EOC Mutation review 2013 TEK 6E Concep ts Procedur es Applicat ion
Transcript
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EOC Mutation review 2013 TEK 6E Concepts
ProceduresApplication
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Concepts 1.Can you think of 3 words that mean take away? 2.Can
you think of 2 words that mean replace? 3.Can you think of 1 word
that means add to?
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MUTATIONS Random change in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Can be harmful, beneficial or have no effect. Two types:
Chromosomal Gene
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GENE MUTATIONS permanent change in a gene or chromosome n n
Point Mutations - a change in a SINGLE BASE PAIR in DNA n n
Possible results: a missense, nonsense or silent mutation. 1.What
happened to the Guanine base? 2.Did this change the Amino Acid
sequence?
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a.Missense Point Mutations point mutations that result in a
single AMINO ACID change. The change in the nitrogen base changed
the amino acid Gly to the amino acid Ser
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b. Nonsense Point Mutations point mutations that create a
premature(early) translation stop signal: (or stop codon), causing
the protein to be shortened The change in the nitrogen base caused
protein synthesis to stop early.
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c. Silent Point Mutations point mutations that DO NOT cause
amino acid changes within the protein. The change in the nitrogen
base made no difference in the amino acid made. Any one of us could
have silent mutations!
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Frame Shift Mutations - a single nitrogen base is added to or
deleted from a DNA strand causing all the nitrogen bases behind to
shift forward or backward, thus creating NEW CODONS. ? This causes
the sequence of amino acids on the strand to change resulting in a
DIFFERENT PROTEIN.
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CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
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TYPES OF Chromosomal MUTATIONS 1.DELETION 2.INVERSION
3.DUPLICATION 4.TRANS- LOCATION
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Chromosomal MUTATIONS DRASTIC CHANGES IN A CHROMOSOME.
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DELETION Part of chromosome is missing. What section of the
chromosome is missing?
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DUPLICATION part of a chromosome breaks off and is incorporated
into its homologous chromosome. Chromosome 1a Chromosome 1b
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TRANSLOCATION Part of or whole chromosome attaches to a 2nd (
non- homologous ) chromosome. #1 #2 #1 with some of #2 #2 with some
#1
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INVERSION Part of chromosome breaks-off and re-attaches
upside-down. 1.Has this chromosome lost any nucleotides ( bases)?
2.Could the messenger RNAs made from the mutated chromosome be
affected knowing that RNA polymerase only works in one direction
when it transcribes the DNA? 3.Ultimately, what would be built
incorrectly during translation?
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PROCEDURE- use the following slides to identify the procedural
type errors some students may make during tests.
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1. The diagrams above represent portions of the genes that code
for wing structure in two organisms of the same species. Gene 1 was
taken from the cells of a female with normal wings. Gene 2 was
taken from the cells of a female with abnormal wings. The abnormal
wing structure was most likely due to: a.an insertion c.a
substitution b.a deletiond.normal replication
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2. The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that normally begins
with UAC has been changed so that the newly assembled messenger RNA
strand begins with UAG. Which of the following will most likely
occur? a.The protein will be missing the first amino acid. b.The
mRNA will become attached to a ribosome. c.All of the amino acids
that make up the protein will all be different. d.The production of
the protein may be stopped.
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3. The diagram below shows a normal gene sequence and three
mutated sequences of a DNA segment. Which row in the chart below
correctly identifies the cause of each type of mutation? a. Row 1
c.Row 3 b. Row 2 d.Row 4
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4.
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INSTRUCTIONS: Mutations: Please draw what the chromosome would
look like after the mutation Each of the chromosomes will be
represented like this ACAGGT*CCT The bolded and highlighted portion
is where the mutation will occur.
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APPLICATION Use the following slides to see if students can
apply the content in new ways.
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People who have been exposed to excessive radiation often
experience mutations in their chromosomes. What conclusion can be
made, if these mutations occur in the chromosomes of skin cells? A.
They will pass on the mutation to their offspring. B. They will
experience an increased risk of cancer. C. Their skin cells may
turn into liver cells.
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A deletion of a DNA base from a gene affects an organism by: a.
causing future gametes to have additional chromosomes b. changing
the sequence of amino acids in a protein c. causing chromosome
fragments to form long chains
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In May 2011, scientists announced the discovery of a link
between the environment and genetics in triggering the onset of
multiple sclerosis. Based on blood samples from 13,000 people, the
scientists discovered an interaction between Vitamin D, obtained by
exposure to sunlight or through food, and 4 genes. These 4 genes
are responsible for making the proteins which regulate the onset
and progression of the disease. Apparently, Vitamin D helps to
repair damage to these genes, thus reducing the effects of the
disease. After reading the above text, what might occur if someone
does not have enough Vitamin D in their body? A. The genes produce
less protein. B. The genes may become damaged. C. The genes may
translocate to another chromosome.