photosynthesis to make food for plant (glucose)

Makes proteins (site of protein synthesis)

MITOCHONDRIA

NUCLEUSCELL MEMBRANE

RIBOSOMES

RIBOSOMES

CELL MEMBRANE

CELL WALL

CHLOROPLAST

VACUOLE

PLANTANIMAL

CELL WALLCHLOROPLAST

VACUOLE (large)

PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC

NO NUCLEUS

NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES (ONLY RIBOSOMES)

PLASMIDS (circular DNA)

SMALL, SIMPLE, OLDER

HAS A NUCLEUS

HAS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES

LARGER, COMPLEX, YOUNGERDNA IN NUCLEUS (in chromosomes)

Unit 3 Reminders:

1. Cell specialization/differentiation:– Where do all cell originally come from (what type of

cell)?– Do all cells have the same DNA?– Do all cells have the same function (job)?– What makes a muscle cell and a nerve cell different?– REMEMBER: all cells have the same DNA, but

different jobs! The only difference are the GENES that are turned on or off in each cell – this determines their job!

HIGH LOW

HIGH LOW

HIGH LOW

PROTEIN

LOW HIGH

PROTEIN

NO YES

HIGH to LOW LOW to HIGH

Transport Reminders:

1. ALWAYS draw you box-circle model2. When the molecules CANNOT move it is OSMOSIS– WATER moves high to low– Use the salt concentration. Subtract from 100% (inside

and outside). The left remaining amount is the water concentration. Move the water from the high concentration to the low concentration.

3. If water moves…– OUT = the cell will SHRINK or SHRIVEL– IN = the cell will SWELL or BURST

100% water0% salt

20% salt80% water LOW (water)

HIGH (water)

Water will move out of the cell and it will SHRINK

LOW (water)

0% salt

100% water

80% water20% salt

HIGH (water)

Water will move into of the cell and it will SWELL

MAINTAINING BALANCE WITHIN AN ORGANISM

90% water

90% water

EQUILLIBRIUM

90% water

98% water

H

L

SWELL

SHRINK

70% water

90% waterH

L

Real life application of osmosis…

• What happens when you don’t water your plants…

The VACUOLE loses water (water leaves the cell), so the cell SHRINKS or SHRIVELS, causing the plant to wilt and die.

ENZYMEENZYME

ENZYME-SUBSTRATECOMPLEX

SUBSTRATE(reactant)

PRODUCTS

ACTIVE SITE

PROTEINS

THE SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE

YES – ENZYMES ARE REUSED FOR THE SAME SPECIFIC TYPE OF REACTIONS, UNLESS THE ACTIVE SITE IS DENATURED (the shape is changed).

pH AND TEMPERATURE CAN DENATURE THE ACTIVE SITE OF THE ENZYME. IF THE ACTIVE SITE CHANGES SHAPE, THE ENZYME CAN NO LONGER PERFORM AT AN OPTIMAL LEVEL AND MAY STOP WORKING.

3 ACID

BASE9

SUN (energy) + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O) OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6)

CHLOROPLAST

CO2 O2

OXYGEN (O2) + GLUCOSE (C6H12O6) 36 ATP + CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) + WATER (H2O)

MITOCHONDRIA

AEROBIC REPIRATION USES OXYGEN AND CREATES 36 ATPANAEROBIC REPIRATION DOES NOT USE OXYGEN AND CREATES 2 ATP

IN ANIMAL MUSCLE

IN YEAST AND BACTERIA

Remember: FERMENTATION is another name for ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

THE PRODUCTS ARE: 2 ATP, CARBON DIOXIDE, and ETHYL ALCOHOL

SUN going IN

WATER going IN

OXYGEN being RELEASED

C T G G C T

SUGAR

GAC CGA

Asp- Arg-

3 mRNA letters (nitrogen bases)

RIBOSE

A, G, C, U A, G, C, T

DEOXYRIBOSE

1 (single helix) 2 (double helix)

NUCLEUS & CYTOPLASM NUCLEUS

DELIVERS GENETIC MESSAGES TO MAKE PROTEINS

HOLDS GENETIC INFORMATION TO CODE FOR PROTEINS

PEPTIDE BONDS

TRANSCRIPTON TRANSLATION PROTEINS

STORES GENETIC INFORMATION FOR LIFE

TRANSPORT DNA MESSAGE FROM NUCLEUS TO RIBOSOME

READ mRNA MESSAGE (anticodon) AND BRING CORRECT AMINO ACID TO THE RIBOSOME

MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS IN BODY (health, repair, communication, digestion, speed up reactions)

NUCLEUS mRNA

CYTOPLASM RIBOSOME

tRNA

AMINO ACID PROTEIN

TRUE

EVERY CELL HAS THE SAME DNA, BUT A DIFFERENT JOB. THE DIFFERENT JOBS ARE DETERMINED BY THE GENES THAT ARE TURNED ON OR OFF IN A CELL.

ASEXUAL SEXUAL

2N = DIPLOID 2N = DIPLOID

2N = DIPLOID N = HAPLOID

1 2

2 4

50 chromosomes 25 chromosomes

BEFORE CELL DIVISION BEFORE 1st CELL DIVISION

NONO

NO

YES

YES

YESYES

YESYES

YES

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS

BOTH!MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

GROWTH

REPAIR

REPLACING DEAD OR WORN OUT CELLS

INTERPHASE

PROPHASE (first)

METAPHASE(middle)

ANAPHASE (away)

TELOPHASE(2 new cells)

Interphase= DNA Replication

Prophase = chromosomes form; nucleus breaks down; spindle fibers appear

C

Metaphase = chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

B

E

Anaphase = chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers

Telophase= nucleus reforms; cytoplasm divides; 2 new cells

A

D

MEIOSIS

MEIOSIS

GAMETE(egg)

GAMETE(sperm)

FERTILIZATION ZYGOTE(1st diploid cell)

MITOSIS EMBRYO ADULT

Phenotype = Tall Genotype = _____ _____ ______

Phenotype = _________ _________

TT Tt tt

TALL

SHORT

1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)

3 (75%) 1 (25%)1:2:1

3:1

1. Nutrition and health

2. Environment may favor tall trait = trees (food) may grow taller favoring tall organism. Tall would be able to eat, survive and reproduce. Short ones would die off.

Phenotypes: RED, WHITE, PINK

Genotypes: RR= RED

RR’= PINKR’R’= WHITE

Parents: ______ x _______RR R’R’

R R

R’

R’

R

R

R

R

R’

R’ R’

R’

Genotype = _____ _____ ______

Phenotype = ______ _______ _______

RR RR’ R’R’

RED PINK WHITE

0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%)

0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%)

100% PINK FLOWERS

100% RR’

Parents:

______ x _______

Genotype = _____ _____ ______

Phenotype = ______ _______ _______

RR RR’ R’R’

RED PINK WHITE

RR’RR’

R

R’

R’

R R

R

R’

R’

R R

R’ R’1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)

1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%)

25% RED; 50% PINK; 25% WHITE

25% RR; 50% RR’; 25% R’R’

Phenotypes: BlackBlack-and-TanTan

Genotypes: BB = BlackBT = Black + Tan

TT = Tan

Parents:

_______ x _______BB TT

B B

T

T

B

BB

BT T

TT

Genotype = _____ _____ ______

Phenotype = _____ _____ ______

BB BT TT

Black Black+Tan Tan0 (0%) 0 (0%)

0 (0%)0 (0%) 4 (100%)

4 (100%)

100% Black-and-Tan offspring

100% BT

BB x TT

XY

XX

Sex-linked traits travel on the X-chromosome

Phenotype: Healthy, carrier, Hemophilia (sick)

Genotype: XRXR = healthy femaleXRXr = carrier female

XrXr = sick female

XRY = healthy male

XrY = sick male

Parents: ______ x ______XRXr XRY

XR Xr

XR

Y

XR

XR

Xr

Xr

XR XR

Y Y

H C SMale

Female

01 1

1 1 0

25% chance of child with hemophilia (1 son)

0% chance of daughter with hemophilia

25% chance of daughter being a carrier

Males only have 1 X – so they have it or they don’t

Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O

Genotype:

Type A: AA or Ao

Type B: BB or Bo

Type AB: AB

Type O: ooWhat we know:

Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)Dad: Type B (BB or Bo)Baby: Type O (oo)

o o

A

B

o

oParents: _____ x _____Ao Bo

A B B

A o

o

Genotype: ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Phenotype: _______ _______ _______ _______

AA Ao BB Bo AB oo0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%)

Type A Type B Type AB Type O1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%)

25% change of child with Type O

0% change of child with homozygous Type A

25% change of child with Type AB

Phenotype: Type A, B, AB, or O

Genotype:

Type A: AA or Ao

Type B: BB or Bo

Type AB: AB Type O: oo

What we know:

Mom: Type A (AA or Ao)

Baby: Type O (oo)Dad: 1. Type AB (AB) 2. Type A (AA or Ao) 3. Type O (oo)

Narrowing it down:

If the child is blood Type O, then both parents have to give an ‘o’ allele.

This leaves means Mom has to be heterozygous Type A (Ao).Dad 3 could be the father because he is Type O (oo) and can give an ‘o’ allele.

Dad 2 could be the father only is he is heterozygous Type A (Ao), because he must have an ‘o’ allele to give.

Dad 1 could NOT be the father because he is blood Type AB (AB). He does not have an ‘o’ allele to give, so he cannot be the father of a child with Type O (oo) blood.

SKIN COLOR, HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR

MULTIPLE ALLELES HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT ALL OF THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE SAME GENE. AN EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLE ALLELES ARE BLOOD TYPES (A, B, O).

POLYGENIC TRAITS HAVE MORE THEN TWO ALLELES THAT CAN CODE FOR A DIFFERENT TRAITS, BUT THE ALLELES ARE LOCATED ON THE DIFFERNT GENES. THIS CREATES A VERY WIDE RANGE OF PHENOTYPES. EXAMPLES OF POLYGENIC TRAITS ARE HAIR COLOR, EYE COLOR, AND SKIN COLOR.

Autosomal = because there are an equal number of males and females affected.

Recessive = because it is not present it every generation AND affected children do not have affected parents.

AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE

aa

aaAa Aa

A_ A_Aa Aa

A_

A_

aa

Aa

FEMALE - XX

DOWN SYNDROME – 3 chromosomes on #21

NON-DISJUNCTION – chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

AN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EFFORT TO DETERMINE THE SEQUENCE OF HUMAN GENOME (all DNA) AND IDENTIFY THE GENES IT CONTAINS.

THE PRODUCTION OF MULTIPLE, IDENTICAL OFFSPRING USING BIOTECHNOLOGY.

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

A & C – 4 out of 6 strands in common

What is this technologytypically used to produce?

GENETIC ENGINEERING

THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS CUT OUT USING RESTRICTION ENZYMES.

THE DESIRED GENE (insulin) IS THEN GLUED INTO A BACTERIAL PLASMID (circuluar DNA) USING THE ENZYME LIGASE.

THE PLASMID (now recombinant DNA with the bacterial host and desired gene) IS INSERTED BACK INTO THE BACTERIAL HOST.

THE BACTERIAL WILL NOW PRODUCE COPIES OF THE DESIRED GENE EVERY TIME IT DIVIDES (using binary fission). So, the insulin gene is reproduced every time the bacteria divides.

FOSSILS ARE USED TO COMPARE AGE AND FETURES TO HELP DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY

COMPARING DNA, AMINO ACIDS, AND PROTEIN SEQUENCES TO DETERMINE COMMON ANCESTRY. FEWER DIFFERENCE MEANS A CLOSER COMMON ANCESTOR.

VARIATION IS NECESSARY FOR EVOLUTION. THERE MUST BE DIFFERENCES AMONG ORGANISMS IN ORDER FOR THERE TO BE COMPETITION. COMPETITION CREATES NATURAL SELECTION – THOSE WITH THE MOST FAVORABLE TRAITS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE.

GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION CREATES A PHYSICAL DIVIDE BETWEEN ORGANISMS. NATURAL PHYSICAL BARRIERS INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, LAKES< RIVERS, OCEANS AND ISLANDS. THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION MEANS THE ENVIRONMENTS ARE DIFFERENT. THE DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS WILL SELECT DIFFERENT TRAITS AS BEING BETTER FIT FOR THE SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENT.

SO, OVER TIME THE MOST SUCCESSFUL ORGANISMS WILL DIFFER IN APPEARANCE BASED UPON THE ENVIRONMENT THEY ARE IN. THE SPECIES ARE ALSO NO LONGER MATING, DUE TO THE PHYSICAL SEPARATION. OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME THE SPECIES ARE NO LONGER ABLE TO REPRODUCE WITH ONE ANOTHER TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING. THIS CREATE A NEW SPECIES – SPECIATION.

THE ENVIRONMENT PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN EVOLUTION. THE ENVIRONMENT SELECTS WHICH TRAITS AND ADAPTATION ARE BENEFITIAL TO AN ORGANISM. THE ORGANISM WITH THE DESIRABLE TRAITS SURVIVE AND PASS ON THEIR GENES.

EVOLUTION OF CELLS…No OXYGEN, which means NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS, which means organisms found food and did NOT make it

Anaerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells

SUN, WATER & CARBON DIOXIDE available on early earth – the organisms use these to begin doing PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthetic Prokaryotic Cells

PHOTOSYNTHESIS creates OXYGEN – this allows heterotrophic organisms to make MORE ATP than with no Oxygen…

Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Cells

Aerobic Heterotrophic Prokaryote (mitochondria) & Photosynthetic Prokaryote (chloroplast) form a partnership…(Endosynbiotic Theory)

Eukaryotic Cells

ABIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM NON-LIVING THINGS

BIOGENESIS = LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS

REDI

PASTEUR

VARIATION(Differences among members of the species)

Most with SHORTER necks

Occasionally some with LONGER necks

COMPETITION(More organisms than resources. Must compete for food, shelter and mates)

LONGER neck = easier time getting food

Food = survival

LONG NECK = BETTER TRAIT

LONG Neck giraffes more successful in obtaining food and mates

LONG neck gene is passed on because it is the more successful trait

Future generations look more and more like the successful traits – LONG NECK giraffes

NATURAL SELECTION

(Those with the best traits and adaptations for the environment are able to survive and reproduce.)

KING

PHILIP

CAME

OVER

FOR

GOOD

SOUP

KINGDOM

PHYLUM

CLASS

ORDER

FAMILY

GENUS

SPECIESUSED FOR SCIENTIFIC NAMING: Genus species

SCIENTIFIC NAMING USED UNDERSTOOD BY ALL SCIENTIST ACROSS THE WORLD.

TO NAME:

GENUS = FIRST NAME (capitalize first letter) SPECIES = LAST NAME (all lowercase)

EXAMPLE:

Homo sapien

GENUS SPECIES

COMMON NAME = HUMAN