Date post: | 13-Dec-2014 |
Category: |
Environment |
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Faisal Saleh Aidrous Abdulla Al Wahedi
(ADMA-OPCO)
Zin Eddine Dadach
(Higher Colleges of Technology)
I. Consequences of CO2 Emissions
II. CO2 emissions in UAE
III. Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)
IV. CO2-Capture Technologies
V. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
VI. Conclusion
90.00
207.73
125.55
208.94
118.76 171.97
34.37 24.76 24.03 42.77
189.90
1264.81
160.36
0.00
200.00
400.00
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800.00
1000.00
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1400.00
C0
2 E
mis
sio
ns (
Millio
n M
etr
ic T
on
s)
CO2 Emissions from the Consumption of Natural
Gas (Million Metric Tons) in 2010 by EIA
0%
50%
100%
Millon tonnes of
CO2 in 2011
39
122.1
4.9
Coal & Peat
Natural Gas
Oil0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
ton
ne
s C
O2
/ C
ap
ita
Year
CO2 Emissions / Capita
UAE
Qatar
KSA
USA
CANADA
CHINA
Total CO2 emissions in
UAE 2011 is 169.5 million
tons of CO2
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a strategy to reduce CO2 emissions.
STEP I Capturing and concentrating CO2 (from 10-15 % to 95%) from industrial sources such as fossil fuel power plants.
STEP II In the UAE, CO2 will be stored in Oil and Gas fields.
By 2050, global population will rise from
7 to 9 billion people
World energy demand is expected to
increase by 50% over the next 20 years
Fossil fuels
(coal, gas and oil)
represent 80%
of the global energy mix
Renewables
only account for 13%
of our total energy supply
9 Source: IEA, Key World Energy Statistics, 2009
Fossil Fuels
81.1% Renewables
13%
Nuclear
5.9%
World total primary energy
supply (2007) Today
Renewables
could make up 30%
of the global energy mix*
10
30%
Estimated share of renewable energies by 2030
But fossil fuels will remain
our main source of energy
for decades to come
By 2030
*Average taken across multiple estimates: IEA WEO 2008;
European Commission baseline scenario; German Ministry of Environment, EUROPROG
CCS alone will provide up to 20% of
the CO2 emission reductions we need
to make by 2050.
Here’s how it works...
14
We can capture
at least 90% of
emissions from
fixed emitters
We have been
transporting CO2
for decades
CO2 can be stored safely and
permanently using natural
trapping mechanisms
15
The liquid CO2 is pumped deep
underground into one of two types of
CO2 storage reservoir (porous rock)
Cap rock
Cap rock
Deep saline aquifer 700m - 3,000m
up to 5,000m
Depleted oil and gas fields
Pre-combustion:
Where CO2 is captured before fuel is burned
Oxy-fuel:
Where CO2 is captured during fuel combustion
Post-combustion:
Where CO2 is captured after fuel has been burned (This technology can also be retrofitted to existing power and industrial plants)
There are 3 technologies to capture CO2 :
16
The only immediately realizable and
mature CO2 capture technology is the
post combustion chemical absorption
using amine mixture.
Inconvenient: 80% of the cost of CCS
is due to high energy consumption in
actual technology.
Post Combustion by absorption: Adding Ionic Liquids To amine mixture
An aqueous amine solution mixed with ionic liquid was proposed and the results are the following:-
The energy consumption of the mixed ionic liquid solution for absorbent regeneration was 37.2% lower than that of aqueous MEA solution.
Ref.
Publication Date: January 28, 2014
Copyright © 2014 American Chemical Society
CO2 Storage
CO2 is injected at a depth into deep underground
rock formations where it is permanently stored.
CO2-EOR
In the UAE, CO2 will be stored in the large oil
fields and the use of CO2-EOR technique will
also enhance the production of crude oil.
Primary Recovery Technique: During the primary recovery stage, reservoir drive comes from a number of natural mechanisms (ex: natural water displacing oil downward into the well). Recovery factor in the range 5-15% of OOIP (Originally Oil In Place).
Secondary Recovery Technique: Use artificial pressure to increase the reservoir's pressure using water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift, which injects air, carbon dioxide. The recovery factor for this kind of operations ranges from 35 to 45% of OOIP, depending on oil and reservoir characteristics.
Tertiary Recovery Technique called EOR : Increase the mobility of the oil by decreasing crude oil viscosity in order to increase extraction. The most common techniques are Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) and CO2 injection. Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered.
At pressures above the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP),
flooding will be miscible and CO2 forms a single phase
solution with the hydrocarbon reservoir.
Miscible CO2 flooding: Best for increasing oil production which
could be used to invest in CCS projects but some concerns
about asphaltene precipitation and well plugging.
When the pressure is below the Minimum Miscible Pressure
(MMP), CO2 does not form a single phase solution with the
hydrocarbons in the reservoir
Immiscible CO2 flooding : Best for CO2 storage
Best for Oil
recovery
[Miscible flooding]
Best for CO2 sequestration
[Immiscible flood]
It is crucial to optimize
between CO2 storage
and enhanced oil
recovery by defining the
minimum acceptable
amount of CO2 to be
stored every year.
One of the largest EOR projects worldwide using
anthropogenic CO2 is the Weyburn project in
Canada,
The CO2 required for EOR is produced at Dakota
Gasification Company’s synthetic fuel plant in
Beulah, North Dakota, USA
The project is expected to produce 122 million
bbls of incremental oil, extending the field life by
20-25 years and increasing the oil recovery to
34% of OOIP ( Original Oil In Place).
• Fuel Gas as combustible
Power Plants
• Capture: Post combustion absorption by Ionic Liquids
CO2 Capture
• A combined process of reciprocation compressors with inter-cooling, liquefaction and pumping with a diaphragm pump could offer a higher overall efficiency.
CO2
Compression &
Transport
CO2 Storage by EOR
New Generation + Second Generation miscible CO2-
EOR techniques optimize both oil production and CO2
storage
I. Kyoto protocol respected
II. Reduction in CO2 emissions in the UAE
III. CO2-EOR strategy has the potential to add
Billions AED per year to the economy of the UAE.
IV. Valuable fuel gases used for EOR will be
preserved