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EPBD implementation in Finland 11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski Professor, Fellow REHVA
EPBD implementation in Finland
11.10.2012
Jarek Kurnitski Professor, Fellow REHVA
© Sitra
• Primary energy kWh/m2 required as energy performance indicator
• Target of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB):
- By 31 Dec 2020, for all new buildings
- After 31 Dec 2018, for new buildings public authorities occupy and own
• Cost optimal energy performance requirements to be set 2013 (=primary energy leading to minimum life cycle cost)
• Strengthening of energy performance certificates
• Energy performance requirements for major renovations
• Requirements for technical systems
• Reference to EN standards to promote the use of standards and harmonize national codes
• From boiler inspection to heating system inspections
• Inspection of air conditioning systems
DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU www.energy.eu/directives/2010-31-EU.pdf
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
EPBD recast 2010 is much more demanding than 2002 directive
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Implementation schedule
• The laws and regulations shall be adopted and published in Member States by 9 July 2012 and most of requirements shall apply from 9 January 2013
• Extra time for cost optimal reporting by 21 March 2013 (EC delegated regulation published 21 March 2012)
• Intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new buildings, by 2015, with a view to preparing the implementation of nZEB targets
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
EPBD implementation situation in 2008
• Situation in the member states after EPBD implementation in June 2008 regarding EP requirements for new buildings and calculation methods
• In the figure, the most developed available calculation method is shown; in many countries simplified methods may be used in parallel or for some building types
Finland Lithuania
Austria Czech Latvia
Slovenia
Denmark Italy Belgium Greece
Germany Hungary
Netherlands Portugal
Poland
France
Sweden Norway
UK Spain
Estonia
Monthly Hourly
simplified Dynamic
simulation
For
com
ponents
Energ
y
fram
e
Prim
ary
en.
or
CO
2 e
m.
EP
re
qu
ire
me
nts
Calculation methods
Jarek Kurnitski
Source: Kurnitski J. Contrasting the principles of EP requirements and calculation methods in EU member states. REHVA journal, December 2008, 22–28. Finland 2012
11.10.2012
© Sitra
(Vapaavuori, Asuntoforum 2008)
Finland 2008: Discussion about primary energy based energy frame was launched with the target to implement in the code in 2012
Jarek Kurnitski 11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
2-kerroksinen kompakti pientalo 145 m2 D5:n ja
energiatodistuksen asetuksen mukaisesti laskettuna
Energiatodistus: virallisesti laskettu ja todellinen
energiatehokkuus
LaskentatapausU-arvo, ulkoseinät
LTO hyötysuhde
ET-luku,
kWh/br.m2,a ET-luokka -
Ostoenergia,
kWh/br.m2,a
CO2-päästöt,
kgCO2/br.m2,a
Perustapaus suoralla sähkölämmityksellä 0.24 60 181 C 176 70
Perustapaus maalämpöpumpulla 0.24 60 187 C 106 42
Sähkölämm., parannettu n50, LTO ja U-arvot 0.19 80 146 A 140 56
Maalämpö, parannettu n50, LTO ja U-arvot 0.19 80 153 B 89 36
Nykyinen virallinen energiatehokkuustarkastelu johtaa
päästöjen kasvuun kun lämmitystapaa ja primäärienergian
käyttöä ei oteta huomioon
(TKK, LVI-tekniikka – 2008)
NEW ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATE (draft for
comments 19.4.2012) WILL FIX THE MISMATCH OF
ENERGY USE AND CERTIFICATE CLASS
© Sitra
Development of energy codes in Finland
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
• 1976-78 codes were highly advanced for that time
• 25 years stagnant period before rapid changes after 2003
• In 2012 systemic change from component based requirements to primary energy frame – no more restrictions – all solutions in direct competition
• Next changes: expected in one or two steps to nZEB requirements
C3 1976 C3 1978 C3 1985 C3 2003 C3 2007 C3 2010 D3 2012 ?
External wall, W/(m2 K) 0,40 0,29 0,28 0,25 0,24 0,17 0,17
Roof, W/(m2 K) 0,35 0,23 0,22 0,16 0,15 0,09 0,09
Slab on ground, W/(m2 K) 0,40 0,40 0,36 0,25 0,24 0,16 0,16
Window, W/(m2 K) 2,1 2,1 2,1 1,4 1,4 1,0 1,0
Heat loss compensation limit, % 10 20 30 vapaa
Building leakage rate at 50 Pa n50 = 4,0 n50 = 4,0 n50 = 4,0 q50 = 4,0
Heat recovery annual efficiency, % 30 30 45 45
Specific fan power, kW/(m3/s) 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0
E-value for 150 m2 house, kWh/(m2 a) 162 nZEB
© Sitra
How to compare energy performance requirements?
• Energy performance requirements have been improved in many countries with 2-3 years interval
• EPBD requires the use of primary energy as energy performance indicator, that is not yet implemented in all countries
- some national energy performance frameworks use still the delivered energy (i.e. energy purchased to building without primary energy factors)
- in some countries heat sources (heat pumps etc.) are not taken into account
- lighting is typically considered, but appliances (plug loads) are not taken into account in all countries
• Quantitative comparison needs recalculation from primary energy to delivered energy, which can be compared in all countries
• A degree day correction of space heating is needed when comparing countries with central European and Nordic climate
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Minimum energy performance requirements in some countries – comparison for detached houses
• The figure shows maximum allowed delivered energy without household electricity and lighting (i.e. delivered energy to heating, hot water and ventilation systems) • 150 m2 house
• energy use for hot water heating 25 kWh/(m2 a) in all countries
• electricity use of 5 kWh/(m2a) for fans of ventilation and 3 kWh/(m2a) for circulation pumps of water based heating assumed
• the rest of space and ventilation heating energy is degree-day corrected (base 17°C) to Copenhagen
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Germany Finland
Max d
eli
vere
d e
nerg
y,
kW
h/(
m2a)
Oil or gas boiler
Electrical heating
Source: Kurnitski J. Do national energy performance requirements promote or compromise good indoor climate? Healthy Buildings 2012.
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Apartment and office buildings with district heating
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Germany Finland
Max d
eli
vere
d e
nerg
y,
kW
h/(
m2a)
Apartment building
Office building
Maximum allowed delivered energy in apartment and office buildings with district heating: • Degree-day corrected to Copenhagen • Delivered energy includes heating, hot water, ventilation and cooling in apartment
buildings, and additionally lighting in office buildings
• Appliances and in apartment buildings lighting are not included
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Cost optimal as a first step towards nZEB
• MS have to provide cost optimal calculations to evaluate the cost optimality of current minimum requirements (Articles 4&5): - The methodology called “COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) No 244/2012
of 16 January 2012” published supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU
- A comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements
- Net present value calculation according to EN 15459
- Global cost (=life cycle cost) sums construction cost and discounted energy and maintenance etc. costs for 20-30 years period
- MS have 12 months since publication (21 March 2012 in OJ) to report the cost optimal calculations
- http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:081:0018:0036:EN:PDF
• Cost optimal levels by 2013 can be seen as a first step towards nZEB
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
EPBD recast – Nearly zero energy buildings nZEB
• In the directive ‘nearly zero-energy building’ means a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby.
nZEB = very high energy performance + on-site renewables
• Definition of “a very high energy performance“ and “significant extent of renewables” let for Member States
• Not possible without the utilisation of generated electricity, i.e. feed-in tariffs of net metering needed
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
Towards nZEB:
• Many countries have prepared long term roadmaps with detailed targets towards nearly zero energy buildings to improve energy performance of new buildings
• Helps industry to prepare/commit to the targets
• In Finland, the preparation of the roadmap is one measure in ERA17 national strategy
0
50
100
150
200
2008 2013 2021
Pri
mary
en
erg
y, kW
h/m
2a
Estonia
Federation of European Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning Associations
nZEB – on site production needed
Primary energy E is calculated from delivered Edel,i and exported energy Eexp,i accounted separately for each energy carrier i. Anet is useful floor area. Primary energy factors fi may or may not be equal for delivered and exported energy carriers.
Delivered – exported energy = energy use – on site renewable
net
i
ii
i
idelidel
A
fEfE
E
exp,exp,,,
Total energy useof the building
Delivered energy
Exported energy
Building site = system boundary of delivered and exported energy
System boundary of building technical systems
© Sitra
Denmark: nZEB performance requirements
2010 2015 2020
Primary energy
Residential buildings
52.5 + 1650/A
in kWh/m²a
30 + 1000/A
in kWh/m²a 20 kWh/m²a
Non-
residential buildings
71.3 + 1650/A
in kWh/m²a
41 + 1000/A
in kWh/m²a 25 kWh/m²a
Primary
energy factors Electricity 2.5 2.5 1.8
District heat 1.0 0.8 0.6
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Estonia: nZEB performance requirements
2013 Low-energy nZEB
Primary
energy
(9 building
types in total)
Residential buildings
160
in kWh/m²a
120
in kWh/m²a 50 kWh/m²a
Office
buildings
160
in kWh/m²a
130
in kWh/m²a 100 kWh/m²a
Primary
energy factors Electricity 2.0
District heat 0.9
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
• appliances and lighting in residential also included like in Finland (not in Denmark)
• 2013 reqs based on cost optimal calculations (2011) and more strict than in Finland
© Sitra
Finnish nZEB definition – almost available
• Given in new energy performance certificate as class A (not published, draft version 19.4.2012, in residential buildings primary energy E=60 kWh/(m2 a))
• E-values of class A are strict and require on site electricity/feed in to grid
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Can nZEB buildings be constructed in Finland? • RakMK D3 2012 system boundary:
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
TILOJEN
ENERGIANTARVE
Lämmitys
Jäähdytys
Ilmanvaihto
Käyttövesi
Valaistus
Kuluttajalaitteet
Ostoenergian (järjestelmien) energiankulutuksen taseraja
lämmitysenergia
jäähdytysenergia
sähkö polttoaineet
uusituvat ja uusiutumattomat
TEKNISET
JÄRJESTELMÄT
Järjestelmähäviöt
ja -muunnokset
Uusiutuva oma-
varaisenergia
kaukolämpö
kaukojäähdytys
sähkö
Auringon säteily ikkunoiden läpi
Lämpökuorma ihmisistä
Lämpöhäviöt
NETTOTARPEET
OSTOENERGIA
• New energy code RakMK D3 2012 is one of the most advanced in EU including simulation etc., but exported energy was left out from the system boundary in the last minute, because of ongoing process of preparation of feed-in rules
• To construct nZEB building one needs to assume feeding in to grid (and has to negotiate the contract with energy supplier)
© Sitra
System boundary in the draft of RakMK D3
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
16.05.2011
ENERGY NEED
HeatingCoolingVentilation
DHWLighting
AppliancesHeat gains fromoccupants
System boundary of net delivered energy
Net
deli
vere
d e
nerg
y
(ele
ctr
icity,
dis
tric
t h
ea
t, d
istr
ict
co
olin
g, f
ue
ls)
System boundary of delivered energy
heating energy
cooling energy
electricityfuels
BUILDING
TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
Energy use and production
System losses and conversions
electricity
cooling energy
On site renewable
energy w/o fuels
district heat
district cooling
electricity
heating energy
Solar gains/loads
Heat exchange
NET ENERGY
NEED
DELIVERED
ENERGY
EXPORTED
ENERGY
(renewable and
non-renewable)
© Sitra
Meaning of exported electricity: Lantti nZEB house/ Housing Fair 2012 Tampere
• Grid connected and feeds to grid about 4000 kWh/a
• Zero energy building according to EPBD definition, E=-1 kWh/(m2 a)
• E = 50 kWh/(m2 a) calculated with RakMK D3 2012 system boundary
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Lantti zero energy house from Housing Fair Tampere 2012
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
nZEB pilot apartment buildings in Kuopio and Järvenpää
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Ympäristötalo, Viikki, 2011 First nZEB office building in Finland, E=85
© Sitra
• In use all over EU – not typical in the rest of world
• Classification defined on national bases
• Typically based on calculated energy use – allows to compare buildings without the effects of operation times/user behaviour on energy use
• In some countries measured energy use included in parallel – positive feedback from UK
• If based only on measured energy use, the certificate may lead to “wrong” energy savings (compromising indoor climate etc.)
• Indoor climate class very seldom included in the certificate, however energy use has no meaning if indoor climate not known
Energy performance certificate
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Proposed requirements in Finland for houses (draft 19.4.2012)
• Classification scale is based on calculated primary energy (the same E-value in the building code RakMK D3 2012)
• E-value is calcuated with standard use of building and calculation rules of building code
• Measured energy use may be included on voluntary bases
• Recommendations for energy performance improvement measures included
• Class A provides tentative definition for nZEB performance level
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems included in EPBD
• Article 14 Inspection of heating systems
- Not limited to boilers but deals with all parts of heating system
• Article 15 Inspection of air-conditioning systems
- Not limited to chillers but deals with all accessible parts of air-conditioning systems
• For both inspections an alternative measures to advice users in replacements and modifications of systems may be developed
• This alternative approach shall be with equivalent overall impact = Finnish choice
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
© Sitra
Conclusions
• Finland was a pioneer in energy efficiency in 1970s and 1980s, and a new wave with rapid changes started about 5 years ago – too short period to achieve forerunner position
• nZEB pilot buildings, one of the most advanced new building code, knowledge and skills to construct nZEB buildings exist in Finland – administrative capacity in the preparation of EPBD-compliant legislation is likely the limiting factor:
- Exported energy left out from the official system boundary
- Energy performance certificate not yet published (two calculations, with old and new system, needed to apply the building permit)
- Cost optimal calculations ongoing
• First building code in Finnish history for renovation under preparation (draft June 4, 2012) – another example of EPBD initiated progress
11.10.2012 Jarek Kurnitski
