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STUDY NOTES EPISODE 24: PERFECT SIESTA 

PUNCTUATION

Punctuation marks are an integral part ofwriting. They signal the end of a sentence(.), show strong feeling (!), indicate a query(?), separate items (,), show possession (‘),introduce a quote (“ “), make a break withina sentence (:), indicate the beginning of anew sentence (Capital letter) and providemany other important instructions to thereader.

These instructions tell the reader how thesentence should be understood.

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PUNCTUATION RULES

PUNCTUATION

SIGN USE EXAMPLE 

full stop/period

. at the end of asentence

to mark a decimal

point in numbers

 A full stop is used to mark the endof a sentence.

32.5%, $ 475.25

question mark ? at the end of a yes/noor wh-question

 Are you preparing for the IELTStest? What subjects are you studying? 

exclamationpoint

! after a strongstatement (rarelyused in formalacademic writing)

That is impossible! 

STUDY TIPS

For IELTS Writing Task 1 andWriting Task 2, remember to leaveapproximately two minutes to checkyour punctuation, including capitalletters.

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Comma , 

to separate a series ofthree or more words orphrases

to separate a series oftwo or more adjectives,when each qualifies thenoun separately

to separateindependent clauses joined by acoordinating

conjunction

The tea-producing countriesmanufacture black, green, andoolong tea.

Tea plants have beautiful, small,fragrant flowers.

The growing conditions for teaplants this season wereexceptionally good, so the qualityof the crop will be desirable.Tea plants grow in tropical

climates, and mature in threeyears.

after transitional wordsor phrases

after an introductoryphrase or clause

after a dependentclause when it comesat the beginning of asentence

between an adjectiveclause when it beginswith a relative pronoun(who, whom, which,whose, that) or relativeadverb (where, when) if

it provides extrainformation

before a directquotation

Firstly, the leaves are pluckedfrom the tea plant.At higher altitudes, tea plants donot mature as quickly.

Steaming the leaves, manufacturers prevented theleaves from changing colour.

Although they grow at higheraltitudes, tea plants prefer theconditions at lower altitudes.

The Dutch traders, who importedthe tea from China and Japan, introduced the custom of teadrinking in the 17th  century.

The host announced, “Tea will beserved in the drawing room.”

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colon : after a completesentence to showthat a list follows

There are three kinds of tea grownin China: black, green, and oolong.

semicolon ; between two mainclauses that are notconnected by acoordinatingconjunction

The air is blown over the tea leaves; this is to remove excess moisture.

apostrophe ‘ to indicate possessive: proper nouns plural nouns indefinite pronoun compound nouns abbreviations

for joint possession afterthe last noun

for individual possessionon both nouns

in contractions (informalEnglish only)

omission of a number(informal English only)

Japan’s methodthe plants’ growing conditionssomebody’s teathe Emperor of China’s palace ABC’s programs

John and Jill’s tea plantation

Smith’s and Clark’s tea plantation

can’t (cannot), it’s (it is)

the ‘90s

hyphen - for a compound oftwo or more wordswhen they belongtogether

compound numbersfrom twenty-one toninety-nine

consult a dictionary ifuncertain whether acompound word should

be hyphenated

sweet-smelling tea plants, well-dressed man, old-fashioned style,tea-producing countries

forty-five, seventy-two, twenty-nine

quotationmarks

““

to indicate a direct quote The manager of the plantation said,“Orange pekoe is one of the bestteas available on the market.”