Date post: | 14-Apr-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | norhayati-baharudin |
View: | 235 times |
Download: | 0 times |
of 23
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
1/23
ASSIGNMENT EOH3202 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2012/2013
Topics for Group Assignment [10%]
Divide yourselves into a group of 10. Select any ONE [1] of the following topic for research and
write-up of report. Students are requested to search for information from reference books andfrom other sources available on relevant websites.
1. Identify all relevant hazards in a semi-conductor manufacturing sector/industry andmethods (suggestions) to manage and control only THREE [3] major hazards which
have been identified.
2. Identify all relevant hazards in a hospital (doctors and nurses) and methods (suggestions)to manage and control only THREE [3] major hazards which have been identified.
3.
Identify all relevant hazards in an agricultural (palm oil) sector and methods(suggestions) to manage and control only THREE [3] major hazards which have been
identified.
4. Identify all relevant hazards in an office workspace and methods (suggestions) tomanage and control only THREE [3] major hazards which have been identified.
5. Identify all relevant hazards in the transportation services (e.g. express bus services) andmethods (suggestions) to manage and control only THREE [3] major hazards which
have been identified.
6. Identify all relevant hazards in a construction industry (contractor) and methods(suggestions) to manage and control only THREE [3] major hazards which have been
identified.
7. Identify all relevant hazards in a food manufacturing sector and methods (suggestions) tomanage and control only THREE [3] major hazards which have been identified.
8. Identify all relevant hazards in a quarry industry and methods (suggestions) to manageand control only THREE [3] major hazards which have been identified.
Tip: The management and control of hazards should be described in terms of hierarchy of control
The outcome of this assignment is a printed report (either in Bahasa Melayu or English)
which should not exceed 10,000 words in length excluding references which should be
submitted latest by the end of week 11
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
2/23
ASSIGNMENT EOH3202 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2012/2013
Topics for Individual Assignment 1 [2%]
Video Viewing of One Night in Bhopal
The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was an industrial disaster that took place at a Union
Carbide subsidiary pesticide plant in the city of Bhopal, India. On 3 December 1984, the plant
released 42 tonnes of toxic methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, exposing more than 500,000 people to
toxic gases. The first official immediate death toll was 2,259. A more probable figure is that
8,000 died within two weeks, and it is estimated that an additional 8,000 have since died from
gas-related diseases.
Video could be assessed from the following url:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8G1UcEQVi7I
Please answer the following questions and submit by the 4th
week of this semester.
QUIZ
Question 1
When did the disaster in Bhopal, India take place?
Answer
The disaster occurred on the night of 23 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India
Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
Question 2
What kind of product was manufactured by the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India?
Answer
Union Carbide was a plant which manufactured pesticide.
Question 3
Which poisonous gas, which ultimately leaked and caused the Bhopal tragedy, was one
of the ingredients of Sevin?
Answer
Methyl Isocyanate.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8G1UcEQVi7Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8G1UcEQVi7Ihttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8G1UcEQVi7I7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
3/23
Question 4
This was the first time that an accident had occurred in a Union carbide plant
manufacturing Sevin. True or False?
Answer
False.
Question 5
Once the Bhopal tragedy occurred, what did the Union Carbide Corporation blame it on?
Answer
Union Carbide Corporation blamed the tragedy on a sabotage by a disgruntled worker.
Question 6
How many people have been convicted and imprisoned in connection with the Bhopal
Tragedy?
Answer
In June 2010 seven ex-employees, including the former Chairman of Union Carbide
India Limited were convicted in Bhopal of causing death by negligence and sentenced to
two years imprisonment and a fine of about $2,000 each the maximum punishment
allowed by Indian Law. An eight former employee later was also convicted but died
before the judgement was passed.
Question 7
Who was Warren Anderson?
Answer
Warren Anderson was the former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Union
Carbide.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
4/23
ASSIGNMENT EOH3202 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2012/2013
Topics for Individual Assignment 2 [9%]
Instruction: Answer all questions below. Submit your answers by the end of week 8.
1. Describe the 4 objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Malaysia.Answer
The 4 objectives of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 Malaysia are :
(1)To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work against risks to safetyor health arising out of the activities of persons at work.
(2)To protect persons at a place of work other than persons at work against risks tosafety or health arising out of the activities of persons at work.
(3)To promote an occupational environment for persons at work, which is adapted totheir physiological and psychological needs.
(4)To provide the means whereby the associated occupational safety and healthlegislations maybe progressively replaced by a system of regulations and
approved industry codes of practice operating in combination with the provisions
of this Act designed to maintain or improve the standards of safety and health.
2. Compare and describe the differences between the Occupational Safety and Health Act1994 and the Factory and Machinery Act 1967.
Answer
Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is an Act to make further provisions for
securing the safety, health and welfare of persons at work, for protecting others against
risks to safety or health in connection with the activities of persons at work, to establish
the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health, and for matters connected
therewith
And the goals of occupational safety and health programs are to promote a safe and
healthy work environment.
The principle of Factory and Machinery Act 1967 on the other hand, is An Act to
provide for control of factories with respect to matters relating to the safety, health and
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
5/23
welfare of person therein, the registration and inspection of the machinery and for matters
connected.
3. Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000requires workers being exposed to solvents to undergo medical surveillance at regular
intervals. True/False
Answer
True.
4. What are the main functions of Department of Occupational Safety and Health,Malaysia?
Answer
The main functions of Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia are :
(1)To study and review the policies and legislations of occupational safety andhealth.
(2)To enforce the following legislations :(a)Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 and its regulations.(b)Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and its regulations.(c)Part of Petroleum Act 1984 (Safety Measures) and its regulations.(3)To conduct research and technical analysis on issues related to occupational
safety and health at the work place.
(4)To carry out promotional and publicity programs to employers, workers and thegeneral public to foster and increase the awareness of occupational safety and
health.
(5)To become a secretariat for the National Council regarding occupational safetyand health.
5. Please explain particle size fractions of dust.Answer
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
6/23
Smaller dust particles can be hazardous to human. In many cases, dust fractions at
specific particle sizes in working environments are required to be measured.
(1)Inhalable dustAirborne particles which can enter the nose and mouth during normal breathing.
Particles of 100 microns in diameter or less.
(2)Thoracic dustParticles that can pass through the nose and throat, reaching the lung.
Particles of 10 microns in diameter or less.
(3)Respirable dustParticles that will penetrate into the gas exchange region of the lungs.
A hazardous particulate size less than 5 microns.
6. Please explain the aerodynamic behaviour of particles in airstream and particle depositionin human lung system.
Answer
The diagram below shows the parts of the respiratory system. It can divided in two
systems - the upper airway passages and the lower airway passages. The upper airway
passages includes the nose, nasal passages, mouth and the pharynx down to the vocal
cords in the larynx (voice box or "Adam's apple"). The lower airway passages start at the
vocal cords, extend down the trachea (windpipe) and continue all the way down to the
small air sacs, (alveoli) at the end of every branch of the bronchial tree. The bronchial
tree includes the trachea, the bronchus (branches of the trachea going to each lobe of the
lung), and bronchioles (branches of the bronchi).
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
7/23
How are particulates deposited in the lungs?
Inhalation is the most important route of exposure in the workplace. When particles are in
the air, there is the chance that you will inhale them. How far the particle gets in the air
passages of the respiratory system, and what it does when it is deposited, depends on the
size, shape, and density of the particulate material. The "what happens" also depends on
the chemical and toxic properties of the material.
Particles are deposited in the lungs by one of four different ways: interception, impaction,
sedimentation, and diffusion.
Interception: A particle is intercepted or deposited when it travels so close to a surface
of the airway passages that an edge of the particle touches the surface. This method of
deposition is most important for fibres such as asbestos. The fibre length determines
where the particle will be intercepted. For example: fibres with a diameter of 1
micrometre and a length of 200 would be deposited in the bronchial tree.
Impaction: When particles are suspended in air, they have a tendency to travel along
their original path. When there is a bend in the airway system, for example, many
particles do not turn with the air but rather impact or stick to a surface in the particles'
original path. The likelihood of impaction depends on the air velocity and the particle
mass. Typically, most particles greater than 10 micrometers (aerodynamic diameter) are
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
8/23
deposited in the nose or throat and cannot penetrate the lower tissues of the respiratory
tract. Aerodynamic diameter is the diameter of a spherical particle that has the same
settling velocity as another particle regardless of its shape, size or density. Using
aerodynamic diameters allows occupational hygiene specialists to compare particles of
different sizes, shapes and densities in terms of how they will settle out of the air flow
stream.
Sedimentation: As particles travel through air, gravitational forces and air resistance
eventually overcome their buoyancy (the tendency for the particle to stay up). The result
is that the particles will settle on a surface of the lung. This type of deposition is most
common in the bronchi, and the bronchioles. Sedimentation is not an important factor
when the aerodynamic diameter of the particle is less than 0.5 micrometers.
Diffusion: The random motion of particles is similar to gas molecules in the air when
particles are smaller that 0.5 micrometers. When particles are in random motion, they
deposit on the lung walls mostly by chance. This movement is also known as the
"Brownian motion". The smaller the particle size, the more vigorous the movement is.
Diffusion is the most important mechanism for deposition in the small airways and
alveoli. Very fine particles 001 micrometers or smaller are also trapped in the upper
airway.
7. Explain the noise regulation being used in Malaysia.Answer
1. Noise as a form of environmental pollution, comes mainly within the jurisdictionof Department of Environment. There are also several provisions under the
Environmental Quality Act 1974 on the control of noise pollution from mobile
sources, specifically that of motor vehicles. Apart from that, local government
legislation, which contains provisions on nuisance, is also relevant for the purpose
of noise pollution control.
The environmental Quality Acts jurisdiction on noise pollution concerns the
control of noise in streets from moving vehicles. The Environmental Quality Act
1974 authorizes the Minister to make regulations defining objectionable noise and
prescribing standards for tolerable noise.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
9/23
2. The Local Government Act 1976 also contains provisions enabling action to be
taken against owners or occupiers of premises whether public or private, emitting
noise that is deemed to be a nuisance.
The Act defines nuisance as any act, omission or things occasioning or likely to
incur injury, annoyance, offence, harm, danger or damage to the sense of sight,
smell or hearing or which is or is likely to be injurious or dangerous to health or
property or which affects the safety or the rights of the inhabitants at large.
3. A provision on nuisance is also provided in the Street, Drainage and Building Act
1974.
4. The Civil Aviation Act 1969 is another statute in Malaysia relating to noise
pollution from aircrafts. This Act is enforced by the Director General of Civil
Aviation of Malaysia.
8. Please describe the steps to control dust exposure in a construction site.Answer
As dust is one of the physical hazards, dust exposure must certainly be controlled using
certain measures.
1. Physical barriers2. Site traffic control3. Watering sprays4. Using wet drilling and grinding5. Earth moving management6. Limiting cleared areas7. Soil compaction
Companies and property owners are legally bound to control dust emissions from
construction sites under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. Any actions
undertaken on site must not contribute to environmental degradation and pollution. Air
impurity levels must not exceed the standards.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
10/23
9. Please explain the roles of professionals in the field of occupational health.Answer
The professionals in the field of occupational health have the roles of :
Identifying and assessing the risks from health hazard in environment/workplace Protecting and promoting public/workers health Carrying out surveillance of factors which may affect health Improving the conditions that might hard health through sound control measures Maintaining health and achieving the highest possible standards of health in the
interest of the workers
Strengthening health promotion and ensuring continuous improvements
Developing safe and healthy culture and management
The Principal Approach used by these professionals are :
1. Primary Preventiono Risk assessmentdetermining whether the risk is high or lowo Hazard control is performedo Health promotion is included
2. Secondary Prevention
o Treatment for injuries and diseases3. Tertiary Prevention
o Rehabilitationo Therapy
Occupational Health professionals should also be able to take on the roles below :
Advisor - individual Agent of changeworker, environment, process Expertevaluation, risk assessment Counsellor Trainer Source of knowledgedisseminating relevant information Skill development resource
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
11/23
10.Define the term ergonomic hazard.Answer
Ergonomic hazards refer to workplace conditions that pose the risk of injury to the
musculoskeletal system of the worker. It is a physical factor within the environment that
harms the musculoskeletal system. Ergonomic hazards include uncomfortable
workstation height and poor body positioning.
11.List four acts that are enforced by the Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia.
Answer
1. Occupational Safety and Health Act 19942. Employment Act 19553. Children and Young Persons (Employment ) Act 19664. Workmens Compensation Act 19525. Factories and Machinery Act 1967
12.Define radiation. Discuss two types of radiation by giving appropriate examples.Answer
Radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a
vacuum or through matter-containing media that are not required for their propagation.
Radiation can be classified as eitherionizing ornon-ionizing according to whether it
ionizes or does not ionize ordinary chemical matter.
1. Ionizing radiationIonizing radiation is caused when an electron is ejected from its atomic structure.
Examples of ionizing radiation are X Rays and Gamma Rays
2. Non ionizing radiationNon ionizing radiation does not eject electron, but causes molecules to vibrate.
Examples of non ionizing radiation are radio waves, heat and visible light.
13.Alpha radiation cannot travel far through air. How far does it go? What material willabsorb alpha radiation? State two safety precautions for handling radioactive sources.
Answer
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
12/23
Although alpha radiation travels very fast, it can easily be blocked or shielded. Alpha
particles have an electric charge because of the protons. As they move through matter,
they are constantly interacting with other charged particles, such as electrons. This
process transfers the motion (energy) of the alpha particle to the electrons, actually
knocking the electrons free in the process. This is known as ionization. These
interactions cause the alpha particle to loose its energy and come to rest. Alpha particles
will loose all their energy in just a couple inches of travel in air.
How far can an alpha radiation travels through air, depends on its energy. An alpha
particle that comes from nuclear decay is usually only able to travel a short
distance, a few centimeters, through air.Alpha particles as cosmic rays, however, are much more energetic, and can penetrate
quite deeply, even through many meters of solid shielding. These can penetrate the
atmosphere.
Almost any material will absorb alpha radiation, including sheets of paper. Alpha
radiation is big and bulky compared to other types of radiation. So it can't penetrate
objects very far.
Several precaution should be observed in handling radioactive sources :
1. No radioactive substance should be handled with bare hands. Alpha and beta
emitters can be handled using thick gloves. Gamma ray emitters must be handled
only by remote control that is by mechanical means Gamma rays are the most
dangerous and over exposure can lead to serious biological damage.
2. Radioactive materials must be stored in thick lead containers.
3. Reactor and laboratories dealing with and conducting experiments with
radioactive metals must be surrounded with thick concrete lined with lead.
4. People working with radioactive isotopes must wear protective clothing which is
left in the laboratory. The workers must be checked regularly with dosimeters,
and appropriate measures should be taken in cases of overdose.
5. Radioactive waste must be sealed and buried deep in the ground.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
13/23
14.Discuss how Malaysian workers are compensated for occupational injuries.Answer
Worker of the private sectors in Malaysia who earns less than RM3000 a month are
protected by the Employee's Social Security Act 1969 (ESSA 1969). They are covered
under two insurance schemes; Employees' Injury Scheme and Invalidity Pension Scheme.
Employees Injury Scheme
To qualify for compensation from the Employees' Injury Scheme the workers must have
been injured while commuting to and from work, commuting in the course of work, and
while working.
Workers who develop occupational disease are also covered under this scheme. There is
no age limit to this scheme, the insurance scheme will continue while the person is still
working and contributing to the scheme.
Invalidity Pension Scheme
A worker qualifies for invalidity pension if he suffers from chronic diseases that makes
him unable to earn more than 1/3 of his usual wages. This scheme only covers workers
up to 55 years old.
The amount of compensation to be paid to the insured person who was involved in an
accident or from occupational disease depends on the degree of impairment.
If there is no impairment sustained as a result of the occupational accident or disease then
compensation would not be paid. However the medical and surgical cost for the treatment
would be borne by the Social Security Organisation.
15.Explain 3 major incidents which occurred globally and in Malaysia that lead to theestablishment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
Answer
1. The Bright Sparklers Fireworks fire happened in Sungai Buluh Malaysia on 7
May 1991. The Bright Sparklers Fireworks Factory in Sungai Buluh Selangor
caught fire and caused a huge explosion. Twenty six people were killed and over
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
14/23
a hundred people were injured in the disaster. It was considered the worst
industrial disaster in the country.
The report said the cause of the explosion was because the testing of chemicals
used in making the fireworks was not carried out in the designated area. The
incident raised concern among the public and a royal commission of inquiry was
set up to probe into the matter.
Manufacturers must comply with safety and health risk management legislation
such as the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 and Occupational Safety and
Health act 1994. We also need to continuously improve our legislation and
empower the authorities to deal with illegal operations of factories , unlawfulhandling of machinery and handling of hazardous chemicals.
2. The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, a gas leak
incident in India, considered to be the worlds worst industrial disaster. It
occurred on the night of 23 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India pesticide
plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
An estimation of 20, 000 died from that gas disaster diseases. A government
affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478
temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently
disabling injuries.
The Bhopal gas leak incident has given rise to public concern over the safety and
health of employees and had initiated Malaysian government to come up with
certain acts and legislation to protect the safety and well being of employees.
3. The Chernobyl disaster was a catastrophic nuclear accident that occurred on 26
April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine, Russia. The
Chernobyl disaster is widely considered to have been the worst nuclear power
plant accident in history.
The battle to contain the contamination and avert a greater catastrophe ultimately
involved over 500, 000 workers. The resulting fire sent a plume of highly
radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
15/23
The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power
industry, as well as nuclear power in general, slowing its expansion for a number
of years and forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive about its
procedures. The incident has initiated many countries to come up with certain
measures in generating and protecting safety and health of their employees and
population in general.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
16/23
ASSIGNMENT EOH3202 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2013/2014
Topics for Individual Assignment 3 [9%]
Instruction: Answer all questions below. Submit your answers by the end of week 13.
1. Identify the impact of sickness absence to the employee and employer.Answer :
Impact on employee.
(1) employee has to bear extra work load when the employee is back to work.
(2) de-motivation caused to those covering absent team member.
(3) if employee is covered for a long period of sickness absence, he might have to be on
unpaid leave, where his salary is deducted due to utilized sickness absence eligible days.
(4) morale of colleague is driven down.
Impact on employer.
(1) huge negative impact on businesses.
(2) reduction in productivity
(3) reduction in company efficiency
(4) increase the medical cost which needs to bear by the employer.
2. Explain the mechanism by which organophosphate poisoning occurs. Include 2 diagramsto describe normal muscle function and muscle function with neuro toxic agent.
3. Give the steps in control and management of pesticide exposure in a paddy farmingagricultural setting.
Answer :
(1) the usage of pesticide could be control through technological invention where the use
of pesticide could be reduced (in terms of volume).
(2) government policy option is another way of controlling and managing pesticide
exposure.
(3) breeding host plant resistance paddy, where a range of adaptations evolved by plants
which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores.
Thus reducing the dependency on pesticides used.
(4) changing seasonal growth pattern
(5) enhances the ability of a plant to recover from damage done by herbivores.
(6) growing in a location where plants are not easily found or accessed by herbivores
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
17/23
4. Pesticides are categorised into different groups. Explain the classification of pesticides.Answer :
The classification distinguishes between the more and the less hazardous forms of each
pesticide, is that it is based on the toxicity of the technical compound or the lethal dose
and on its formulations. Solid pesticides are considered less hazardous as compared to
liquid pesticides.
Classification of pesticides :
Answer :
1. Uses of pesticides2. Level of toxicity3. Chemical properties of the pesticide
5. Use and Standard of Exposure to Chemicals Hazardous to Health Regulations 2000requires workers being exposed to pesticides to undergo medical surveillance at regular
intervals. True/False
Answer.
True
6. Using the hierarchy of control concept, explain how a safety and health manager couldmanage psychosocial hazard related at the workplace.
Answer :
Psychosocial hazard is linked to work related stress, such as burn out or tiredness,
depression, mental disorder, behavioural health which later could lead to three majors
diseases like masculoskeletal disorder, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Below is the diagram that shows the hierarchy of control concept.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
18/23
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
19/23
(5) provision of a clubhouse by the organization can help reduce work stress where
employees can spend time after work and involve in activities such as music listening,
karaoke or mingling with colleagues.
(6) provision of a gymnasium will encourage employees to keep themselves fit.
(7) employees involvement activities such as formation of safety committees and
management leadership actions help support the recognition and control of psychosocial
hazards.
(8) Implement, monitor, review and evaluate the effectiveness of plans.
(9) encouraging and motivating employees for work/life balance
(10) flexible work practices
7. Give examples of personal protective equipment suitable to protect workers fromexposure to chemicals in a chemical manufacturing factory.
Answer.
(1) chemical protective clothing to protect the skin from chemical spillage.
(2) wearing impervious gloves made from butyl rubber.
(3) wearing boots
(4) wearing face mask.
(5) wearing goggles
8. Why personal protective equipment is considered as a last resort for use in thehierarchy of control to protect workers from hazardous substances?
Answer :
Personal Protective Equipment has a serious limitation that it does not eliminate the
hazard at source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazards if the
equipment fails. PPE does not reduce the workplace hazard nor does it guarantee
permanent or total protection for the wearer. Any item of PPE imposes a barrier between
the wearer/user and the working environment. This can create additional strains on the
wearer; impair their ability to carry out their work and create significant levels of
discomfort. Any of these can discourage wearers from using PPE correctly, therefore
placing them at risk of injury, ill-health or, under extreme circumstances, death.
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
20/23
9. List the effects of chronic pesticide poisoning. Describe briefly each type of effect.Answer :
(1) Chronic poisoning is the poisoning which occurs as a result of repeated, small, non-
lethal doses over a long period of time. Many symptoms may appear, such as
nervousness, slowed reflexes, irritability, or a general decline in health. Some test
animals are unable to reproduce normally after repeated exposure to pesticides.
Examples of chronic poisoning effects may include:
Carcinogenicity--ability to produce cancer or to assist carcinogenic chemicals. Mutagenicity--ability to cause genetic changes. Teratogenicity--ability to cause birth defects. Oncogenicity--ability to induce tumor growth (not necessarily cancers). Liver damage--death of liver cells, jaundice (yellowing of the skin), fibrosis and
cirrhosis. Reproductive disorders--such as reduced sperm count, sterility, and miscarriage. Nerve damage--including accumulative effects on cholinesterase depression associated
with organophosphate insecticides. Allergenic sensitization--development of allergies to pesticides or chemicals used in
formulation of pesticides.
10.Define occupational stress and list common occupational stressors. List the diseasesassociated with occupational stress and as a manager of human resource, please describe
the management of occupational stress.
Answer :
Occupational stress is stress involving work. Stress is defined in terms of its physical
and physiological effects on a person, and can be a mental, physical or emotional strain.
It can also be a tension or a situation or factor that can cause stress. Occupational stress
can occur when there is a discrepancy between the demands of the
environment/workplace and an individuals ability to carry out and complete these
demands.
Answer :
List of occupational stressor (shown as below) :
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
21/23
Categories of JobStressors
Examples of Sources of Stress
Factors unique to thejob
workload (overload and underload)pace / variety / meaningfulness of workautonomy (e.g., the ability to make your own decisions aboutour own job or about specific tasks)shiftwork / hours of work
skills / abilities do not match job demandslack of training and/or preparation (technical and social)lack of appreciation
physical environment (noise, air quality, etc)isolation at the workplace (emotional or working alone)
Role in theorganization
role conflict (conflicting job demands, multiplesupervisors/managers)role ambiguity (lack of clarity about responsibilities,
expectations, etc)level of responsibility
Career development under/over-promotionjob security (fear of redundancy either from economy, or a lackof tasks or work to do)
career development opportunitiesoverall job satisfaction
Relationships at work
(Interpersonal)
supervisors (conflicts or lack of support)
coworkers (conflicts or lack of support)subordinates
threat of violence, harassment, etc (threats to personal safety)lack of trustlack of systems in workplace available to report and deal withunacceptable behaviour
Organizationalstructure/climate
participation (or non-participation) in decision-makingmanagement stylecommunication patterns (poor communication / information flow)lack of systems in workplace available to respond to concerns
not engaging employees when undergoing organizational change
lack of perceived fairness (who gets what when, and theprocesses through which decisions are made). Feelings ofunfairness magnify the effects of perceived stress on health.
Work-Life Balance role/responsibility conflictsfamily exposed to work-related hazards
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
22/23
Diseases associated with occupational stress
(1) poor mental health
(2) stress disorder
(3) anxiety
(4) neurotic disorder
(5) depression
(6) fatigue or tiredness
(7) aggression
(8) memory problems
Management of occupational health :
Job design is an important factor. Good job design accommodates an employee's
mental and physical abilities. In general, the following job design guidelines will helpminimize or control workplace stress:
the job should be reasonably demanding (but not based on "sheerendurance") and provide the employee with at least a minimum of variety in jobtasks
o the employee should be able to learn on the job and be allowed to continue tolearn as their career progresses the job should comprise some area of decision-making that the individual cancall his or her own. there should be some degree of social support and recognition in theworkplace the employee should feel that the job leads to some sort of desirable future
11.Describe the group of workers at risk for biological hazard exposure. Elaborate on theclassification of infective microorganism by risk group.
12.Describe 2 models to explain the cause of occupational stress.
13.Define and describe Material Safety Data Sheet or Chemical Safety Data Sheet.14.Describe the different work compensation scheme available in Malaysia for private
employees, civil servants and foreign workers.
15.Define biological monitoring. Describe the role of biological monitoring and describehow biological monitoring is done.
16.Please define what sexual harassment is and please describe the different forms of sexualharassment that might occur at the workplace.
17.What are the potential hazards of working underwater?
7/27/2019 EOH 3202_Assg 1 Ques
23/23
18.What should be included in Medical Emergency Response Plan? What are the elementsof Emergency Response Plan?
19.What is the required number of first aider in a workplace? What is the content of a FirstAid Box?
20.What is the definition of risk communication and what are the 3 goals of riskcommunication?