EOG REVIEW MATERIALEARTH HISTORY, EVOLUTION,
ENERGY TRANSFER, CHEMISTRY, ECOLOGY
Eboni NewtonRidge Road Middle [email protected]
TEST TAKING STRATEGIES The information that we will cover is all review. You have seen it before. Today we are working on answering higher level thinking questions from past material.
Things you need to do. You should be able to answer the questions and provide a justification. Showing justification shows true mastery.
1. Read the question and determine what is it really asking you? Look for key vocabulary words and context clues for words you don’t know.
2. Anticipate an answer prior to reading your selections. 3. Process of elimination. You should be able to cross out of at least 1
This will increase your chances of selecting the correct response.4. For the correct answer you should be able to justify your answer. 5. If you can’t answer the question skip it and move on to the next.6. When you are done go back and answer the question you did not. 7. DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS!!!!!
LAW OF SUPERPOSITIONLaw of superposition states that the older layer is on the bottom and the younger is on top.
Unconformity- a layer of missing rock caused by erosion (if it takes place) or deposition (if it is not taking place).
Deposition- addition/accumulation of new materialErosion – the wearing away of material
According to the Law of Superposition at which dept in a multi-layered rock formation will the oldest rock likely be found?
A. 10 mB. 50 mC. 300mD. 500m
Which type of dating method can be used on rock layers by applying the law of superposition?
A. Relative datingB. Absolute datingC. Radioactive datingD. Radiometic dating
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING USES LAYERED SEDIMENTARY ROCK TO TELL WHICH EVENTS ON EARTH OCCURRED BEFORE OTHER EVENTS?A. Absolute AgeB. UnconformityC. Relative Age D. Plate Tectonics
The diagram below shows fossils in sedimentary rocks.
Which layers most likely would provide fossil evidence of anancestor common to the organisms found in both layers 2and 3?A. Layer 1 C. Layer 3B. Layer 2 D. Layer 4
CONTINENTAL DRIFTEvidence : 1. Continents fit like puzzle pieces 2. Identical fossils found on different
continents 3. Identical rock sequence (geology) 4. Ancient climate (example topical
fossils found on Antarctica)
Continents spread apart this theory didn’t explain the forces that moved it but The Theory of Plate tectonics did!! Convention currents in the mantle.
A SCIENTIST FINDS FOSSILS FROM THE SAME ORGANISM IN BOTH INDIA AND AFRICA. WHAT IS A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR THE PRESENCE OF THESE FOSSILS ON TWO DIFFERENT CONTINENTS? A. Adaptation B. Continental Drift C. Climate Change D. Law of superposition
Some of the same species of plants are found in Africa and Australia. Which best explains this discovery?
A. Land bridgeB. Continental driftC. Climate changesD. Species extinction
Which statement best explains why fossils of both ocean animals, such as starfish, and land animals, such as insects, are found inland in Australia?
A. Not all former life was preserved as fossils.B. Ocean animals migrated several miles inland.C. Ocean water covered the land millions of years ago.D. Volcanoes erupted, and the animals were preserved in the lava
Which is evidence of the separation of a supercontinent?A. continents located in tropical regionsB. tracing human ancestry to several original groupsC. mountains ranges that begin on one continent and continue
on anotherD. animals that develop differently depending on which
continent they live
If identical fossil remains of plants and animals thatlived 175 million years ago were found in Iceland,Europe, Africa and Brazil, what would be the bestconclusion?
A. Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil were all once
part of the mid-Atlantic ridge.B. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent
occurred less than 175 million years ago.C. The breakup of an ancient supercontinent
occurred more that 175 million years ago.D. Iceland, Europe, Africa, and Brazil currently
have the sane animals inhabiting them.
EVOLUTION (MEANS TO CHANGE)The geologic time scale is a record of earth’s history which is categorized by major events (example 1st form of life).
Mass extinction- large amount of organisms die example of events that can cause this are volcanoes and asteroids.
Natural selection/adaptation- organism change in response to their environment.(Darwin’s finches their beaks matched what they ate)
The greater the diversity the greater the chances are for that species to survive during environmental changes.
Those traits that increase survival are passed on from generation to generation.
Which best explains why some species of animalsare found living only in certain groups of islandsand nowhere else in the world?
A. The islands have similar climates.B. The islands are geographically isolatedC. There are few natural predators found there.D. The food these animals eat is only found there.
ATOMIC STRUCTUREElements are made up of atoms. Elements can be found on the periodic table (YOU WILL HAVE ONE FOR THE EOG)
FormulasAtomic # (TOP #/smaller#) = # protons# protons = #electronsMass#(bottom#/larger#)= # protons + # neutrons*** to calculate # neutrons = Mass# - Atomic #Subatomic Particle
Charge Location
Proton Positive charge Located inside of the nucleus
Neutron No charge/neutral Located inside of the nucleus
Electron Negative charge Outside the nucleus
PERIODIC TABLE REVIEW Elements in the same groups(vertical column) react and behave similarly. Elements are given a symbol including a capital letter and sometimes a lower case letter. EXAMPLE C –Carbon and Co-Cobalt Important groups: 1- alkali metal most reactive,2 alkaline metals,17-halogens,18-noble gases (inert not to react).
Most of the elements are metals. Elements are :natural (occur in nature) or synthetic (man-made) synthetic elements are the group at the bottom.
Group 1 Alkali Metals
Most reactive
Group 2 Alkaline Metals
Reactive
Group 17 Halogens Example ClGroup 18 Noble gas Inert (not to
react)
WHICH IS TRUE FOR ANY ELEMENT?A. Atomic number = number of protons + number of
electronsB. Atomic number = number of protonsC. Atomic number = number of protons + number of
neutrons D. Atomic number = number of protons, electrons, and
neutrons
WHICH IS TRUE OF ALL ELEMENTS?A. They have no physical properties.B. They are solids at room temperature.C. They break down during chemical reactions.D. They are each composed of only kind of atom.
WHAT ARE THE BASIC MATERIALS THAT FORM ALL LIVING AND NONLIVING SUBSTANCES THROUGH DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS?A. ChemicalsB. CompoundsC. ElementsD. Gases
WHAT ARE ELECTRONS?
a. positively charged particlesb. negatively charged particlesc. particles with no charged. particles whose charge can change
What does the nucleus of an atom contain?
A.protons, neutrons, and electrons
B.only electronsC.protons and neutronsD.electrons and protons
Which element represents an atom of sodium?
A.1B.2C.3D.4
Element Protons Neutrons Electrons1 11 11 112 22 22 223 11 23 114 11 12 11
ACCORDING TO THE PERIODIC TABLE, WHICH ONE REPRESENTS A CARBON ATOM?
A
C
B
D
Metals MetalloidsMost common silicon
Non-Metals
Shiny Yes Sometimes No- Dull
Malleable(Easily
Shaped)
Yes- example
Aluminum foil
Sometimes No
Conducts Electricity
Yes SometimesSemi- conductors used in computer
chips
No
Location Left Staircase Right
NASA IS DEVELOPING EASILY COMPACTED MATERIALS THAT WILL BE STORES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION. WHAT CHARACTERISTICS SHOULD BE MATERIALS HAVE?A. Electrical conductivity B. MagnetismC. Solubility D. malleability
In a sample of the element potassium, each atom hasA. 19 protonsB. 20 neutronsC. 39 protons and neutronsD. 39 neutrons
ELEMENT, COMPOUND, MIXTURE
PHYSICAL VS CHEMICAL CHANGEPhysical Change Chemical change
Density Gas-bubbles producedMelting Point Temperature changeBoiling Point Color changePhase change (solid to liquid)
Precipitate – solid forms
Specific Heat is a unique temperature for a specific substance example water freezes at 0⁰ Celsius.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS Matter nor mass is created or destroyed, it can only be
rearranged.
In a chemical equation the total mass in the reactants must equal the total mass in the product
Which substance cannot be decomposed by a chemical change?a) NH3 b) C c) CH4 d) H2O
How many atoms are there in one molecule of the compound 2Al2O3?a) 4 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygenb) 5 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygenc) 2 atoms of aluminum and 3 atoms of oxygend) 4 atoms of aluminum and 6 atoms of oxygen
ENERGY TRANSFER All organisms require energy for growth, maintenance, reproduction, locomotion, etc..
The SUN is the ultimate source of energy without it, the most basic forms of life would not exist
Food(nutrients-proteins, carbohydrates, fats, lipids) provides molecules that serve as fuel and building material for all organisms
Carbohydrates – provides energy for cells Proteins – helps build and repair muscle Fats – acts as he body's insulator protecting organs and absorbing shocks, helps process vitamins and minerals, and provides energy
ENERGY TRANSFER Mitosis/Meiosis- are the processes of growing and dividing to produce new cells Photosynthesis- Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose Cellular Respiration- is the chemical reaction that releases the energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose
Where do plants get most of the energy they need to live and grow?A waterB soilC airD sunlight
Which food provides the most energy for the body in the shortest amount of time?A potatoB meatC milkD fruit
Why is protein an important part of a healthy diet?A It is needed to change glucose to energy.B It is needed to store nutrients.C It is needed to repair tissue.D It is needed to produce water.
Ecosystem- all biotic (living) factors & abiotic (non-living) factors that interact in an environmentProducers- Organism that make their own food by capturing energy from the sun
Consumers- are organisms that feed on other organisms.
Energy flows from sun to organism to organism
The energy flow from one trophic level to the other is called a food chainA food chain is simple and directIt involves one organism at each trophic level
-Primary Consumers – eat producers-Secondary Consumers – eat the primary consumers-Tertiary Consumer-eat the secondary consumer-Decomposers – bacteria and fungi that break down dead organisms and recycle the material back into the environment
Parasitism – one species feeds on another enhancesfitness of parasite but reduces fitness of host
Mutualism – two species provide resources or servicesto each other enhances fitness of both speciesCommensalism – one species receives a benefit fromanother species enhances fitness of one species; noeffect on fitness of the other species
Symbiosis – two species live together can includeparasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
Ecological Interactions can affect distribution and abundance and influence evolution.