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EPH7112 Research Methodology
CONTENTSCONTENTS
Planning for ResultsGenerating Data/ResultsReporting Results
- Presenting Results- Analyzing Results
Organizing Results
PLANNING FOR RESULTSPLANNING FOR RESULTS
Requires Micro-Level Planning : K-Chart
Results Layer
Results: Performance Parameters
Pressure
Speed
Design Parameters
Acceleration
Tire WidthTire Height
Fuel consumption
Tire Pressure
Tire Width
Method 1
GENERATING GENERATING DATA/RESULTSDATA/RESULTS
Again, use Micro-level planning: K-Chart
Methodology Layers
SimulationExperimentTheory Survey
Lab. Tests
Field Tests
Lab Prototype
Eng. Prototype
Commercial Prototype
Measurement Techn.1
Measurement Techn.2
Measurement Techn.3
TYPES OF DATATYPES OF DATA
DiscreteContinuous
DISCRETE DATADISCRETE DATA
Data which can take only discrete values: Yes or No, Frequency of occurrences, Likert scale
Typically questionnaire based dataFamiliar in social sciencesTypical analysis:
Cross-tabulations Non-parametric tests
CONTINUOUS DATACONTINUOUS DATA
Data which can take any values Typically measured parameters such
as temperature, pressure, weight, height, frequency spectrum
Familiar in sciences and engineering fields
Types of analysis:- Descriptive analysis- Relationship analysis- Comparative analysis- Optimization analysis
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSISDESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS Statistics of the data Typical parameters:
- Max,Min- Mean- Standard deviation, Variance
Mean is mostly used for science and engineering
Although seldomly performed, it’s important to know your data distribution
RELATIONSHIP RELATIONSHIP ANALYSISANALYSIS
Also known as Cause and Effect analysis
Normally presented in the form of a graph of Y versus X
Y is Effect or Performance Parameter (PP), X is Cause or Design Parameter (DP)
Analyze the Trend and Reason
SAMPLE RELATIONSHIP SAMPLE RELATIONSHIP ANALYSISANALYSIS
Y
X
Y
X
Y
X
Y
X
COMPARATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSISANALYSIS
Y
X
P1
P2
P3
Y versus X at various P
• P is the different environments/setups
• Be careful when P is another DP
OPTIMIZATION OPTIMIZATION ANALYSISANALYSIS
Important to identify the optimal conditions
Cases when:1. One DP affecting two PPs in contrasting manner2. One PP is affected by two DPs in contrasting manner
OPTIMIZATION CURVES OPTIMIZATION CURVES 11
Identify the operation range of the PPs
Important to determine the optimum operating point as well as the operating range of the DP
Laser Power,P
Laser Stability,S
Laser Current,I
Pmin
Smin
Operating range
IminImax
OPTIMIZATION CURVES OPTIMIZATION CURVES 22
• It is easier to use the DPs in the same units
• Can also have two different units
• DPs are mutually independent
• Used to determine ways to offset each other’s effects
Inflation Rate
Increment of wages of public servants
Goods Productivity
Increment of wages from the existing
Required increment of productivity to compensate the inflation rise due to new higher wages
Inflation rise
Inflation
compensated
REPORTING RESULTS:REPORTING RESULTS:Results Report TemplateResults Report Template
1. Title of project,2. Title of result 3. Graph presentation, 4. Setup parameters, 5. Method of measurement,6. Analysis of Trend, 7. Analysis of Reason, 8. Comparative Analysis (critical review)9. Statement of Achievement of Objective
SAMPLE RESULT REPORTSAMPLE RESULT REPORT1. Title of Project : Analysis of Impairment Factors in Fiber Optic Transmission2. Result Title : Q factor vs PTx3. Index: R3: PP2-DP14. Graph
5. System setup parameterTransmission rate = 2.5G, Dispersion = 16.75 ps/nm.km, Attenuation coefficient =
0.2dB/km, Fibre length = 50km
6. Method of measurement Simulation- Optisys V.4. Taken after the receiver in electrical domain. Q is
calculated value based on eye pattern
Low Transmit Power
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0 -7.0 -8.0 -9.0Transmit Power
Q F
acto
r
Q factor
Stage 1
Stage 2Stage 3
RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE)RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE)7. Analysis of TrendThe reduction of launching power to -7dBm would give an almost similar effect onto Q factor as the attenuation coefficient of 0.34dB/km. Q factor reduces exponentially with launching power reduction. Can be represented by the exponential equations during 3 stages: Stage 1 :0 to -3.0dBm : y = 33.19e-0.21x, Stage 2: -3.0 to -6.0dBm : y = 17.562e-0.23x, Stage 3 : -6.0 to -9.0dBm : y = 8.863e-0.23xQ factor decreases with the steepest curve line for the reduction of launching power from 0 to 3.0dBm. At -7dBm launching power, the Q factor obtained from the simulation result is 5.67864.
8. Analysis of Reason/DiscussionAs power reduces, the difference between signal and noise becomes smaller, thus closing the eye, therefore lower Q. At very low power, signal-independent noise becomes dominant thus the constant Q value (exponential curve). For higher data transmission rate, higher launching power would be required but need to watch out for the non linear effect due to higher power. For low data transmission rate, we can use a lower power laser for cost effective solution.
9. Comparative analysisNothing new
10. Achievement of Objective Objective 1 to analyze the impairment factor in fiber optic transmission
RESULTS REPORT RESULTS REPORT (CONTINUE)(CONTINUE)
May combine multiple curves on the same graph if the curves have the same PP and DP
The multiple curves should represent different scenarios/methods
Combined graphs are good for comparative analysis, but can lead to confusion
RESULTS ORGANIZATION RESULTS ORGANIZATION TABLETABLE
CODE NUMBER RESULT TITLE
R1: PP1-DP1 The effect of fiber distance on BER
R2: PP1-DP2 Optimization of the effects of Launch Power on SBS and BER
R3: PP2-DP1 The effect of fiber distance on SBS threshold
RN: PPY-DPX
PLANNING FOR PAPER PLANNING FOR PAPER WRITINGWRITING
Each individual result or their combinations may be used for paper writing
Results with novelties can be targeted for high quality journals
The number of publication can be maximized
PLANNING FOR THESIS PLANNING FOR THESIS WRITINGWRITING
Thesis chapters for results can be easily planned
Multiple results chapters can be generated based on the results groupings
Groupings can be based on PPs, or Methods or Sub-Systems
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
Results are the most important part of Research
Engineering and sciences are normally dealing with Continuous data
Four main analyses: Descriptive, Relationship, Comparative, Optimization
Very important to organize results for various purposes