EPORT P S COLUMN P V T M E B : A H K S U

PAGE 1PAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005

Fall 2005Volume VIII

Issue 2No 15

These newsletters are timed to hit thetwo main meetings of the year wherePakistanists in the U.S. tend to gather:the Madison South Asia Conference andthe annual meeting of the Associationof Asian Studies (AAS). We meet inMadison just after the academic yearbegins and again at AAS just before itends. This year for the first time since1999, the beginning of the year alsosignals the beginning of a newpresidential term for AIPS. Dr. J. MarkKenoyer was elected President this pastsummer and I am very happy to be ablehand everything over to him onOctober 1, 2005. I will take thisopportunity to offer him my best wishesfor his coming three-year term and tocongratulate the AIPS community onfinding such an excellent candidate forthe position. My own involvementwith AIPS will not of course end—I willcontinue to represent the University ofPennsylvania on the AIPS board, and Ilook forward to working with Mark.But this will be the last of my regularPSN columns. Let me, therefore, reviewthe record of the past six years.

Over the past four years AIPSprograms have been overshadowed bythe fallout from 9/11, and the need torespond to this fallout has determinedour planning priorities. Over theprevious decade the Institute had beensteadily growing. The Pakistan LectureSeries brought several scholars to theU.S. each year to lecture at membercampuses. A conference was held inWashington in 1996 as part of an effortto assess the state of Pakistan Studies intime for Pakistan’s Jubilee year in 1997,and in 1997 a more elaborate conferencewas held at Wake Forest University tocommemorate the Jubilee. The 90s alsosaw a number of AIPS publications(including Pakistan, 1997, edited byCraig Baxter and Charles H. Kennedy,and Ancient cities of the Indus Valleycivilization, by J. Mark Kenoyer. Andthis newsletter, Pakistan Studies News(PSN) was launched in 1998. In the firsttwo years of the current decade we hadinstalled the AIPS Islamabad Center ina new location, and begun to expand our

PPPPPAKISTANIAKISTANIAKISTANIAKISTANIAKISTANI V V V V VILLAGEILLAGEILLAGEILLAGEILLAGE T T T T TEACHERSEACHERSEACHERSEACHERSEACHERS’ P’ P’ P’ P’ PERSPECTIVESERSPECTIVESERSPECTIVESERSPECTIVESERSPECTIVES ONONONONON

EEEEEDUCATIONDUCATIONDUCATIONDUCATIONDUCATION

BY: ANITA HARRIS

KENT STATE UNIVERSITY

The following is the lecture presented by Anita Harrisat the AIPS Center in Islamabad on July 28, 2005

The perspectives or beliefs teachers holdregarding education and their role as a teacher playa significant part in how they view the process ofteaching, student learning, and their own abilityto not only learn new strategies but the willingnessor resistance to enact new strategies into theirdaily teaching (Calderhead, 1996; Korthagen &Kessels, 1999; Putnam & Borko, 1997). Beliefshave been described as one’s understanding of theworld and the way it works, whether consciousor unconscious, and how that understanding canguide one’s actions (Richardson, 1994).

Although many studies on teacher beliefs havebeen conducted in various countries, after anextensive literature review search I found no studyconducted regarding Pakistani teacher beliefs ofeither government, private, or non-governmental(NGO) teachers. Because of this lack of researchin teacher beliefs in Pakistan, while working thispast summer 2005 as a volunteer English languageand Mathematics skills development workshopdesigner and instructor for the NGODevelopments in Literacy (DIL), I conducted semi-focus group interviews with 16 teachers employedby three domestic NGOs that DIL monetarilysupports regarding their beliefs about education,learning, their role as an educator, and anypersonal life transformations they may haveexperienced since they began working as a teacher.DIL’s headquarters is based in Los Angeles and hastheir in-country office in Islamabad, Pakistan.

The majority of the teachers have the equivalentof a 10th grade after having passed their“matriculation” exam, while the others completedtheir “FA” or Faculty of Arts. This is equivalentto the 12th grade of high school in the U.S. Exceptfor possibly one educator, none have attended anyteacher training school. Training, both subjectmatter and pedagogical strategies, is received solelyfrom the NGOs for whom they work. In manyrespects, these teachers can be viewed as engagingsimultaneously in pre-service, in-service orprofessional development training.

Based upon their reflections and narrativesshared during the interviews, I explored various

CONTINUED ON P. 6CONTINUED ON P. 8

PRESIDENT'S COLUMNRESEARCH REPORT

PA

KIS

TA

N S

TU

DIE

S N

EW

S N

ew

sle

tte

r o

f t

he

Am

eric

an

In

stit

ute

of P

ak

ista

n S

tu

die

s

PSNAIPS

MMMMMOVINGOVINGOVINGOVINGOVING O O O O ONNNNN

PAGE 2

LLLLLITERACYITERACYITERACYITERACYITERACY INININININ P P P P PERSIANATEERSIANATEERSIANATEERSIANATEERSIANATE S S S S SOUTHOUTHOUTHOUTHOUTH ANDANDANDANDAND C C C C CENTRALENTRALENTRALENTRALENTRAL A A A A ASIASIASIASIASIA

From April 29 to May 1 the American Institute of PakistanStudies (AIPS) hosted the Second Biennial InternationalConference of Pakistan Studies at the University ofPennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.The focus of this conference, which was open to the generalpublic, was the relationship of Pakistan to larger historicalprocesses not only in the neighboring regions of South andCentral Asia, but in Asia and the Indian Ocean, and in aglobalizing world.

Pakistan Studies has evolved in significant ways since thefield was first defined not much more than thirty years ago.It was formulated in the age of area studies with the goal ofguaranteeing due attention to Pakistan in the allocation ofresources to the study of the various countries of the SouthAsia region. Over the past generation the area-studiesframework has lost focus, and Pakistan has gained interestfor scholars in other fields. What was once for many scholarsa marginal part of South Asia now draws special interest forthe study of particular globalizing processes. Scholars fromother areas now attend to events and processes in Pakistan’sshort history that give it unique significance in a globalcontext and even bring otherwise neglected parts of thecountry into analytical view.

Some of these new academic focuses are positive; some arenegative. Pakistan was the first new state to emerge in thepostcolonial age. But its founder’s vision of nationhoodremains unfulfilled. Its experience with issues of language,ethnicity, border maintenance, Islamicizing thought, andthe development of democratic institutions has been playedout in the clear light of bureaucratic and literarydocumentation. But it has been plagued by civil violence,ethnic rebellion, and evidence of involvement in conflictsbeyond its borders, including terrorist networks. Each ofthese areas of subject matter received attention in theconference.

The future of Pakistan will no doubt depend on thecontinuation of the precarious balance between provincial

CONTINUED ON P. 7

PAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005

From September 2nd to 4th, 2005, a small seminar washeld at the Salar Jang Museum in Hyderabad (p. 8) onhistorical issues relating to the use of Persian as anadministrative language in the eastern part of the Islamicworld over the past millennium. The seminar was thefirst effort to create a regional research forum in thearea. The initiative to develop such a project was ledby the American Institute of Pakistan Studies. The SalarJang Museum generously offered to host it, and theAmerican Institute of Indian Studies co-sponsored itand provided invaluable logistical assistance. Theseminar was held under the auspices of the Council ofAmerican Overseas Research Centers (CAORC) incollaboration with all the members of CAORC whoseaffiliated scholars have an interest in the subject, fromIstanbul to Dakka: The American Institutes ofAfghanistan Studies (AIAS), Bangladesh Studies (AIBS),Indian Studies (AIIS), Iranian Studies (AIIrS), PakistanStudies (AIPS), and Sri Lankan Studies (AISLS), theAmerican Research Institute in Turkey (ARIT), and theCenter for South Asia Libraries (CSAL) with its localHyderabad affiliate, the Urdu Documentation Center(UDC).

A position paper entitled “Literacy in the EasternCaliphate” was prepared in advance by two members ofAIPS (Brian Spooner and William L. Hanaway, who arealso affiliated with several of the other Centers) andcirculated to the participants. Starting from their earlierwork in the development and spread of the formal,written, courtly form of “New Persian” (from c. 850AD to modern times), and the training of the munshiswho used it professionally in the preparation of courtletters and other documents, the position paper set thisquestion in its broader social and intellectual contextand posed a number of questions that were designed tostructure the discussions at the workshop.

The central theme of the position paper emerged fromquestions about the training and practice of the munshis,

A Conference titled “Plurality in Balochistan”, organized by Professor Carina Jahani of Uppsala University and Dr. AgnesKorn of Frankfurt University was held in Uppsala on August 18-21, 2005. Dr. Ghulam Mohammad Taj, Vice-Chancellor ofthe University of Balochistan and Professor Abdul Razzak Sabir, Professor of Brahui and Director, Institute of BalochistanStudies came from Pakistan to participate in this conference. In addition to reporting on the progress of Balochi studies andlanguage teaching in Pakistan, they announced the good news that the University of Balochistan is planning to create aDepartment of Linguistics. Dr. Sabir Badalkhan of the Institute of Oriental Studies at the University of Naples, Italy, talkedon the Zikris in Balochistan. Elena Bashir, University of Chicago, presented a paper entitled on “Contact-Induced andTransitional Features in Eastern Balochi”. A former BULPIP participant, Paul Titus, now in Christchurch, New Zealand,spoke on “To join the caravan of history: external influences on the Baloch nationalist movement”. A total of 64 peopleparticipated in various capacities in the conference, including many from Iranian Balochistan.

PPPPPLURALITYLURALITYLURALITYLURALITYLURALITY INININININ B B B B BALOCHISTANALOCHISTANALOCHISTANALOCHISTANALOCHISTAN: C: C: C: C: CONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCE R R R R REPORTEPORTEPORTEPORTEPORT

BY ELENA BASHIR

CONTINUED ON P. 7

SSSSSECONDECONDECONDECONDECOND B B B B BIENNIALIENNIALIENNIALIENNIALIENNIAL I I I I INTERNATIONALNTERNATIONALNTERNATIONALNTERNATIONALNTERNATIONAL C C C C CONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCE OFOFOFOFOF P P P P PAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTAN

SSSSSTUDIESTUDIESTUDIESTUDIESTUDIES: P: P: P: P: PAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTAN INININININ W W W W WORLDORLDORLDORLDORLD-H-H-H-H-HISTORICALISTORICALISTORICALISTORICALISTORICAL C C C C CONTEXTONTEXTONTEXTONTEXTONTEXT

PAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005 PAGE 3

On May 7-8, 2005, a two-day seminar under this title was held in Istanbul under the auspices of the newHollings Center for East-West understanding and the Council of American Overseas Research Centers(CAORC). The seminar was the product of collaborative planning between the American Institutes ofAfghanistan Studies (AIAS) and Pakistan Studies (AIPS). The primary objective was to bring togetherscholars from Afghanistan, Pakistan and the U.S. to look at the historical relationship between thepopulations either side of the Durand Line by which they were formally divided in 1893, to consider towhat extent current relations between the two countries might be the product of the nature of thisdivision, and how both the memory of it and its current effects might be turned to advantage. A preliminaryreport on the two days of discussion among three Afghan scholars, two Pakistanis and six Americanssummarizes the achievement of the discussions in these terms:

“The border between Afghanistan and Pakistan is unique in the history of international relations. Knownhistorically as the Durand Line, it was drawn in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand to mark the formal boundarybetween British India and Afghanistan (which was held in a subordinate colonial-style treaty relationshipby the British Government). Although accepted in practice as part of the complex accommodation betweenthe then ruler, Abdu’r-Rahman Khan, in Kabul and the British Government in Calcutta (later New Delhi),the Line was never ratified by the Government of Afghanistan.

“Following the establishment of Pakistan in 1947 the Durand Line became the de facto internationalborder between the two countries, though not formally acknowledged by the populations along eitherside of it or by the Afghan Government. The relationship between Afghanistan and Pakistan has gonethrough a series of difficult stages since 1947, as the relationship between each and the outside world hasevolved. Not surprisingly, although it has received little explicit attention since the 1960s the border hascontinued to be a source of difficulty in the relations between the two countries and underlies a numberof outstanding issues...

“The discussions were intense and highly productive. Several participants took advantage of theopportunity to speak forcefully and articulately on behalf of each country about the perceived injusticesof the other towards it. The need to respond to these statements elicited data and points of view thatproved highly significant, especially in the final session, which was devoted to efforts to find practicalstrategies and to develop projects of resolution.

“As the discussions intensified they revolved around significant incompatibilities between each country’sperception of its historical identity and integrity in relation to the other and to the region. This differenceis rooted in the experience of the period from 1800 to 1950, when the area began to be drawn into a largerregional and global series of processes. It is exacerbated by the intrusion during that period of the interestsof Imperial Russia and the British Government in India, and has been further complicated since 1947 (yetmore since 1978) by the reappearance of other historical interests in the guise of (first) the Cold War, andlater of modern nationalism on the part of India and Iran, and more recent American policy initiatives. Itwas argued that in order to assist in the improvement of regional security in this key strategic area betweenSouth Asia, Central Asia and Western Asia today, it is necessary to start from an understanding of Afghanistan’sand Pakistan’s own sense of their identities in the region. This requires a perspective that begins before 1747when neither existed and neither Russia nor Great Britain, nor the U.S., had arrived on the scene.

“The seminar concluded with the formulation of strategiesfor the development of new initiatives that will build onhistorical orientations rather than (as many current initiativesdo) conflict with them. One concrete project is already underway. Proposals for others are outlined in the text.”

The final draft of the report will be available later in theFall. The participants included: Drs. Whitney Azoy, ThomasBarfield, Christine Fair, A. G. Ravan Farhadi, David Gilmartin,Shah Mahmud Hanifi, Senzil Nawid, Robert Nichols, RasulBukhsh Rais, Brian Spooner, and Aslam Syed.

AAAAAFGHANISTANFGHANISTANFGHANISTANFGHANISTANFGHANISTAN ANDANDANDANDAND P P P P PAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTAN: C: C: C: C: CULTURALULTURALULTURALULTURALULTURAL H H H H HERITAGEERITAGEERITAGEERITAGEERITAGE ANDANDANDANDAND C C C C CURRENTURRENTURRENTURRENTURRENT R R R R REALITYEALITYEALITYEALITYEALITY

Asia Society and Citigroup invite you to a lecture with:

Asma JahangirUN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief,and Chairperson, Human Rights Commission of Pakistan

Towards Democracy: Pakistan at the Crossroads

Thursday, October 27, 20056:30 pm – 8:00 pm (Reception Follows)

Asia Society and Museum,725 Park Avenue at 70th Street, New York City

Leading human rights advocate in Pakistan, Asma Jahangir, will address issues related to the law and judiciary in Pakistan.Jahangir will focus her talk on the role of tribal councils in Pakistan and their relationship to the state. She will discuss the criticalcase of Mukhtaran Bibi whose gang rape on orders of a tribal council in 2002 inspired international outrage, putting the legalinstitutions in Pakistan under intense scrutiny. She will explore the status of human rights, in particular women’s rights, inPakistan and the prospects for a transition away from the conditions that lead to failed governance. These and other pertinentissues related to state, civil society and human rights in Pakistan will be the focus of the evening’s discussion. Part of theCitigroup Series on Asian Women Leaders, which features women at the forefront of effecting social change in Asia.

$5 Students w/ ID $7 Members/NGO-$12 NonmembersAdvance registration is strongly recommended.

For tickets, contact the Asia Society Box Office at 212-517-ASIA, or send complete information by fax at 212-517- 8315,or email [email protected]. Credit card required for advance registration or reservation. Cancellation required atleast 24 hours in advance to avoid charges. Reservations that are not cancelled/claimed will be charged.

The University of Pennsylvania Department of South AsiaStudies invites you to a concert in its Mehfil series:

Sarod and Tabla ConcertSarod and Tabla ConcertSarod and Tabla ConcertSarod and Tabla ConcertSarod and Tabla ConcertPandit BRIJ NARAYAN, sarod,Pandit BRIJ NARAYAN, sarod,Pandit BRIJ NARAYAN, sarod,Pandit BRIJ NARAYAN, sarod,Pandit BRIJ NARAYAN, sarod,with ABHIJIT BANERJEE, tablawith ABHIJIT BANERJEE, tablawith ABHIJIT BANERJEE, tablawith ABHIJIT BANERJEE, tablawith ABHIJIT BANERJEE, tabla

Harrison House Rooftop Lounge3910 Irving (39th and Spruce Street)

Philadelphia, PA 19104October 21, 2005 at 7:30 pm

Brij Narayan balances technical virtuosity with lyricalinventiveness. He studied with his father, the great sarangiplayer Ram Narayan and with Ustad Ali Akbar Khan. BrijNarayan is one of India’s exciting contemporary sarod players.Abhijit Banerjee studied tabla with Sri Tushar Kanti Bose,later from Sri Manik Pal and finally Pandit Gyan Prakash.He is is constant demand on the performance circuit in Indiaand abroad.

This event is free and open to the public. A photo ID will berequested at the front desk. For further information pleasecall: (215) 898-7475 or visit www.southasia.upenn.edu/


The University of PennsylvaniaSouth Asia Center & Department of South Asia Studies

invite you to the

HINDI-URDU WORKSHOP:URDU METER

presented by

DR. NOMAN UL-HAQ,UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Friday, October 1410:00am- 4:00pm

Venue: TBA

Morning Session10:00am-12:30pm: Metrical System12:45pm-2:00pm: Lunch (provided)

Afternoon Session2:00pm-4:00pm: Scansion

Please send RSVPs to Haimanti Banerjee [email protected] to pre-register (required) for theevent by Monday, October 10 to receive thepacket of workshop materials. Further information is alsoavailable online: www.southasiacenter.upenn.edu.

PAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005 PAGE 5

AIPS WEB REPORT IIIBY UZMA Z. RIZVI

In continuing efforts to create acomprehensive cyber-center of Pakistanstudies, the offices of AIPS have maintainedthe aims and projects that the Institute iscommitted to in terms of representing Pakistanin its full world historical context. This cyber-center reflects a nexus of information andjuncture at which interdisciplinary interestsabout Pakistan intersect.

Even in times of transition, the offices ofAIPS have maintained the website withupdated information about current events,talks, and exhibitions that are related toPakistan Studies. The team has worked toincrease the accessibility and continues tocreate an interface that is easier to use forthose with various levels of technologicalexpertise and software.

As mentioned in previous reports, thewebsite serves two main functions. The firstis specific to the maintenance of theinfrastructure that deals with the servicesand programs provided by AIPS, such asofficial business, payment of dues andmembership, and members’ discussions,along with full-text access to bothpublications of AIPS (Annual of UrduStudies and Pakistan Studies News). Thesecond brings together audiences from boththe membership and general public andprovides data bases and basic informationon the history and culture of Pakistan. Theorganization of the material continues tocater to research interests of professionaland specialized scholars in variousdisciplines, as well as, teaching material andresources for teachers in the K-12 system.

As a key resource for undergraduate,graduate students, and professionals invarious fields, the section on Fellowships iscontinually updated to reflect currentinformation on scholarships, and grantsavailable for research work conducted onPakistan. In addition to resources forstudents and scholars, reports on currentresearch work financially supported byAIPS are provided.

Systematically monitored and updated isinformation on events related to Pakistan

Karkhana: A Contemporary CollaborationAugust 21, 2005 – March 12, 2006The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum

Karkhana: A Contemporary Collaboration features a series of works by sixcontemporary Pakistani artists: Aisha Khalid, Hasnat Mehmood, MuhammadImran Qureshi, Nusra Latif Qureshi, Talha Rathore, and Saira Wasim. Theexhibition is open to the public through March 12, 2006. Karkhana has beenorganized by Jessica Hough, curator at The Aldrich Contemporary ArtMuseum; London-based independent curator and writer Hammad Nasar; andAnna Sloan, a writer, curator, and historian of Islamic and South Asian Art atMount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts. This exhibition willtravel to The Asian Art Museum in San Francisco from August 4 throughNovember 5, 2006 and Asia Society, New York in 2007. The New School,Yale University, and The Aldrich are hosting a series of panels discussingtopics such as creativity, life, and politics in contemporary Pakistan. The firstpanel on October 11 will be hosted by The New School, Vera List Center andThe Aldrich held at the New School Tishman auditorium. To RSVP and formore information, please call 203.438.4519. At the core of the exhibition is a series of collaboratively-produced paintingsinitiated as a creative experiment by Muhammad Imran Qureshi in 2003. Hecontacted the five other Pakistani painters, all alumni of the miniaturedepartment at the National College of Arts in Lahore, but now living in differentcities around the world, with the suggestion that each artist start two newpaintings made on wasli (rag paper). Each work was then sent to anotherartist in the group, who applied another layer of imagery, marks, or otherprocesses, and passed it along until all of the artists had added to each of thetwelve paintings. Karkhana includes these twelve miniature paintings, andfive additional paintings by each of the six artists. Although separate fromthe series of twelve collaborative paintings, these additional works resonatevisually with them, allowing viewers to recognize the hand of each artistwithin the collaborations. Viewers may also be persuaded to consider howartists working collaboratively might influence each other, or react to visualinformation already on the paper. An animation showing the development ofeach of the collaborative works will play on a monitor in an adjoining gallery. The original Karkhana collaboration was inspired by the cooperative natureof miniature painting practiced in South Asia’s pre-modern courts. The Urduterm “karkhana” describes the kind of painting workshops patronized by Mughalemperors who ruled the territories of present-day India and Pakistan. In theseworkshops, multiple artists would have worked on a single painting under thedirection of a master, each contributing visual components according to theirparticular skills. By email, Imran Qureshi addressed this very different twenty-first century karkhana, “Although we were physically distant, it felt like wewere engaged in a dialogue. We would listen to each other through the work,and respond.” The past two decades have witnessed a vibrant revival ofminiature painting; artists have revitalized the pictorial tradition, negotiatinga fine balance between historical practices and post-modern conceptualconcerns. These paintings are an experiment in artistic collaboration revealingimprovisation, acts of creative destruction, semiotic play, and dynamicadaptation . A catalogue has been jointly published by The Aldrich Contemporary ArtMuseum and Green Cardamom, London. The book includes full-colorreproductions of the works in the exhibition and essays by co-curators JessicaHough, Hammad Nasar , and Anna Sloan, as well as by Qamar Adamjee,research assistant in the Islamic Arts Department, Metropolitan Museum ofArt, New York; B. N. Goswamy (introduction), renowned art historian andauthor of numerous books on miniature painting; Salima Hashmi, formerprincipal of NCA and head of visual arts at the Beaconhouse NationalUniversity, Lahore; Sandhya Jain, conservation specialist and art historian;Dr. John Seyller, art historian and leading authority on Mughal painting; andVirginia Whiles, historian, critic, and curator of the recent landmark surveyexhibition of contemporary miniature painting at the Fukuoka Asian Art Museum.

* This announcement is from The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum website.*CONTINUED ON P. 7


local activities. Our first scholar-in-residence had arrivedin Islamabad in 2000, the second in spring 2001.

The immediate consequence of 9/11 for AIPS was theembargo on the use of U.S. Government funds for travel toPakistan. The AIPS flagship activity from the beginning hadbeen the administration of a fellowship program to fundresearch by American scholars in Pakistan. Despite therecurrent vicissitudes of U.S.- Pakistan relations over theyears this program had always continued and everyone inthe field had benefited from it. Suddenly, it was suspendedand the suspension has remained in force now for four fullyears. Besides campaigning against the decision (which wasso obviously against the national interest in that it preventedcontinued training of specialists in a vital field)—so farwithout success—we had to find other ways not only to keepthe field alive but to expand it in order to keep up with theincreased interest in Pakistan-related research.

A succession of new programs has in fact been introduced.As a consequence AIPS has gained the reputation of beingone of the most innovative members of the Council ofAmerican Overseas Research Centers (CAORC). When thetravel embargo is finally lifted our fellowship program willbe the center-piece of a suite of programs, and the field as awhole will in fact be richer for the experience of having hadto respond to the challenge of the post 9/11 restrictions. Letme then enumerate the innovations for the record.

In July 2001 we agreed with the Vice Chancellor of Quaid-i-Azam University on a plan for a series of biennialconferences on Pakistan Studies, the first of which would beheld in Islamabad in 2002. The plans for Islamabad werenecessarily aborted and the first conference of the series washeld the following year, in 2003, at Columbia University. Areport appeared in the Fall newsletter of 2003. The responsewas such that planning was immediately launched for thenext in the series. The Second International Conference ofPakistan Studies, which is reported in this issue, was heldwith similar success on April 29 - May 1, 2005, at theUniversity of Pennsylvania. We are now engaged in activediscussion of plans for the third in the series, which we hopefinally to be able to hold in Islamabad in 2007.

In the intervening years between the biennial conferences,we began a series of workshops and seminars. The first ofthese brought together scholars engaged in research on theSalt Range, from a variety of disciplines, at the University ofPennsylvania, in February, 2004.

Thirdly, the Pakistan Lecture Series (PLS) was expanded toallow longer stays, up to a full semester, and fullerparticipation in the life of an AIPS member institution, aswell as visiting other campuses.

Besides these extensions of existing programs, a number ofnew programs have been introduced. In developing newprograms one of our major objectives has been to demonstratewhat AIPS can do to increase Pakistani participation in largeracademic arenas, and to bring the study of Pakistan in theU.S. out of its traditional isolation within academia. One ofour major strategies for achieving this objective has been tobuild collaboration with other organizations in the region,especially those with a regional mandate. AIPS has thereforeover the past four years initiated collaborative programs withthe Center for South Asia Libraries (CSAL) and the SouthAsia Language Resource Center (SALRC), managed a jointprogram with the American Institute of Afghanistan Studies(AIAS), and run a regional seminar on a topic of interest toscholars affiliated with all the American Overseas ResearchCenters from Istanbul through Iran and Afghanistan to Indiaand Bangladesh. Of these projects, reports on those that havebeen active in recent months may be found elsewhere inthis issue: in particular, the Private Library and ArchiveSurvey Project (PLASP), a seminar in Istanbul on“Afghanistan and Pakistan: Cultural Heritage and CurrentReality,” and a seminar at the Salar Jang Museum inHyderabad entitled “Literacy in Persianate South and CentralAsia” (otherwise known as the “Eastern Caliphate”).

Our efforts to forge ahead regardless of the restriction onresearch in Pakistan were to some extent rewarded thissummer, when we managed finally to make some progresstowards the resumption of our fellowship program. Startingthis fall, although we are still unable to send scholars toPakistan, we will be allowed to fund research relating toPakistan in third countries, and we expect to make the firstannouncement in this regard in October. We are also nowseeking permission to use our funds to subsidize researchexpenses in Pakistan for collaborative projects betweenAmerican and Pakistani scholars which do not require travelto Pakistan by the American partner.

Meanwhile, our institutional membership has also increasedsignificantly and now stands at 30. Individual membershipstands at 86, but that figure is less significant than may appearsince the newsletter is distributed freely to ensure maximumvisibility for the Institute. We do however encourageindividual membership, for two important reasons: itprovides a mechanism for recruiting younger scholars to ourgoverning board, and increases our political leverage fornegotiations with funding agencies. In other words it is notnecessary to pay membership dues to receive this newsletter.However, those who do pay their $25 per year, besidesreceiving Pakistan Studies News regularly, become eligibleto review books for the newsletter and for election to theAIPS Board of Trustees.

In conclusion, I want to invite you to join me incongratulations and an expression of sincere gratitude. First,I am sure you will want to congratulate our Islamabad CenterDirector, Muhammad Nadeem Akbar, on being awarded a

PRESIDENT’S COLUMN CONTINUED FROM P. 1


two-year Fulbright Fellowship which will enable him to earna Master’s degree in Public Administration at the Universityof Pennsylvania’s Fels Institute of Government. Apart fromthe opportunity for training, his stay in the U.S. will enablehim to understand our field in America from the inside, inways that were not possible from Pakistan. Secondly, mylast act as President is to thank Ms. Sakina Rizvi, as she leavesthe position of AIPS U.S. Director to return to academe, forher extraordinary help and support over the past two years.Without her unfailing initiative, social savvy, and absolutereliability my task would have been much more difficult,and AIPS would not have achieved its current standing inthe research community. Finally, I am honored toacknowledge the unstinting collegial support andcollaboration I have received from trustees and members overthe past six years. Brian Spooner

and national politics and international opinion and support.But the future of Pakistan Studies will play beyond the area-studies context, in which it was developed, in theglobalization studies for which it provides so muchfascinating material. This conference was designed to capturecurrent thinking on these issues and to expose them todiscussion from larger perspectives than they usually receive.Twenty eight papers were presented in eight separatedisciplinary panels and three keynote addresses. Selectedpapers are being revised for publication in a volume ofproceedings, and plans are underway for the third conferencein the biennial series. Meanwhile, further details are availableon the AIPS website.

Brian Spooner

or secretaries, who used Persian professionally in the courtchanceries of the eastern Islamic world. Hyderabad waschosen for the venue because it is the site of the last court tocontinue the training of munshis in the old tradition, as wellas the last (outside Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan) to shiftfrom Persian to a successor language, such as Urdu.Hyderabad continues to be the home of a significantproportion of modern scholars of Persian diplomatics, as wellas treasures of documentary resources. Ten scholars fromIndia, Pakistan, and the United States, were able to participatein the seminar (including Drs. Aditya Behl, WilliamHanaway, Nomanul Haq, David Lelyveld, Victor Mair,Anwar Muazzam, Senzil Nawid, Jim Nye, and John Perry),covering a wide range of perspectives, among them that of aSinologist who was able to help us set the Persianate traditionin a larger historical and cross-cultural perspective. Thepresentations addressed linguistic, literary and historicaltopics relating to the issues raised in the position paper. Theyare now being revised for inclusion along with the positionpaper in a detailed report for circulation to other scholarswho were unable to participate and for publication in avolume of proceedings which will include an agenda forfurther research.

We are particularly grateful to A.K.V.S. Reddy, Director ofthe Salar Jung Museum, Dr. A. Nagender Reddy, JointDirector, for their warm and gracious hospitality as well astheir readiness to make the resources of the Salar Jungavailable for the workshop, and to M. Veerender, DeputyKeeper, for his friendly cooperation and his close attentionto many important details. Finally, we wish to thank ourclose friend and collaborator in Hyderabad, without whomthe meeting would not have been possible: Dr. AnwarMuazzam, Director of the Urdu Documentation Center.

Brian Spooner

WEB REPORT CONTINUED FROM PAGE 4

HYDERABAD REPORT CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2

AIPS CONFERENCE REPORT CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2

Studies, which are listed and details provided where available.In addition, the menu on the side bar provides informationabout film screenings, past events, and other majorconferences that take place within the United States andabroad.

Concurrently, the development of the “Directory” of AIPSmembers and affiliates continues to be restructured, updatedand supplemented by directories of scholars and theirpublications, in full-text where possible, course syllabi, slidecollections, and bibliographies. We hope that by providingeasy and well organized access to the range of material wewill succeed in bringing Pakistan and related fields of interestinto the general curriculum and satisfy the newly emergingdemand for organized data that seems already to characterizethe twenty first century.

The Institute’s website also provides links to affiliated andother related organizations, such as American NationalResource Centers, Overseas Resource Centers dealing withthe surrounding region, and other institutions of research,education and public information in South and Central Asia.

This report is the third in the series of reports about theonline activities of AIPS. Work conducted in the last sixmonths consisted of information building processes, and crosschecking historical material before uploading the materialon the web. With the election of Professor Jonathan MarkKenoyer to the office of President, web development willnow move to the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Thewebsite, as it stands, is a strong foundational cyber centerthat will only grow in the years to come.

The webteam responsible for work on the AIPS websiteinclude: James Caron, Suzanne Harris, Rubab Qureshi, F.Zehra Rizvi, and Sakina Rizvi. FOR MORE INFORMATION ON PAKISTAN RELATED CONFERENCES AND

EVENTS VISIT: HTTP://WWW.PAKISTANSTUDIES-AIPS.ORG

PAGE 8

emerging themes related to an increased sense ofempowerment in terms of both earning capability and theireffect on children’s lives, and personal transformation in theform of increased self-worth.

METHOD

The 16 volunteer participants were from three differentregional locales and three different NGOs, with a wide rangein years of teaching, from one to 15. Three participants werefrom the Khwendo Kor (KK) NGO in Dir, Northwest FrontierProvince (NWFP); ten from the Adult Basic EducationService (ABES) NGO in the Rawalpindi area, Punjab; andthree from the Naz High School Old Boys Welfare Trust(NOWA) NGO in Khairpur, Sindh. A note must be madehere. Except for one teacher from Dir, the rest of theparticipants from Dir and Khairpur were actually FieldCoordinators or Teacher Monitors, i.e., those who observeand work with the village teachers. However, these monitorsbegan as NGO teachers before moving into their currentposition.

Although all participants spoke the national language Urdu,they were linguistically diverse (Pushto, Sindhi, Punjabi);based on the interviews, the differing geographical regionsheld a somewhat but not too significant cultural influenceregarding the overall roles of women. Meaning, societal andreligious views regarding women were essentially the samebetween the three different provinces.

Because I did not speak any of the languages, I had threedifferent translators, all native speakers of Urdu who werealso fluent in English. One translator was also fluent in Pushtoand translated the first interview with the first-year teacherfrom Dir (12 June 2005). The second translator assisted withthe first group interview with the teachers from theRawalpindi village sites (30 June 2005) and the second groupinterview with the monitors from both Dir and Khairpur(14 July 2005). The third translator assisted with a secondinterview (26 July 2005) with three teachers from theRawalpindi region, who were part of the first groupinterview. Although all participants had given theirpermission for audiotaping, due to circumstances beyond mycontrol only the final interview was audiotaped.

Qualitative data (participants’ conversation) was collectedthrough interviewing, and transcription of the handwrittennotes for all interviews and one audiocassette served as thebasis for data analysis. I approached the interview relationshipfrom the constructivist paradigm, whereby all perspectivesare viewed as constructions of reality by individuals centeredwithin their experience and influenced by social contexts(Hatch, 2002). Embedded in this approach is the embracingof the hermeneutic process from Slattery’s (2003) vision ofone’s life journey being continuously engaged in learning,

RESEARCH REPORT CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1Urdu Poetry and Society

Center for Muslim-Christian UnderstandingGeorgetown University

Beginning Fall 2005, open to selected students andprofessionals by permission of the convenor.

Instructor: Dr. Moazzam Siddiqi (PhD University ofCalifornia at Berkeley)Convenor: Maggie Ronkin, [email protected]

This is a non-credit seminar that takes socio-historical,literary, and linguistic perspectives on Urdu poetry in society.It will highlight the evolution of Urdu poetry from itsbeginnings in 16th century Deccan to its florescence in otherimportant literary centers of north central India, Delhi (early18th century), Lucknow (19th century), and Lahore (20thcentury). The course will culminate with the discussion ofthe advent of the modern era.

Prominent Themes* Sociocultural and literary environments in which thistradition grew, and patronage patterns* Indian and Indo-Persian elements influencing the poetryin its formative years* Vernacular Hindi influences* European, largely English, literary influences* Religious and political influences, especially in the wakeof post-Industrial Revolution literary movements importedfrom Britain* Impacts of socialism, communism, and the ProgressiveWriters Movement

Study of Selected Writings of Representative Poets fromEach Period, with Audio Performance Recordings* The Dakhani Period: Quli Qutub Shah and Wali Dakhani* The Delhi Period: Mir Taqi Mir, Khawaja Mir Dard, Mirza,Rafi Sauda, Mir Hasan and Nazar Akbarabadi MirzaAsadullah Khan Ghalib Dagh* The Lucknow Period: Jur’at, Insha, and Mushafi Nasikhand Atish Marsia poems and Mir Anis and Dabir

The Modern Age* Ghalib’s response to the intellectual awakening ushered inby the Industrial Revolution* Ghalib’s younger contemporaries, Hali and Azad, and themodern elements in their poetry* Muhammad Iqbal, poet-philosopher of the East and West* Poets of the Progressive Writers Movement and othermodern poets: Mira Ji, Akhtarul Iman, Ali Sardar Jafri, MajazLucknawi, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, and N.M. Rashid

For more information, please contact:[email protected]


PAGE 9

the awareness of interconnectedness, transformation, andopenness to possibilities that can lead to empowerment.

To gain an understanding of these women’s perspectivesmeant to hear their voices, listen to their stories, hopes,frustrations; that their words, although re-created throughthe filters of the translators, were in themselves metaphorsor doorways into each woman’s interpretation of her ownreality. Although an outsider, I strove to understand fromwithin the context of their culture as best I could.

THEMES

The themes that emerged from the interviews revolvedaround the struggle of many of the women to push againstthe boundaries of cultural norms and gender roleexpectations, empowerment in terms of both earningcapability and their effect on children’s lives, personaltransformation in the form of increased self-worth, and theissue of respect shown the teachers by members of thecommunity, including some members of their own family.“Teaching is a respectable profession.” “I like being called“Madam”.” A number of women expressed that they wereallowed to work as teachers “with no hindrance,” meaningthey were supported in their occupation by their family.However, some of the women disagreed with this statement,as they shared that being teachers upset the males in theirhousehold—husbands, fathers, and this made it difficult forthese particular women to be “allowed to work.” Yet, despitethese negative influences, they have persisted in working asteachers.

The sense of increasing self-determination and heightenedstatus due to being a wage-earner was repeatedly mentioned.“I can now pay for everything I need.” “The man says, ‘There’sno need for you to be earning.’ But (when money) falls short,tension. Fights. Money eases houselife.” “I have a say in myhousehold because of money.” Several of the monitorsexplained that by becoming a teacher one earns more moneyand with more money one can “improve [one’s] livingstandards, and also has more importance [prestige].”

On the flipside, a number of the teachers pointed out thatteaching is often viewed as a last resort for survival’s sake:“Usually when they [the women] don’t find a job, theybecome a teacher.” They also explained that many times afemale is not allowed to work in any profession other thanteaching, and that she must work in a school either in herhome village or a nearby village.

Despite the view of teaching as a last resort, the sense ofincreased self-worth related to being a wage-earner, aninfluencer of children’s lives, and experiencing teaching as alife direction rather than a last resort, weaves itself throughthe women’s responses. The overall sense I gleaned from theinterviews is that many of the teachers have decided toremain in the teaching profession because they have cometo experience it as a profession, rather than just a job that

substitutes for working in the village fields or in anembroidery center. The first-year educator from Dirdescribed the profession of teaching as filling a ‘void’ withinher. She also expressed great pride that an all-girls’ schoolrecently opened in her village. A boys’ school was already inexistence.

As for what education means to the teachers, discussionsarose regarding a range of views: citizenship, transmittingcultural norms and values within their students, and givingthe children an option: “By going to school, children are notsitting around and going to the fields”. “It is for job skills, soone is not just a laborer.” “The purpose of education is tolearn the difference between right and wrong.” “It’s knowinghow things work and why.” “To improve one’s personality.”“So one can work for [one’s] country.” Both the monitorsand teachers expressed that “education nurtures what youare born with that is innate; it brings it out.”

Learning, on the other hand, was a bit problematic indefining, as most teachers and monitors tended to conflatethe two as they struggled with articulating their thoughtsregarding the differences and similarities between theconcepts and their interrelationships. “Education andlearning are the same thing,” versus “Learning is what you’reborn with…society teaches you.” “Learning is first, theneducation. Without being able to learn, you wouldn’t knowanything about education.” “One can learn without formaleducation.” What I found quite telling in the teachers’responses is that not one person mentioned that educationwas specifically for learning the three R’s: reading, writing,and arithmetic. All focused on what I would deem a broaderperspective of the various roles education can play for bothteacher and student: personal development, self-confidence,job skills, citizenship, instilling cultural norms and values, asense of empowerment, and contribution to society.

During the final interview with the three teachers whoelected to continue interviewing one month after the firstinterview, the topic of training was raised. They felt that thetraining methods they were receiving from ABES weresuperior to the experiences they had in the schools they hadattended as students. Several of the other participants inearlier interviews expressed a similar response. When askedwhy, they shared that they were being shown some practicalhands-on strategies for interactive teaching with theirstudents, rather than the traditional methods of rotememorization. This made them feel more excited aboutteaching because their students were more excited aboutlearning the various subjects presented in class. Whether ornot the teachers use the co-constructivist methods learnedin their workshops on a daily basis is a topic beyond the scopeof this exploratory study.

With that being said, a few teachers from ABES and thefield monitors from both NOWA and KK shared with greatfrustration that many of the village parents think that


PAGE 10

influence and/or change their held-perspectives abouteducation, teaching, their role as an educator, and as aprofessional woman.

REFERENCES

Calderhead, James (1996). Teachers: beliefs and knowledge.In D.C. Berliner & R.C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbookof educational psychology (pp.709-725). NewYork: Macmillan.

Hatch, J.A. (2002). Doing qualitative research in educationsettings. New York: State University of New YorkPress.

Korthagen, F. & Kessels, J. (1999). Linking theory andpractice: changing the pedagogy of teachereducation. Educational Researcher, Vol. 28, No. 4,pp. 4-17.

Putnam, T. & Borko, H. (1997). ‘Teacher learning:implications of new views of cognition. In B. Biddle,T. Good & I. Goodson (Eds.), International handbookof teachers and teaching,vol II. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Richardson, V. (1994). The consideration of teachers’beliefs. In V. Richardson (Ed.), Teacher change andthe staff development process: a case in readinginstruction. New York: Teachers College Press.

Slattery, P. (2003). Hermeneutics, subjectivity, andaesthetics: internationalizing the interpretiveprocess in U.S. curriculum research. In W. Pinar(Ed.), International handbook of curriculumresearch. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Publishers.

education is just what is learned in school from the textbooks,and that alternate teaching techniques that these teachersare learning such as role play, dance movements, teachinggames, are not considered genuine learning, and demand thatthe teachers stop using these methods.

However, what might suggest difficulties in the teachersimplementing student-oriented strategies is what themonitors from NOWA and KK, and a few teachers from ABESdiscussed regarding some of the roadblocks they haveencountered with parents. Many of the parents believe thateducation means their children are to learn strictly from thetextbook and do not approve of any method utilized by theteacher other than what they, the parents, expect. “Theparents pressurize teachers to do just book learning.” Whenthe parents see the teachers using music to teach, “they getupset. They say, “Teachers are wasting the time of ourchildren. They are not learning. It’s totally inappropriate forthe girls to be jumping around and dancing. They should bequiet, eyes down, just focused on books and studying.”

This conflict of perspectives between parents and teachershas, according to the teachers and monitors, served to createa great difficulty for the teachers as they try to practice newteaching strategies learned in their training workshops withtheir students.

POTENTIAL IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

Teacher beliefs regarding education, learning and teachingplay an important role in their perception of self, theirstudents, and, in this study, the broader context of womanas a change agent. Embedded in these village teachers’ voicesare the emergent themes of the willingness to explorepersonal development, the recognition of personaltransformation regarding one’s self as a professional capableof earning a wage and contributing to the family, and thatthey, as women, do play a vital part in the fabric of theirsociety.

This study raises potential areas for continued research intoexploring Pakistani village teachers’ perceptions oneducation, especially from the aspect of women experiencingpersonal empowerment. One area that would be of greatinterest to pursue would be to observe the same teachersthat were interviewed in this study in their daily classroompractice to see if much of the cited parental difficultiesregarding enactment of learner-centered strategies wasactually a reflection of the teachers’ resistance to changingestablished perspectives about how to teach and how studentsbest learn. Another line of inquiry would be to explore howthe process of teaching from the aspect of personaltransformation influences their perspectives regardingteaching strategies that move away from rote memorizationto learner-centered, co-constructivist methods. This mayshed potential light on whether or not the teachers areadopting the constructivist practices reportedly learned intheir NGO-driven in-service workshops and how this mightPAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005

Chowrangi is a quarterly magazine envisioned bya group of Pakistani academics, professionals andartists. It’s a vital platform for progressive Pakistaniand Pakistani-American voices. Chowrangishowcases the cultural diversity and complexity ofthe Pakistan diaspora. The publication focusesattention on social, cultural, political, technologicaland business issues as they impact Pakistanis inNorth America and Pakistan. Insightful,provocative, and candid, Chowrangi is a uniqueresources for Pakistan-watchers and those who feela kinship with the country and its people.

PAGE 11

The American Pakistan Research Organization, 1988-The American Pakistan Research Organization, 1988-The American Pakistan Research Organization, 1988-The American Pakistan Research Organization, 1988-The American Pakistan Research Organization, 1988-

Establishment

By mid-1987, American scholars of Pakistan had becomeincreasingly concerned, if not dissatisfied, with the perceivedlimitations, cronyism, and lack of responsiveness of theAmerican Institute of Pakistan Studies to the developingneeds of students of Pakistan. Its emphasis had long beenheavily on social science projects, with little apparent effortto promote needed work in the humanities to achievedisciplinary balance. And AIPS administration underDirector Hafeez Malik had proved to be erratic, if notautocratic and allegedly financially irresponsible.Protestations were to no avail, and attempts over several yearsat change and reform had come to naught.

Consequently at a public meeting on 8 November 1987 heldin connection with the annual South Asia Conference at theUniversity of Wisconsin, a group of Pakistan specialists metto consider formation of an organization to promote Pakistanstudies that might bypass the AIPS since efforts had failed toopen it up and make desired changes. At this meeting, theassembled group passed a resolution to form an alternativegroup to be called the American Pakistan ResearchOrganization (APRO). It was widely hailed, and under thedynamic combined leadership of Brian Spooner(anthropology and Middle Eastern Studies at Penn) and BrucePray (South Asia language and literature at California-Berkeley), the APRO was formally established in January1988, by-laws were carefully drawn, and APRO wasincorporated with non-profit status in the District ofColumbia on __ February 1988.

The legally incorporated Organization held its first publicmeeting during the Association for Asian Studies conventionin March 1988 in San Francisco. At that meeting, officersfor the first year of operation were elected by those present.They were:

Brian Spooner (Penn), PresidentBruce Pray (California at Berkeley), Vice-PresidentAnita Weiss (Oregon), Secretary-Treasurer

In addition, M.U. Memon (Wisconsin-Madison), and BarbaraMetcalf (California at Davis) were chosen Members-at-Largeof the Executive Committee. Officers with full three-yearterms awaited the formation of a Board of Trustees.

Pakistan Studies in North America: 1947-1989Pakistan Studies in North America: 1947-1989Pakistan Studies in North America: 1947-1989Pakistan Studies in North America: 1947-1989Pakistan Studies in North America: 1947-1989The following is the ninth and final instalment of excerpts fromMaureen Patterson's unpublished work on the history of Paki-stan Studies in the US. As explained in earlier issues, Dr. Patterson'sms. was unfinished. Both she and the editor would be grateful forany relevant information that readers may be able to supply.


Further open meetings to publicize APRO’s existence andgoals were held at the Middle East Studies Associationconvention and at the South Asia Conference at Madison inNovember 1988, and then at the AAS conference inWashington in March 1989. Open meetings will continueto be held at these annual events.

Membership and Dues

Unlike the American Institute of Pakistan Studies, as wellas the American Institute of Indian Studies and the ShastriIndo-Canadian Institute, all of which are consortia ofinstitutions, the American Pakistan Research Organizationseeks to be “a fully representative institution’. By that ismeant offering membership in three categories: institutional,with annual dues of $1,000; individual, at $25; and student,at $10. APRO began an active membership drive inSeptember 1988 and by the time its first newsletter cameout in the winter of 1988-89, its institutional memberscomprised: California at Berkeley, Chicago, Pennsylvania, andWisconsin-Madison. This solid group constituted animpressive beginning. By the end of 1989, APRO claimed120 individual members, including many students.

In an effort to function as an umbrella for other morespecialized organizations, APRO has designed a distinctivemechanism: invitation to other groups interested in Pakistanstudies to affiliate with it. So far, the Society for HarappanStudies and the American Institute of Archaeology inPakistan have joined as affiliates, as have long-term projectssuch as the Berkeley Urdu Language Program in Pakistan,the Multidisciplinary Study of Folk Culture, and the PashtoDictionary Project. As Brian Spooner put it, “This type ofaffiliation through APRO will contribute to the developmentof a comprehensive network of organizations and individualsworking in Pakistan Studies and should help further a senseof community among all scholars in the field”. [APRONewsletter #1, Winter 1989, p. 3]

Governance and Institutional Ties

According to its By-Laws, APRO is governed by a Board ofTrustees, comprising a designee from each institutionalmember, plus an equal number of Trustees elected fromamong the total individual members. Affiliatedorganizations are also each represented on the Board.Trustees hold an annual meeting called by the President.

The Board of Trustees elects from among its members anExecutive Committee, a Nominating Committee, and aFellowship Committee. The Executive Committee consistsof President, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and twoat-large members elected from among the Trustees. Theofficers serve three-year terms.

Shortly after its formation in 1988, APRO was admitted tomembership on the twelve-member Council of American

PAGE 12

opening itself to new ideas in promoting the study ofPakistan, APRO plans a number of mechanisms to bring abouta sense of community among what it sees as an increasingnumber of “Pakistanists”. While acknowledging the fact thatthis number has not yet reached the critical mass necessaryfor launching a separate journal devoted to Pakistan studies,APRO has designed its Newsletter as a semi-annualpublication that “will keep us informed of each other’sactivities and interests and which will enable us to share alltypes of information relevant to the field of Pakistan studies’.[Newsletter, #1, p. 1]

APRO’s emphasis on communication and the deliberateopening up of membership to individuals and affiliatedacademic groups stands in marked contrast to the moretightly controlled and less open modus operandi of the AIPS.This along with APRO’s proposed broader canvas alreadyappears to have appealed to a wider and much more variedconstituency than the Institute.[AIPS and APRO reached a rapprochement and mergedtheir programs and memberships in 1993--ed.]

Other Organizations for Pakistan StudiesOther Organizations for Pakistan StudiesOther Organizations for Pakistan StudiesOther Organizations for Pakistan StudiesOther Organizations for Pakistan Studies

A number of other organizations have grown up which areinvolved in one way or another with the promotion orpractice of Pakistan studies. This section describes someleading government, academic, and private organizations.

US-Pakistan Subcomission on Education and Culture On 6 December 1982, during the later Preseident Zia-ulHaq’s visit to the United States, the Secretary of State andPakistan’s Foreign Minister signed an agreement whichestablished a US-Pakistan Joint Commission to enhancebilateral relations in several areas. These are: economic andcommercial relations; science and technology; and educationand culture. Promotion of activities in each of these threeareas was to be carried out by a Subcommission.

Accordingly, a US-Pakistan Subcommission on Educationand Culture was set up and had its first meeting in Islamabadin April 1984. Thereafter, annual meetings have been heldin Washington and Islamabad in alternating years. Delegatesto the third meeting in November 1986 recommended theestablishment of on-going lower level working groups in eachcapital. Thus the “Washington Coordinating Group” (WCG)was set up, with US Information Agency (USIA) funding forits secretariat to be based at the Middle East Institute (MEI).Christopher Van Hollen, a retired US Ambassador and nowVice-President of the MEI, assumed the Group’schairmanship. Members of the WCG come from the USAgency for International Development (AID), theDepartment of Education, the Peace Corps, the SmithsonianInstitution, the US Information Agency (USIA) , and theEmbassy of Pakistan.

Overseas Research Centers (CAORC), a coordinatingclearinghouse in Washington, and the Organizationmaintains close ties to the US-Pakistan Subcommission onEducation and Culture.

Funding and Programs

Funding of the American Pakistan Research Organizationcomes from institutional and individual dues, as well as fromgrants.

APRO has plans, dependent upon Government of Pakistanpermission, to establish a multi-purpose Center in Islamabadwith a resident director, [APRO Newsletter #1, p. 3] As apied-a-terre for visiting American scholars, it would functionas a contact point to facilitate communication betweenAmerican and Pakistani scholars through receptions, lectures,and a specialized library. And APRO proposes to promoteformal linkages between major US universities with Pakistanstudies programs and selected Pakistani universities. Theprototype for this is the Penn-Peshawar universities linkagewhich was established on a trial three-year basis in 1987-88.This institutional linkage focuses on language and area studies(in particular Pashto and other regional languages and theirliteratures) as well as economics and regional planning (boththeoretical research and applied studies).

In addition, APRO expects to run a fellowship programbeginning in 1990 to facilitate pre-doctoral and post-doctoralresearch in Pakistan by Americans. It is not yet clear howthis will dove-tail, complement, or conflict with the AIPSfellowship program.

Objectives APRO’s first Newsletter which was published in early 1989states that the organization’s overall goal of raising the profileof Pakistan studies in America. [p. 2] Other purposes areexpressed by President Brian Spooner as follows:

In more formal terms, APRO’s general objectives are: (a) topromote Pakistan Studies in the United States in all relevantacademic disciplines, (b) to assist American scholars wishingto conduct research in Pakistan, and (c) to encourage dialogueand cooperation between American and Pakistani scholars.More specifically, APRO seeks to increase and deepen thedisciplinary coverage of Pakistan Studies, with emphasis onthe full range of the humanities and the social sciences, andto increase communication between the faculty at Pakistaniuniversities and research institutes and US universities, aswell as among individual scholars. Many of us are especiallyinterested in developing projects in the various languages ofPakistan in order to make sources in those languages moreaccessible and to facilitate communication with theirspeakers.

Unlike the American Institute of Pakistan Studies whichhas done little in the way of publicizing its activities orPAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005

PAGE 13

The WCG’s counterpart in Pakistan is called the IslamabadMonitoring Group and it is chaired by Pakistan’s Minister ofEducation. Pakistani members come from the Ministry ofEducation, the Ministry of Culture, the Department ofArchaeology, the Institute of Folk Heritage, and theUniversity Grants Commission. Americans serving on theIslamabad Group are headed by the US Information Service’spublic affairs officer, and include representatives fromUSAID, the US Educational Foundation in Pakistan, and theAsia Foundation’s Pakistan office.

Regular meetings of the two groups in their respectivecapitals implement decisions made by the Subcommission atits annual meetings. In addition, they plan for futuremeetings; help coordinate activities of institutions in bothcountries that are involved in exchange programs; identifynew programs that will strengthen educational and culturalties; develop inventories of US-Pakistan educational andcultural activities and maintain these inventories on an up-to-date basis. The Washington Coordinating Group producedan impressive preliminary roster of American organizationsand scholars in November 1988, describing 22 governmentand private organizations and listing some 256 scholars alongwith their fields of specialization.

The free and frank interchanges possible in meetings of theSubcommission, and more frequently of its two Groups,should help to prevent misunderstanding in often sensitiveareas, and indeed enhance and facilitate opportunities forstudy and research in and on the two nations. Thisdevelopment in the fourth decade of Pakistan’s existenceshould make up for the unfortunate difficulties of scholarlycommunication and the relative paucity of work on Pakistanthat characterized the first thirty years.

Berkeley Urdu Language Program in Pakistan In 1971-72, while Ainslie Embree (who had been atColumbia) was at Duke University for three years, these twouniversities both of which had developed interests inPakistan, decided to establish a joint Summer Program inUrdu. This first language program in Pakistan was held in1974 in Lahore. After one year’s sponsorship by Columbiaand Duke, the Program was taken over by the University ofCalifornia and began operation in 1974 as the Berkeley UrduLanguage Program in Pakistan, with headquarters in Lahore.BULPIP has been directed since its inception by Bruce Pray(California at Berkeley) and he was its field director duringthe first year of operation. As of 1989-90, it enters itsseventeenth year as a highly successful national program.

The Program is funded by the Fulbright-Hays GroupProjects Abroad Program of the US Department of Education,and is administered by the University of California throughits Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies in Berkeley.The US Educational Foundation in Pakistan acts as liaisonfor BULPIP with the Government of Pakistan.PAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005

At the outset, BULPIP provided three months of intensivework on Urdu each summer, but it grew to a full academicyear. An Urdu Language Committtee of American facultyfrom various universities screens and selects applicants fromall over the US. Between 8 and 10 students, representing avariety of disciplines, are chosen to participate each year.Since the beginning, more than 180 students from over adozen US universities – including all the major South Asiancenters – have completed the program. An American residentdirector in Lahore supervises Pakistani Urdu instructors andarranges for a wide array of Urdu-medium social and culturalactivities for the students.

The Program has contributed to a greatly enhanced positionfor Urdu in South Asian studies as a whole in the US – it isafter all an important language in India as well as in Pakistan.Students of Urdu language and literature are graduallyincreasing in number in American universities as is the useof Urdu sources in much historical, anthropological and otherresearch. BULPIP has been central to the development ofhumanistic studies of Pakistan and has also served a crucialservice function for social scientists.

Specialized Groups for Archaeological Research inPakistan

That part of the South Asian subcontinent which is nowthe nation-state of Pakistan is defined by two main physicalfeatures: first, the western borderlands of mountains andplateaus (mainly the easternmost extension of the hugeIranian plateau), and second, the dominating valley of theIndus River. While mounds and ruins had been noticed inthe nineteenth century, it remained for discoveries in theearly twentieth century to reveal that the Indus Valley wasthe center of a widespread ancient civilization parallelingthose of the Tigris-Euphrates and Nile valleys of the MiddleEast. Sites of even earlier human settlement are now beinguncovered in the mountain and plateau borderlands as wellas along the length of the Indus valley itself. Major researchinterest focuses on what was at first called the Indus ValleyCivilization but what is now generally termed HarappanCivilization (from Harappa, a site in Pakistan’s Punjabprovince) with proven extensions east and south into partsof India.

The vast range and complex character of identifiedprehistoric and protohistoric sites within the bounds of theerstwhile British provinces and agencies – Sind, Baluchistan,Punjab, and the North-West Frontier Province – which nowcomprise Pakistan, led to a flurry of archaeological activityin the first half of the twentieth century by such pioneeringgreats as Aurel Stein, John Marshall, and Mortimer Wheeler.Viewing these early cultures and ancient Harappancivilization as part of its national heritage, the Governmentof Pakistan has assiduously developed its Department of

PAGE 14

culture process and less on stylistic questions and culturehistory. The focus has been on prehistory or protohistory tothe almost total exclusion of historic period archaeology, withan overriding but not exclusive interest in the HarappanCivilization and its progenitors and descendants.Accordingly, most American interest has centered on thewestern regions of South Asia, and their foreign scholarshiphas made significant contributions to archaeologicalknowledge.

The vast potential for archaeological work in Pakistan, thehelpful stance of the Government, and the team rather thanindividual nature of this research has led to archaeology beingone of the largest and most visible disciplines in Americanstudies of Pakistan. Serious work by Americans has increasedand flourished to such an extent in the past 20 or 25 yearsthat two specialized organizations of scholars now exist inthis field.

Society for Harappan Studies The Society for Harappan Studies was established in 1983to bring together all American scholars actively engaged insome aspect of the archaeology of the Indus valley andadjacent regions of Pakistan, as well as the extension ofHarappan Civilization to parts of India. The Society includesin its purview aspects of pre-Harappan and non-Harappanearly cultures of this area. As of 1988, some 20 scholars aremembers of this society, including archaeologists, physicalanthropologists, palaeobotanists, and faunal experts. As fieldresearch programs increase in Pakistan and India, thisnumber is expected to expand.

Walter Fairservis (Vassar College) is founder, chairman, andcoordinator of the group which to date has no other officersor formal structure. In keeping with the informal characterof the Society, there is a three-day annual meeting eachAugust at Fairservis’ farm home in Connecticut, usuallyattended by most members. Nearly a dozen leading UScolleges and universities are represented. The annual meetingis the occasion for presentation of reports of recentarchaeological research, publications in progress, anddiscussion of theoretical issues. The Society started aNewsletter in 1985 to enhance communication among allscholars interested in the Harappan period of subcontinentalcivilization. The Society for Harappan Studies has becomean affiliate of the new American Pakistan ResearchOrganization. [It later merged with AIPS--ed.]

The American Institute of Archaeology in Pakistan The American Institute of Archaeology in Pakistan (AIAP)was founded in 1984 ?? [1985??] and incorporated in the Stateof Delaware. More structured and formal that the Societyfor Harappan Studies, the major function of the AIAP is toassist American archaeologists with the coordination andadministration of their work in Pakistan. The Institute was

Archaeology and encouraged continuing exploration andresearch of its share of the world’s earliest human settlements.

Despite the vicissitudes of political and constitutionalupheavals, Pakistan has welcomed visiting archaeologistsfrom several countries, in particular researchers from theUnited States. American interest in carrying out fieldresearch in the Indus valley dates from 1935-36 when theAmerican Institute of Indic and Iranian Studies (under itspresident W. Norman Brown of the University ofPennsylvania) in collaboration with the Boston Museum ofFine Arts finally, after many years of effort, received BritishGovernment approval to mount a season of excavation workin Chanhu Daro in Sind. Further American work at this sitewas prevented by shortage of funds and then by the outbreakof World War II in 1939. In 1947-48, on the eve ofestablishing the South Asian Studies Department at Penn,W. Norman Brown visited newly created Pakistan anddiscussed possibilities of resuming work at Chanhu Daro, buthe was informed that such research would have to await moresettled conditions than obtained in the immediate aftermathof Partition [WNB report to ACLS Committee on Indic andIranian Studies, 1948, p.1]

By 1949, the situation had cleared sufficiently for theGovernment of Pakistan to permit Walter Fairservis (thenAssociate at the American Museum of Natural History) andLouis Dupree (at that time a graduate student in archaeologyand Asian ethnology at Harvard) to begin excavations in theQuetta Valley of Baluchistan as well as in neighboringAfghanistan. Fairservis, now “…the acknowledged dean ofAmerican South Asianist archaeologists” [Jerome Jacobson,Editors Preface in Studies in the Archaeology of India andPakistan, 1986, p.xi] made a second trip in 1950-51, and thenin 1959 returned for extended research in Baluchistan. Thiswas the real beginning of intensive and continuingarchaeological work in Pakistan by American scholars infruitful collaboration with Pakistanis. George Dales, trainedat the University of Pennsylvania and now teaching atCalifornia (Berkeley), entered the field research picture in1960 with his important survey (joint with Pakistani scholars)of the Makran Arabian Sea coast, and has since thenparticipated in and directed many seasons of work on bothpre-Harappan and Harappan sites in many parts of Pakistan.Jerome Jacobson characterizes the burgeoning Americanparticipation since 1960 in South Asian archaeology in thefollowing passage [op cit, 1986, p.ix]:

Many of the American archaeologists working in SouthAsia… have been either students or field assistants underWalter Fairservis or George Dales. These two anthropologicalarchaeologists have, through their own research andinfluence on younger scholars, established for the first timea major tradition of American involvement in the archaeologyof South Asia. Their influence on the American approach toSouth Asian archaeology has been anthropological ratherthan classical/historical and has concentrated on ecology andPAKISTAN STUDIES NEWS, NUMBER 15 FALL 2005

PAGE 15

recognized by Pakistan’s Ministry of Culture which acts onits behalf in whatever dealings the Institute needs with otherPakistan government agencies.

Membership of the AIAP includes nearly all thearchaeologists, anthropologists, and related scholars in theUS who carry on archaeological and historical research onPakistan. To a large extent, the membership duplicates thatof the less formal Society for Harappan Studies. TheInstitute’s officers include George Dales (president) andWalter Fairservis (treasurer). The AIAP has requestedaffiliation with the American Pakistan ResearchOrganization.

Pakistan American Foundation The Pakistan American Foundation (PAF) was registeredas a non-profit organization in the State of Delaware on 4September 1973, within a month of the incorporation of theAmerican Institute of Pakistan Studies (August 1973). Bothorganizations were created, led, and administered by HafeezMalik of Villanova University which has provided space andlogistical support for their activities. During the periodHafeez Malik was Director of the AIPS from 1973 to 1987,he was also founding President of the PAF and remains so in1989. If the AIPS has been until recently the main non-governmental agency for providing fellowships to Americansto study and do research in Pakistan (with the lesser functionof bringing a small number of Pakistani scholars to the US),the similarly binational Foundation has been the premierpublic education organization whose goal has been “to buildthe bridges of understanding between the United States andPakistan at the highest intellectual and cultural levels’ [PAFProgress Report, 1973-1987, p. v].

Both the PAF and the AIPS began functioning in the wakeof Pakistan’s defeat by India during East Pakistan’s secessionstruggle and final liberation that resulted in the establishmentof Bangladesh as a sovereign nation. These events had elicitedsuch American sympathy for the Bengali cause that Pakistanisin the US felt it necessary to rebuild the image of Pakistanby a series of positive steps in several arenas. The Foundationand the Institute both were intended to assist in bringingthat about, “i.e., to enhance understanding of Pakistan inthe United States in cultural, artistic, religious, political, andeconomic matters’. [PAF Progress Rpt, p. 3]

The Pakistan American Foundation provided small amountsof money between November 1973 and March 1979 tobranches of the Asia Society for panel discussions and alecture. While the PAF report lists 17 events between 1971and 1979, implying that it supported all of them, it could nothave done so since only four were held after the PAF wasformed in September 1973. [PAF Prog. Rpt, pp. 4-5] Thusits support to the Pakistan Council of the Asia Society doesnot appear to have been as great as claimed.


Some efforts of the PAF have been in establishing orsupporting organizations of mostly non-academic expatriateor immigrant Pakistanis such as the National Association ofPakistani Americans, and groups such as the Association forPakistan and Indic-Islamic Studies (Pennsylvania) whichbegan in 1972 under a different name, and the more generalAmerican Council for the Study of Islamic Societies (1983-)which have an academic orientation within a basically publiceducation framework. Each of these groups has been eitherfounded or directed by Hafeez Malik and run from VillanovaUniversity. They clearly come under the rubric of publiceducation or outreach groups rather than organizations forserious, dispassionate, academic studies on Pakistan.

The second group of activities run by the Pakistan AmericanFoundation and described with much fanfare in the PAFProgress Report consisted of seminars held in both Pakistanand the US. These seminars did not involve specialists onPakistan (other than Hafeez Malik) but rather social scientistsfrom a variety of small colleges and middle-rankeduniversities. All three seminars held in Pakistan (supportedin part by the US Department of Education) were directedby the ubiquitous Hafeez Malik and involved audiences withtop Pakistani officials (the President, Chief Justice et al.) andlectures on Pakistani issues. Seminars held in the US wereaimed at diplomatic and military constituencies andconcentrated on superpower relations with Pakistan, Iran,Afghanistan, and US security interests. The two majorseminars in the US were held at Villanova University, withHafeez Malik in leading roles. Many American Pakistanspecialists were listed in the program given in the PAF report,but judging from that source, these seminars were moregeneral contributions to the field of international relationsand security studies than to Pakistan studies per se.

In 1977 the Foundation supported or helped to organizeseveral events in celebration of the Iqbal Centennial. Theseincluded two symposia (one each at Villanova andWisconsin-Madison) and organization of a panel at the AASannual convention in which Hafeez Malik presented a paper. Filling out its public education function, the PAF publishesa quarterly journal, the Journal of South Asian and MiddleEastern Studies, begun in 1977. Edited by Hafeez Malik andemanating from Villanova University under the Foundation’sauspices – with substantial annual financial support from theGovernment of Pakistan – the Journal concentrates on socialscience issues and public affairs in Islamic and non-Islamiccountries from Morocco to the Philippines. About one-quarter of the articles included, according to a tabulationgiven in the PAF Progress Report [p. 19], touch upon Pakistanitself, with three-quarters devoted to events and issues in 22other countries. The Journal thus can be considered onlymarginally to contribute to in-depth, research-orientedPakistan studies.

All in all, it seems clear that the Pakistan AmericanFoundation is testament to Hafeez Malik’s many-faceted

PAGE 16

REVIEWS:

The following are reviews of recent publications:SARAH ANSARI. Life After Partition: Migration, Community and Strife inSindh: 1947-1962. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 240pp. 395Rs.

There are several studies of ethnicity and the politics ofimmigration in Pakistan. Indeed, the rise of the MQM (MuttahidaQaumi Mahaz), an ethnic movement of the mainly Urdu-speakingimmigrants from India (or Muhajirs) in Pakistan, has merited someuseful research in issues of identity-formation and ethnicity.However, these studies are either historical synopses or from apolitical angle. There is no significant study which may be called asocial history; and especially one which covers the period of the1950s when the Muhajirs were settling down in Sindh and in theprocess changing the life of that province. The book under review,however, is the first study of this kind and it fills a serious gap inour knowledge of the experience of immigration for Pakistan,the province of Sindh, the communities concerned (Muhajirs andSindhis) and for the individuals from all communities in Karachi.

The book has seven chapters including an introduction and aconclusion. After dealing with theoretical issues of community-


construction and the partition of India in 1947, Sarah Ansari setsout to describe the idea of community in Sindh before this event.She points out that Sindh was somewhat isolated before thedevelopments of new irrigation projects and the railways whichbrought a number of new people in the province. Thus, the feelingof being dominated by outsiders was part of Sindhi perceptioneven before the Partition. As the cities, and commerce in general,were dominated by Hindus, the Sindhi Muslims had been strugglingto establish a province with their predominance in all fields for along time.

This was the scenario in which the Muhajirs arrived from 1947till 1954 and even later. At the same time the non-Muslim Sindhisleft Sindh. The local Sindhi Muslims did not quite know how toreact to these events. The immigrants were their co-religionistsand they (the Sindhi Muslims) had voted for joining Pakistan, butthe new demographic revolution meant that the Muhajirs wouldactually dominate the urban centres, especially Karachi, in bothcultural and economic terms. Very soon the battle lines weredrawn—the Sindhi feudal elite opposing the further settling downof Muhajirs and the separation of Karachi from the provincewhile the central government and the Muhajirs themselvessupported both in the name of Pakistani nationalism and the unityof the Muslim community (ummah). The press such as the Englishdaily Dawn, which was in Muhajir hands, played a significant rolein making middle class opinion support the Muhajir cause andmaking the Sindhis appear as ethnocentric ‘provincialists’.

Between 1949 and 1954, Sindh changed not only demographicallybut in every other way as Chapter 4 explains. Karachi becameindustrialized, more of an urban megacity, and much morecosmopolitan than it had ever been. However, it became a Muhajircity which considered Urdu its natural language and lived a lifequite distinct and alienated from rural, Sindhi-speaking Sindh.Meanwhile a number of social, cultural and political organizationsdeveloped which gave the Muhajirs an articulate voice in the affairsof the city or of Muhajirs in general. There were, of course, manyproblems peculiar to the Muhajirs: many of them still lived inslums and temporary accommodation, they complained of evacueeproperty being disposed off wrongfully and of not being giventheir due share in the new state. Meanwhile the Sindhis, oftenlining up behind their local politicians who were feudal lords,combatted these claims while fighting among themselves forpolitical reasons. But, while Sindhi politics appealed to factionswithin Sindh’s own political elite or to the interests of Sindhis ingeneral, Muhajir politics appealed to Islam and Pakistani state-sponsored nationalism.

These trends had an impact all over Sindh but more so in Karachithan anywhere else. A wide range of local identities emerged inthis huge city and a new, complex, pluralistic urban pattern of lifeemerged. This is the subject of chapter 5 which concentrates onthe concepts of ‘borders’ and ‘boundaries’. If people from a certainbackground, even a geographical location in India, concentratedin a certain area then it became a cultural ‘colony’. It then had itsown perceptual cultural border and boundary outside which werethe ‘others’. The creation of large suburban areas is described in

RECENT OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, PAKISTAN PUBLICATIONS:

Jihad, Hindutva and the Taliban: South Asia at theCrossroads.Iftikhar H. Malik, OUP Karachi, 2005. $18.

Issues in Pakistan’s Economy Second Edition, Revised and Expanded. S.Akbar Zaidi, OUP Karachi, 2005. $25.

Language Planning in Higher Education: A Case Study of Pakistan.Sabiha Mansoor, OUP Karachi, 2005. $20.

Partition of India: Legend and Reality. H. M. Seervai, OUP Karachi,2005. $18.

We’ve Learnt Nothing from History: Pakistan: Politics and MilitaryPower. M. Asghar Khan, OUP Karachi, 2005. $16.

A Georgian Saga: From the Caucasus to the Indus. MeherafrozeMiraza Habib, OUP Karachi, 2005. $18.

Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective. Basheer Ahmad Khan Matta,OUP Karachi: 2005. $20.

Image and Identity: Painting and Sculpture in Pakistan, 1947-1997.Akbar Naqvi, OUP Karachi, 2004. $75.

The Distance of a Shout. Expanded Edition. Kishwar Naheed.OUP Karachi, 2005. $12.

organizational skills and to maintaining some of the “bridgesof understanding” between Pakistan and the United Statesthat it set out to build. It does not, however, operate withinmainstream academe and has had little effect on Pakistanstudies at the major centers of South Asian studies.


and scholarly. One feels, however, that the author should not havestopped in 1962 because the most important events in the socialhistory, politics and perception of the Muhajir and Sindhicommunity took place after that date. Maybe the author thinksthat is material for another book. In that case, and I would agreethat it is, let us wait for the sequel to this important work.

Tariq RahmanQuaid-I-Azam University

detail in this chapter and one finds out how Karachi became theirown cultural space for the Muhajirs rather than a city of Sindh. Itwas this which the Sindhis, feeling that they had lost the city,resented very much. Yet, this consciousness of Karachi being theirown city with Urdu as its lingua franca emerged during the yearsfrom the partition to 1955.

In 1958, however, Ayub Khan imposed marital law over Pakistan.This too had a direct impact over Karachi. First, the province ofSindh, like other provinces, which had merged into the one unitof West Paksitan earlier in 1954, now became more centrallycontrolled now that a firm believer in the unitary system of rule,Ayub Khan, was the ruler. The Sindhi politicians, some of whomexpected positive rewards from unification, now grew increasinglydisenchanted. The Muhajirs, who did welcome the militarygovernment’s efforts to provide them accommodation and didinitially benefit from the bureaucratization of governance beingconcentrated in the bureaucracy, were also disenchanted as AyubKhan’s policies brought in more and more Punjabis in the policeand bureaucracy in the city and they felt they would lose power toboth the emerging Sindhi middle class as well as the Punjabis. Intheir disillusionment the Muhajirs turned more and more to AyubKhan’s opponents which, above all, meant the Jamaat-I- Islami, arevivalist Islamist political party, in Sindh. Gradually, however,ethnicity replaced the religious identity and by the 1980s theMuhajirs started feeling they were a distinct identity. The authorrefers to this major change in passing in the very last chapter andconcludes that the boundaries between communities in Sindh wereas sharply delineated during the sixties as they were before thepartition. She also points out that the state could not create theunity it desired and assimilation proved to remain problematic inSindh.

The conclusion gives insights in the construction of boundariesand a sense of community. The author argues that communities‘tend to assert their boundaries symbolically, and in this way theyare able to sustain distinctions between their members and others,which are based on cultural rather than structural differences’ (p.217). From this follows the conclusion that the unified ‘community’of Indian Muslims was only an expedient construct to oppose anequally divided ‘Hindu community’. With the pressure ofcompetition with this “other” removed, Muslim communitiesreverted to their localized identities. These identities were alwayspresent but the salience they received depended on the politicalforces acting upon those who shared them and perceived them asbeing present. This conclusion refers back to historiographicaldebates about the nature of identity construction during thePakistan movement. However, it also reinforces the insights ofpolitical scientists working upon identity construction and ethnicityin many parts of the world. Sarah Ansari’s book will remain animportant contribution to this branch of learning as well as socialhistory because the empirical evidence of the settling down ofMuhajirs in Sindh and its effect on Sindhi perception of identity isthe most relevant part of her book for those interested in these matters.

The author has used much archival material collected fromKarachi, London and Washington which makes the book authentic

JOHN R. PERRY. A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, Handbook ofOriental Studies, Volume Eleven. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2005.521pp.

A review of a work with such a title in this newsletter must beginwith an explanation. Few Pakistanists are aware of the importanceof Persian as a spoken language in Pakistan. While quantitativedata on the extent of its use are difficult to come by and perhapsunreliable, Persian continues to be the first language of significantcommunities in NWFP and Baluchistan. The largest of these areprobably the successor communities of the Khan’s bureaucracyaround Kalat, and the Hazara immigrants in Quetta, but Persianmay still be heard in many other parts and is commonly used as asecond language, even in government offices in Baluchistan. Thereason that it is seldom mentioned, and rarely if ever studied isthat it is perhaps generally assumed to be an intruder. In fact, ofcourse, one or another variety of Persian (as well as various otherIranian languages) has been spoken in what we know as Pakistansince pre-Islamic times.

It must next be stated that the current book does not directlyaddress any variety of Persian spoken in Pakistan. But A TajikPersian Reference Grammar is a unique contribution to the studyof Persian as it is spoken natively outside modern Iran, and it isfor that reason that it is worthy of the attention of Pakistanists.Scholars who know Persian as it is spoken in Iran, who are puzzledor confused by usages they come across in Pakistan, will find thisto be a useful work of reference. It is focused on Persian as it iscurrently spoken and written in Tajikistan, 65 years after it wasisolated from other Persian vernaculars by conversion to the theCyrillic script. Since that time (even longer, since for a decadebefore that it was written in Roman) it has been subject to influencefrom Russian and Uzbek without the tempering influences thatwould have come from participation in the larger Persophonecommunity. However, its longterm heritage from the pre-Sovietperiod was shared to a large extent with all the Persian speakingcommunities east of the central deserts of Iran. The most obviouscommon features are in vocabulary, especially in the choice ofArabic loan words (such as badal instead of ‘awaz for change),but a number of syntactical features are also shared.

The book is a work of detailed and meticulous scholarship, oneof the most important on Persian in the modern world to appear inrecent times, perhaps the most important on Persian outside Iran.

Brian SpoonerUniversity of Pennsylvania

PAGE 18

BRIGADIER A.R.SIDDIQI, East Pakistan, The Endgame: AnOnlooker’s Journal 1969-1971, Karachi: Oxford University Press,2004, pp. 260. 395.00 Rs.

Brigadier Siddiqi was the Director of Public Relations – the officeof the Pakistan Army which deals with public opinion in general– during the crucial period of 1969 to 1971 when Pakistan wasdivided into two countries after a bloody civil war and a majorwar with India. His book is an addition to the growing list ofeyewitness accounts of this critical period in Pakistan’s short buteventful history. Some of the major actors of these years – generalsNiazi, Mitha, Gul Hasan Khan, Joseph (from India) and otherpowerful figures including Indira Gandhi and Henry Kissinger –have written something or the other about them. In addition thereis a plethora of journalistic accounts, biographical narratives andfiction from Bangladesh as well. In short, the sources on the eventsof 1971 are rich enough to provide a detailed understanding ofthis tragic period in the recent history of South Asia.

Brigadier Siddiqi begins with the assumption of power by GeneralYahya Khan. Among other things he claims that Yahya had decidedto hold on to power after meeting the political leaders even beforethe elections of 1970. In support of this claim the author quotesYahya’s address to officers at the Baluch Regiment Centre in Maythat year:

Gentlemen, we must be prepared to rule this unfortunatecountry for the next 14 years or so. For I simply can’tthrow the country to the wolves. And if and when I amrelieved of my command, I would hand over to the nextsenior, like one guard commander replacing the other (p.25).

In short, Yahya had no respect for democratic practices nor forthe professional politicians whom he referred to as ‘jokers’. It isan important piece of information because Yahya is often creditedwith having been respectful of elections simply because he heldthem.

The election of 1970 which precipitated the crisis, is said to bethe fairest and the most impartial one in the country. However,according to Siddiqi, the military government was told that thevote would be fragmented. Even so, efforts were made to weakenMujib ur Rahman’s electoral power. Thus, military officers backedright-wing parties and Bengali opponents of Mujib. Indeed, acertain Lt.Colonel S.D.Ahmad , a Dhaka-based Martial law officer,‘openly bragged that he had some Rs. 5, 000, 000 to play with’(p.49). Such revelations give insights into the way Yahya’s regimestrengthened the right wing, bringing in religion into politics in aprocess which produced the extremists who are being eliminatedtoday, into Pakistan’s troubled political climate.

After the elections and Mujib’s victory in East Pakistan, it shouldhave been clear to those in power that Mujib would rule Pakistanor, if that was not to be conceded because of the opposition inWest Pakistan, at least an autonomous Eastern wing. But themeeting of the national assembly was postponed leading to unrestand indignation in East Pakistan. In March the unrest had changedinto revolt. Now there were two options: either to concede to


TARIQ RAHMAN. Language, Education and Culture. Karachi: OxfordUniversity Press, 1999. 318pp. $15 USD.

This volume of essays, reprinted in 2000 and 2003, is one offour out of over a dozen books by Dr. Tariq Rahman, which dealwith issues relating to language policy in Pakistan.1 Unlike theothers this volume is a collection of research papers, that were notoriginally written to form successive chapters of a single book.The topics range from general analyses, as in “Linguistics in Paki-stan,” to case studies in education, such as “The Medium of in-struction controversy,” and socio-political topics, such as “Lan-guage and Ethnic Politics in Pakistan.” Some chapter headingssuch as “Language Teaching in Pakistani Madrassas” and “Lan-guage and Feminist Issues in Pakistan” will immediately catch theeye and are well worth reading.

The twelve essays are divided into three sections and signpostedas Introduction, Education, and Culture. In the General Intro-duction the author claims “language, culture, and education” asthe three major themes. But lower down he cites “one basic con-cern, which connects the chapters, [which] is that of power.” Dr.Rahman’s training includes degrees in Linguistics, English, His-tory & English Literature, and Political Science. It is the last, Po-litical Science, which appears to dominate his formulation of re-search questions.

There is much of interest and of value in this collection. Theauthor is at his best when he is adding data from his own personalexperience to what he finds through survey methods and existingacademic and scientific literature. It is unfortunate (as he hasbrought to our attention more than once) that Pakistan not onlyhas no department of linguistics, but also not social science de-partment to generate wider research and discussion of these is-sues of language and power. Perhaps even more unfortunate isthe general isolation of Pakistan’s university faculty that leaves Dr.Rahman to work largely on his own. The travel restrictions im-posed by the U.S. since 9/11 make it increasingly difficult for schol-ars like Dr. Rahman in Pakistan to participate in a larger academicdiscussion, to the detriment of both Pakistan and the rest of us.

Brian SpoonerUniversity of Pennsylvania

1. The other volumes are:Pakistani English: The Linguistic Description of a Non-NativeVariety of English, Islamabad: National Institute of PakistanStudies, Quaid-i-Azam University, 1990.Language and Politics in Pakistan, Karachi: Oxford UniversityPress, 1996. Paperback reprinted, 1998, 2000 & 2003, andLanguage, Ideology and Power: Language-Learning Among theMuslims of Pakistan and North India, Karachi: OxfordUniversity Press, 2002.


Mujib’s demands and accept the virtual autonomy or independenceof East Pakistan; or to suppress the Awami League in the hopethat the rebels would be cowed down and the people would go onwith their lives as usual. Yahya and his coterie of generals chosethe second alternative. The author points out – and rightly sinceall other sources confirm this – that almost everybody in WestPakistan was supportive of the second alternative: the militaryaction of midnight 24 March, 1971. Indeed, being candid, Siddiqitells the reader how he personally threw out the foreigncorrespondents from Dhaka. He does not quite understand, orchooses not to dwell upon the subject, as to how this harmedPakistan’s credibility even more than the military action itself.

However, the point worth making is that people, otherwise decenthuman beings, support such kind of actions because they areuninformed or biased by state propaganda. For the West Pakistanisthe Awami League leaders had led a revolt against the state andwere playing in the hands of India. Thus, they had no sympathywith them as they would if they had seen it as a genuine movementfor self determination. This becomes clear when Siddiqi describesthe prevalent ideas of the period. Some West Pakistanis went sofar as to suggest that all Sanskritic features of the Bengali identity,including the script, should be changed. They also mistrusted theintellectuals, layers and teachers accusing them of being eitherHindus or under Hindu influence. It is useful to know such WestPakistani perceptions because they help us in understanding theexceptional hatred, fury and mistrust with which actions werecarried out on both sides in this tragic civil war.

The military action is described in vivid detail. The author isdriven through the deserted streets of Dhaka the next morning.His driver is a Bengali soldier and he keeps wondering what thepoor man must be thinking when they encounter dead bodies. Ina few days’ time the army seemed to behave like conquerors. SaysSiddiqi: ‘A sort of “trigger-happiness” was setting in: young officerswent about in full combat gear, the jawans twirled their moustachesand looked disdainfully upon the Bengalis’ (p. 110). This attitudehas been widely reported by a number of other writers but not byPakistani military officers except in private. Siddiqi’s candour isexceptional and enhances the value of his book as source materialfor a historian.

The author goes on to describe how the resistance to the militarygrew and young men went across the border to get trained asfighters (Mukti Bahini). The army responded by widespread arrestsand burning villages suspected of harbouring insurgents. BrigadierSiddiqi reports that ‘practically everyone I came across had a friendor a relative missing’. He then goes on to give a chilling accountof having witnessed a village being burned. He asked the militaryofficer accompanying him as to what was happening:

‘The are burning a village , Sir’, an officer innocentlyanswered.‘Whatever for?’‘To flush out the miscreants, Sir!’, the officer answeredjust as innocently”. (p. 148).

The irony of the enormity of incidents of this kind was not onlylost upon the officer but continued to be lost on his superiors alsoas the overall picture of events suggests.

The conditions deteriorated further and Siddiqi gives an insider’saccount of how the 1971 war was fought from the GeneralHeadquarters (GHQ) in Rawalpindi. As incharge of giving anapproved account of the war to the media, Siddiqi reveals howcensorship operates. Towards the end, when the military feltbesieged, they discussed the idea of creating a civilian front forpublic consumption. He reports how, in a visit to General GulHasan’s house, important figures around the GHQ were discussingthese possibilities. The decision was ultimately in Bhutto’s favourbut it was described by Gul Hasan as follows:

‘I am afraid that we are left with no choice but to try thisjoker, Bhutto. After all, he is now the leader of themajority party…’.

The others, including the author, pointed out that Bhutto wasvindictive and so on. In short, the military was still the ‘king-maker’ and the idea that if the people had given their verdict therewas no room for discussion of who would rule the country, hadnot sunk in even after the war was lost.

The author describes the decisive meeting in the GHQ auditoriumwhich finally forced Yahya’s hand to step down. He repeats thewell known story that the hecklers on the back benches had madeGeneral Hamid realize that he and, of course, Yahya were no longeracceptable to the army itself. It was this which made the generalsbring Bhutto to power.

The book is candid and courageous and is, therefore, valuable asa primary source of information about the 1971 war. It is writtenin a conversational style with plenty of actual conversations whichenhance its readability. In short, it is an invaluable addition to thegrowing archive of eyewitness accounts of the events of 1971. Itis necessary reading for specialists of South Asia as well as theinformed reader.

Tariq RahmanQuaid-I-Azam University

Questions and comments?

You can reach AIPS in one of the following ways:

[email protected]

http://www.pakistanstudies-aips.org


NEW: JOURNAL OF SOUTH

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT: 2006

The Journal of South AsianDevelopment, a refereed publication,will publish articles, reviews andscholarly comment relating to all facetsof development in South Asia. Thejournal will be multi-disciplinary,innovative and international in itsapproach. It will include theoretical andconceptual articles as well as moreempirical studies covering bothhistorical and contemporary issues/events. While the journal would beprimarily a social science journal(covering politics, internationalrelations, sociology, anthropology,economics), it will consider papersfrom the natural and environmentalsciences, geography, history and otherdisciplines that deal with developmentissues in order to providecomprehensive and balancedscholarship.

Geographically, the coverage wouldinclude the seven states of South Asia(India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and theMaldives) plus Afghanistan andMyanmar. Articles could focus on oneparticular state, a group of states or theentire region. Articles comparing SouthAsian states/region with other regions/states are also welcome.

For further information andsubmissions please contact the editor,Rajat Ganguly: [email protected]

the annual of urdu studiesThe aim of the Annual of Urdu Studies (AUS) is to provide a forum for scholars working on Urdu humanities in the broadest sensein which to publish scholarly articles, translations and views. The AUS also publishes reviews of books, an annual inventory ofsignificant Western publications in the field, reports, research-in-progress, notices, and information on forthcoming events of interestto its readers (conferences, workshops, competitions, awards, etc.). Each issue of AUS will also include a section in the Urdu scriptfeaturing old and new writing. Annual subscriptions are $18 for individuals and $30 for institutions (postage and handling extra). Tosubscribe or for more information visit the AUS site at http://www.urdustudies.com or write to: The Annual of Urdu Studies, Universityof Wisconsin, Department of Languages and Cultures of Asia, 1220 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. Or email:[email protected]. EDITED BY M.U. MEMON AND PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH AIPS

TTTTTHREEHREEHREEHREEHREE P P P P PANELSANELSANELSANELSANELS F F F F FOCUSOCUSOCUSOCUSOCUS ONONONONON A A A A ARTRTRTRTRT & P & P & P & P & POLITICSOLITICSOLITICSOLITICSOLITICS INININININ C C C C CONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARY P P P P PAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTAN

October 11, 8 pm: The New School, New YorkOctober 16, 2 pm: Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield, CT

October 19, 4 pm: Yale University, New Haven, CT

The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum is pleased to announce three publicpanels that will consider recent art production, writing, and film incontemporary Pakistani culture and its political context. Informed andinspired by the current Aldrich exhibition, Karkhana: A ContemporaryCollaboration (see p. 5), which features a series of works by six contemporaryPakistani artists, the panels will encourage dialogue about current Pakistaniculture and politics. The panels are free and open to the public. ArtAsiaPacific is the media sponsor for all three panels.

EEEEEMERGINGMERGINGMERGINGMERGINGMERGING C C C C CREATIVEREATIVEREATIVEREATIVEREATIVE V V V V VOICESOICESOICESOICESOICES FROMFROMFROMFROMFROM P P P P PAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTAN ATATATATAT T T T T THEHEHEHEHE N N N N NEWEWEWEWEW S S S S SCHOOLCHOOLCHOOLCHOOLCHOOL

The first panel entitled “Emerging Creative Voices from Pakistan: A PoliticalContext” will be in Tishman Auditorium at The New School, 66 West 12thStreet, New York, on October 11 at 8 pm. The event is co-sponsored by TheVera List Center for Art and Politics at The New School and The AldrichContemporary Art Museum, with Art AsiaPacific as the media sponsor. Well-known Pakistani historian Ayesha Jalal will be the moderator. Confirmedpanelists include; Nusra Latif Qureshi, a Pakistani painter based inMelbourne, Australia, and Mohsin Hamid, author of the acclaimed novelMoth Smoke. For more information, please call (212)229-5353. Eventinformation is also available at www.nsu.newschool.edu/specialsprograms.

KKKKKARKHANAARKHANAARKHANAARKHANAARKHANA: A C: A C: A C: A C: A CONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARYONTEMPORARY C C C C COLLABORATIONOLLABORATIONOLLABORATIONOLLABORATIONOLLABORATION ATATATATAT T T T T THEHEHEHEHE A A A A ALDRICHLDRICHLDRICHLDRICHLDRICH M M M M MUSEUMUSEUMUSEUMUSEUMUSEUM

The panel on October 16 at 2 pm at the Aldrich Museum in Ridgefield willfocus on the Aldrich’s current exhibit, Karkhana: A ContemporaryCollaboration. The moderators will be the three curators of the exhibition—the London-based independent curator and writer Hammad Nasar; AnnaSloan, a writer, curator, and historian of Islamic and South Asian Art atMount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts; and Jessica Hough,Curatorial Director at the Aldrich Museum. Artists, Saira Wasim and NusraLatif Qureshi will discuss their collaborative work. For more information,call (203)438-4519 or visit www.aldrichart.org.

AAAAAESTHETICSESTHETICSESTHETICSESTHETICSESTHETICS ANDANDANDANDAND P P P P POLITICSOLITICSOLITICSOLITICSOLITICS INININININ M M M M MODERNODERNODERNODERNODERN P P P P PAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTANAKISTAN ATATATATAT Y Y Y Y YALEALEALEALEALE U U U U UNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITY

The South Asian Studies Council and Yale South Asian Society at YaleUniversity will co-host the final panel on Wednesday, October 19 from 4 to6. Entitled “Aesthetics & Politics—Reflections on image, power and modernPakistan,” this panel will be a lively, interdisciplinary approach to the subject.Chaired by Sara Suleri Goodyear, panelists from Yale University includeVeronique Benei, Sharmeem Back, Courtney Martin, Farzin Vahdat, andLaura Wexler. Other panelists include; Faisal Devji, The New School; MahazAnwar Fancy, Director of Arts of the Islamic World; and Naveeda Khan,Johns Hopkins Universiy, For more information, please contact DhoolekaRaj at [email protected]


CCCCCONFERENCESONFERENCESONFERENCESONFERENCESONFERENCES ANDANDANDANDAND M M M M MEETINGSEETINGSEETINGSEETINGSEETINGS

Interrupting Discourses Within South AsianModernities

Literature and Cosmopolitansim

The Cultures of Governance and the Social World

Tourists and Pilgrims: “Traveling” in South Asia -Part I

Session 4 - 3:45 pm - 5:30 pm

Courtly Literary Cultures in Seventeenth-CenturyIndia: Context, Audience, and Circulation

Militant Movements and Dialogues BetweenViolence and Reconciliation

Tourists and Pilgrims: “Traveling” in South Asia -Part II

South Asian Religions Abroad: Performance, Race,Ritual and Narrative

Saturday, October 8, 2005Saturday, October 8, 2005Saturday, October 8, 2005Saturday, October 8, 2005Saturday, October 8, 2005

Session 5 – 8:30 am – 10:15 amSession 5 – 8:30 am – 10:15 amSession 5 – 8:30 am – 10:15 amSession 5 – 8:30 am – 10:15 amSession 5 – 8:30 am – 10:15 am

Women’s Empowerment: Blurring Boundaries,NGO’s, and Islamic Revivalism

Gender and Medicine in the South Asian Context I:Substance, Practice, and the Politics of Knowledge

The Politics of Youth in South Asia

Public Health, Colonial Medicine and Healing

Cultural Identities in a Multi-Cultural Environment:Complementary Insights from Settlements,Artifacts, and Texts - Part I

Session 6- 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 6- 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 6- 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 6- 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 6- 10:30 am - 12:15 pm

Institutions and Identities: Tracing Traditions andCountertraditions of Healing and Health Education

Gender and Medicine in the South Asian ContextII: Maternity, Morbidity and Somatic Histories

(Re) Representing Women in National and LocalCultures

Cultural Identities in a Multi-Cultural Environment:Complementary Insights from Settlements, Artifactsand Texts - Part II

Session 7- 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 7- 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 7- 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 7- 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 7- 1:45 pm - 3:30 pm

34th Conference on South Asia34th Conference on South Asia34th Conference on South Asia34th Conference on South Asia34th Conference on South AsiaUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin - MadisonUniversity of Wisconsin - Madison

October 6-9, 2005October 6-9, 2005October 6-9, 2005October 6-9, 2005October 6-9, 2005

The 34th Annual Conference on South Asia will be held onOctober 6 - 9, 2005 at the Madison Concourse Hotel, 1 WestDayton St., Madison, WI 53703. The Conference is organizedby the Center for South Asia at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Highlighted below are the Pakistan related panels.

Friday, October 7, 2005Friday, October 7, 2005Friday, October 7, 2005Friday, October 7, 2005Friday, October 7, 2005

Session 1: 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 1: 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 1: 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 1: 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 1: 8:30 am - 10:15 am

Preserving the Cultural Heritage in South Asia:Reflections on Sustainable Conservation Policy,Philosophy and Management System

Manto: Realism, Humanity, and Violence

Archaeological Perspectives on Trade in South AsiaPart I: Prehistoric Period

Other Reasons, Other Histories: South AsianIntellectuals and the Negotiation of ColonialModernity

Drugs: Marketing and Legislating in Colonial SouthAsia

Variations with the Diaspora

Session 2 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 2 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 2 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 2 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 2 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pm

Archaeological Perspectives on Trade in South AsiaPart II: Early Historic and Medieval Period

Body Supplement: Of Other Grammars, Idiomsand Logics

Shaping Emotion and Desire in the Transaction ofRelationships in South Asia

Poetics and Politics

Border Scenarios: Issues of Globalization andEconomy

Religion and Political Culture in Modern SouthAsia

Session 3 - 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 3 - 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 3 - 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 3 - 1:45 pm - 3:30 pmSession 3 - 1:45 pm - 3:30 pm

South Asian Power Relations: Religious andPolitical Perspectives

The Indus Signs - True Writing or Not?

South Asian Nuclearization in Global Perspective

PAGE 22

Competing Perspectives on Unity vs. Diversity ofSouth Asian Muslims

Model and Method in the Study of Deity and SpiritPossession in South Asia

Engendered Violence, Mapping Suffering andWomen’s Agency in South Asia

Disjointed Journeys: Writing Across Place andTime

Changing Conceptions of Self and Identity in SouthAsia

Drawing from the Visual Culture Reservoir

Sunday, October 9, 2005Sunday, October 9, 2005Sunday, October 9, 2005Sunday, October 9, 2005Sunday, October 9, 2005

Session 8 - 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 8 - 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 8 - 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 8 - 8:30 am - 10:15 amSession 8 - 8:30 am - 10:15 am

Re-Framing the Political: New Approaches to/inSouth Asian Writing

Heritage, History, Colonial Courts, andOutsourcing English

Remembering the Partitian, Assassinated Leadersand Forgotten Artists: Landscapes, Museums andAlbums

Sustainable Water Praactices in South Asia: AHistorical and Contemporary Context

Pedagogical Practices and the Creation ofDiscursive Communities

Global Media and New Media in South Asia

Session 9 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 9 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 9 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 9 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pmSession 9 - 10:30 am - 12:15 pm

Textbooks as Weapons: Politics and Education inIndia and Pakistan

Different Voices: Unexplored Prose Genres inUrdu-Hindi

De-centering Diaspora: Interrogating the State ofSouth Asian American Studies

Art and Archaeology

Emerging Perspetives on Sindhi Socio-CulturalPractice and Religion

Rough Waters Where Oceans Meet: ReassessingDara Shukoh’s Political and Intellectual Legacy


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ASIAN STUDIES

MARRIOTT, SAN FRANCISCO

The Pakistan related papers and panels are highlighted below andinclude the AAS designated panel numbers:

Thursday, April 6th, 20067:00 p.m.–9:00 p.m.

8. Individual Papers: Gender, Culture and Memory in Indian PoliticsRaka Ray, University of California, Berkeley

Friday, April 7th, 2006

8:30 a.m.–10:30 a.m.

26. Roundtable: Pop Culture and Teaching - Sponsored by theCommittee on Teaching about Asia

Keith Snodgrass, University of Washington

10:45 a.m. – 12:45 p.m.

50. Siddhas and Sadhus: Ascetics in Later South Asian Cultureand Art

Rob Linrothe, Skidmore College

52. Roundtable: Reform Movements across ReligiousBoundaries in South Asia

Paula Richman, Oberlin College

1:00 p.m.–3:00 p.m.

75. The Methodology of Gender in South Asia - Sponsored bythe South Asia Council

Ann Grodzins Gold, Syracuse University

76. Roundtable: Textures of Time: Writing History in SouthIndia 1600–1800

Rama Mantena, Library of Congress

3:15 p.m.–5:15 p.m.

97. Ideology of Transformation and Transformation ofIdeology: The Many Faces of Jamaat-e-Islami in South Asia

Irfan Ahmad, University of Amsterdam

98. Repackaging South Asia’s Visual Culture

Sandria B. Freitag, Duke University

Saturday, April 8th, 2006

8:30 a.m.–10:30 a.m.

111. Roundtable: Whatever Happened to Class? Reflectionsfrom the Subcontinent

Ronald J. Herring, Cornell University


10:45 a.m.–12:45 p.m.

141. Photographs and Pageantry in Colonial India: IndianIdentities and Subversions in the Late 19th and Early 20thCenturies

Julie F. Codell, Arizona State University

142. Minority Cultures and the Meaning of Citizenship in theHimalaya - Sponsored by the South Asia Council

Arjun Guneratne, Macalester College

143. The Other Partition of 1947: Exploring the Narratives ofViolence, Sovereignty and History in Bengal

Abhijeet Paul, University of Michigan

2:45 p.m.–4:45 p.m.

163. Print and Pleasure in 19th-Century India

Farina Mir, University of Michigan

5:00 p.m.–7:00 p.m.

186. Because Languages Don’t Speak for Themselves: ModernState Practices in South Asia

Kavita Datla, University of California, Berkeley

8:30 a.m.–10:30 a.m.

210. South Asian Madaris in Comparative Perspective

Christopher Candland, Wellesley College

10:45 a.m.–12:45 p.m.

220. “Educate a Woman, Educate a Nation”: MuslimCommunities Educating their Daughters

Jacqueline Armijo-Hussein, Zayed University

227. Engagements with Peace: Comparative Perspectives onPeace and Peacebuilding in South and Southeast AsiaHaley Duschinski, Ohio University

THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PAKISTAN STUDIES MAY PROVIDE

FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR PARTICIPATION AND PRESENTATIONS AT

RELEVANT CONFERENCES. TOPICS OF RESEARCH MUST BE RELATED

TO PAKISTAN/PAKISTAN STUDIES. PLEASE CONTACT US AT

[email protected] WITH REQUESTS FOR CON-FERENCE SUPPORT AND FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.

IN THE PAST PARTICIPANTS HAVE BEEN SUPPORTED AT THE FOL-LOWING CONFERENCES:: THE ANNUAL SOUTH ASIA CONFERENCE

AT MADISON, THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MIDDLE EAST

STUDIES ASSOCIATION, THE ASSOCIATION OF ASIAN STUDIES,AND THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON SOUTH ASIA AT UNIVER-SITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY.

Middle East Studies Association Annual MeetingMiddle East Studies Association Annual MeetingMiddle East Studies Association Annual MeetingMiddle East Studies Association Annual MeetingMiddle East Studies Association Annual Meeting

November 19-22, 2005November 19-22, 2005November 19-22, 2005November 19-22, 2005November 19-22, 2005

Wardham Park Mariott HotelWardham Park Mariott HotelWardham Park Mariott HotelWardham Park Mariott HotelWardham Park Mariott Hotel

2660 Woodley Road, NW2660 Woodley Road, NW2660 Woodley Road, NW2660 Woodley Road, NW2660 Woodley Road, NW

Washington, DC 20008Washington, DC 20008Washington, DC 20008Washington, DC 20008Washington, DC 20008

Sunday, November 20Sunday, November 20Sunday, November 20Sunday, November 20Sunday, November 202:00 p.m.2:00 p.m.2:00 p.m.2:00 p.m.2:00 p.m.

(P047) Middle Eastern Refugees: Global and Local(P047) Middle Eastern Refugees: Global and Local(P047) Middle Eastern Refugees: Global and Local(P047) Middle Eastern Refugees: Global and Local(P047) Middle Eastern Refugees: Global and LocalPerspectives (double session from 2:00pm-6:30pm)Perspectives (double session from 2:00pm-6:30pm)Perspectives (double session from 2:00pm-6:30pm)Perspectives (double session from 2:00pm-6:30pm)Perspectives (double session from 2:00pm-6:30pm)Organized by Kimberly Katz Kimberly Katz Kimberly Katz Kimberly Katz Kimberly Katz and Rochelle DavisRochelle DavisRochelle DavisRochelle DavisRochelle Davis

Chair: Kimberly KatzKimberly KatzKimberly KatzKimberly KatzKimberly Katz, Towson UniversityDiscussant: Rochelle DavisRochelle DavisRochelle DavisRochelle DavisRochelle Davis, Stanford University

The 1991 Persian Gulf War and the Global Integration ofArab MigrationTraci L. LombréTraci L. LombréTraci L. LombréTraci L. LombréTraci L. Lombré, University of ChicagoSettling with History: Considering a Commission ofHistorical Inquiry for Israel/PalestineZinaida MillerZinaida MillerZinaida MillerZinaida MillerZinaida Miller, Harvard Law SchoolNon-State Parties in International Criminal Tribunals: ACase Study of Palestinian Refugees from Jenin RefugeeCampNoura ErakatNoura ErakatNoura ErakatNoura ErakatNoura Erakat, Boalt Hall Law School, UC BerkeleyStrained Forms of Life: Political Practice among PalestinianYouth in Shateela CampDiana AllanDiana AllanDiana AllanDiana AllanDiana Allan, Harvard UniversityRepresenting Palestinian Refugees: Mass-MediatedNegotiations versus the Discomforts and Pleasures ofEmbodied ExperienceAmahl BisharaAmahl BisharaAmahl BisharaAmahl BisharaAmahl Bishara, New York UniversityThe Role of Institutions in Political Representation of thePalestinian DiasporaDavid M. DeBartoloDavid M. DeBartoloDavid M. DeBartoloDavid M. DeBartoloDavid M. DeBartolo, Georgetown UniversityNeither Here Nor There: Palestinian Internal RefugeesSeek a Space in the NarrativeIsabelle HumphriesIsabelle HumphriesIsabelle HumphriesIsabelle HumphriesIsabelle Humphries, St. Mary’s College, University ofSurrey, UKArtistic Representation among Afghan Refugees inNorthern CaliforniaBrendan FureyBrendan FureyBrendan FureyBrendan FureyBrendan Furey, UC BerkeleyMulti-Network Survey Research on the Organization ofTransnational “Homes” among Afghans of Diverse FamilyTribes in Canada, Germany, Pakistan, the United States,and Afghanistan: A New Method for ResearchingTransnational Refugee DiasporasJonathan DaleJonathan DaleJonathan DaleJonathan DaleJonathan Dale, George Mason University

PAGE 24

Eastern PassionsEastern PassionsEastern PassionsEastern PassionsEastern Passions will present songs and music fromPakistan and India. The collection is selected from manydistinct styles of songs from the two countries. The vocalforms heard will be: Prathana, Geet. Ghazal, Folk music,Kafi (sufi kalam) and Tarana; and sung in four differentregional languages, Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi and Siraiki.Eastern PassionsEastern PassionsEastern PassionsEastern PassionsEastern Passions hopes to cultivate an appreciation ofpassionate music and melodious songs from the culturallyrich South Asian countries, Pakistan and India. The songsare sung in four different regional languages and the tunesplayed on sitar portray immense emotions of South Asianlife. The troupe brings you the message of peace,humanity and love.

Gul Afshan Gul Afshan Gul Afshan Gul Afshan Gul Afshan was born and raised in Lahore, Pakistan.She started learning to sing at the age of 7 from KhalilAhmad, a respected music director and teacher. Shecontinued her singing education along with regular schoolfor 12 years in Lahore and afterwards at the art councilin Islamabad. Gul came to the USA in 1990 for highereducation. Currently she teaches chemistry andbiochemistry at a 4-year college in Milwaukee. She writessongs, practices music and is working on her first album.Gul will perform with Patric Marks, Janmejay Mahant,DhananJay Kunte, Sonia, and Roy Mahant.

EEEEEASTERNASTERNASTERNASTERNASTERN P P P P PASSIONSASSIONSASSIONSASSIONSASSIONS

A MA MA MA MA MUSICALUSICALUSICALUSICALUSICAL P P P P PERFORMANCEERFORMANCEERFORMANCEERFORMANCEERFORMANCE

BYBYBYBYBY

GUL & TROUPEGUL & TROUPEGUL & TROUPEGUL & TROUPEGUL & TROUPE

OOOOOCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBERCTOBER 9, 2005 9, 2005 9, 2005 9, 2005 9, 20059:309:309:309:309:30PMPMPMPMPM - 11:00 - 11:00 - 11:00 - 11:00 - 11:00PMPMPMPMPM

3434343434THTHTHTHTH A A A A ANNUALNNUALNNUALNNUALNNUAL S S S S SOUTHOUTHOUTHOUTHOUTH A A A A ASIASIASIASIASIA C C C C CONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCE

UUUUUNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITY OFOFOFOFOF W W W W WISCONSINISCONSINISCONSINISCONSINISCONSIN- M- M- M- M- MADISONADISONADISONADISONADISON

MMMMMADISONADISONADISONADISONADISON B B B B BALLROOMALLROOMALLROOMALLROOMALLROOM


(P098) Religious Minorities in Afghanistan(P098) Religious Minorities in Afghanistan(P098) Religious Minorities in Afghanistan(P098) Religious Minorities in Afghanistan(P098) Religious Minorities in AfghanistanOrganized by Senzil NawidSenzil NawidSenzil NawidSenzil NawidSenzil Nawid

Chair: Senzil NawidSenzil NawidSenzil NawidSenzil NawidSenzil Nawid, University of Arizona

The Shi’a and Minority Group Politics in AfghanistanCarol J. RiphenburgCarol J. RiphenburgCarol J. RiphenburgCarol J. RiphenburgCarol J. Riphenburg, College of DuPageAfghan Hazara: A Change in Status?Grant FarrGrant FarrGrant FarrGrant FarrGrant Farr, Portland State UniversitySouth Asian Merchants and the Colonial Construction ofMinorities and Majorities in Nineteenth-CenturyAfghanistanShah Mahmoud HanifiShah Mahmoud HanifiShah Mahmoud HanifiShah Mahmoud HanifiShah Mahmoud Hanifi, James Madison UniversityThe Demise of the Jewish Community in AfghanistanSara KopolikSara KopolikSara KopolikSara KopolikSara Kopolik, Albuquerque, NM

(NP34) Islam Outside the Middle East(NP34) Islam Outside the Middle East(NP34) Islam Outside the Middle East(NP34) Islam Outside the Middle East(NP34) Islam Outside the Middle East

Chair: Weston F. Cook Jr.Weston F. Cook Jr.Weston F. Cook Jr.Weston F. Cook Jr.Weston F. Cook Jr., University of North Carolina,Pembroke

Managing Religion in Central Asia: The Continuity of theSoviet Conceptual Framework Sebastien Peyrouse Sebastien Peyrouse Sebastien Peyrouse Sebastien Peyrouse Sebastien Peyrouse, FrenchInstitute of Central Asian StudiesIslamic Law and Military Emergency in Aceh, Indonesiabefore the Tsunami 2004Lahmuddin LahmuddinLahmuddin LahmuddinLahmuddin LahmuddinLahmuddin LahmuddinLahmuddin Lahmuddin, University of ArkansasThe Hudood Ordinance and Its Effect on Women inPakistanSaba GhoriSaba GhoriSaba GhoriSaba GhoriSaba Ghori, University of Texas at AustinThe U.S. 2004 Elections: A Victory for American MuslimIdentityMohamed A. NimerMohamed A. NimerMohamed A. NimerMohamed A. NimerMohamed A. Nimer, Council on American-IslamicRelations

2121212121STSTSTSTST A A A A ANNUALNNUALNNUALNNUALNNUAL S S S S SOUTHOUTHOUTHOUTHOUTH A A A A ASIASIASIASIASIA C C C C CONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCEONFERENCE

ATATATATAT THETHETHETHETHE U U U U UNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITYNIVERSITY OFOFOFOFOF C C C C CALIFORNIAALIFORNIAALIFORNIAALIFORNIAALIFORNIA, B, B, B, B, BERKELEYERKELEYERKELEYERKELEYERKELEY

February 17 & 18, 2006

Deadline for registration: Friday, November 4, 2005

For more information please contact:21st Annual South Asia Conference

Center for South Asia Studies10 Stephens Hall MC2310

University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720-2310Telephone: 510-642-3608

Fax: 510-643-5793Email: [email protected]

http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/conference/conference.html


PAGE 26

The American Institute of Pakistan Studies The American Institute of Pakistan Studies is managed byelected officers, an executive committee, and a board of trustees.The incumbent officers are J. Mark Kenoyer (President), DaisyRockwell (Treasurer), and David Gilmartin (Secretary). TheBoard of Trustees is composed of representatives from each ofthe Institutional members, plus one elected trustee to representevery 20 individual members. Individual membership is open toall Pakistanists—all students and scholars of Pakistan and relatedsubjects in whatever discipline. Annual membership dues are$25.00, payable before the beginning of the academic year.Members receive the Newsletter and participate in the Institute’sprograms, including panels at the annual meeting of the SouthAsia Conferences at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, inOctober, Middle East Studies Association in November, Berkeleyin February and the Association of Asian Studies in March.Funding In addition to the dues of institutional members, AIPS currentlyreceives substantial annual funding from the U.S. Department ofEducation, the Council of American Overseas Research Centersand the Ministry of Education (Government of Pakistan).Pakistan Studies News This newsletter is the fifteenth of a new series. It normallyappears twice a year. It has two purposes: (a) to serve as theorgan of the American Institute of Pakistan Studies, recordingits activities and publicizing its programs, and (b) to improvecommunication in the field generally and enhance the sense ofcommunity among all Pakistanists in whatever discipline. The details of how to achieve these objectives will no doubtevolve from year to year as we learn more about the work ofcolleagues and gain experience in the solicitation of materials.However, apart from a series of statements and reports onparticular programs of the Institute, each issue will feature aparticular current project, brief reports of current work, andnews of recent publications, with reviews, at least one of whichwill be substantial. Each issue is likely to emphasize somedisciplines and topics at the expense of others, if only for reasonsof space. But care will be taken to even out the coverage ofsome fields over time. Overall, our editorial ability to cover thefield will depend entirely on your willingness to keep us informedand to send in contributions.AIPS On-line: www.PakistanStudies-AIPS.org The AIPS website contains further information on membershipand our current programs. Also maintained on-line is a directory ofscholars and research that have been associated with AIPS over thepast thirty years. We intend to build it further into a directory of allrelated to Pakistan in the social sciences and the humanities. Ourgoal is to develop this site as a major resource not only for PakistanStudies but for related fields in which Pakistan, its componentcommunities and geographical territories have been significant players.We would like it ultimately to function as a cyber-center for the studyof Pakistan in the context of the eastern Islamic world. To help uswith this endeavor, we would request you to visit the site and offeryour comments and suggestions.

AIPS Member Institutions

♦ Columbia University

♦ Cornell University

♦ Duke University

♦ Hamilton College

♦ Harvard University

♦ Massachusetts Institute of Technology

♦ Monmouth College

♦ Montclair State University

♦ North Carolina State University

♦ Ohio State University

♦ Pomona College

♦ Princeton University

♦ Richard Stockton College of NJ

♦ Rosemont College

♦ Smithsonian Institution

♦ University of California, Berkeley

♦ University of California, Los Angeles

♦ University of Chicago

♦ University of Illinois

♦ University of Michigan

♦ University of North Carolina

♦ University of Oregon

♦ University of Pennsylvania

♦ University of Texas, Austin

♦ University of Virginia

♦ University of Washington

♦ University of Wisconsin, Madison

♦ Wake Forest University


PAGE 27

Name ___________________________________________________________________

Address__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

City ______________________ State_____________ Zip Code ______________________

Telephone ________________________________________________________________

Email ___________________________________________________________________

Fax______________________________________________________________________

Please make your checks payable to:

The American Institute of Pakistan Studiesc/o Center for South Asia Studies

10 Stephens HallUniversity of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720-2310Telephone: ( 510) 624-3608

Fax (510) 643-5793

your contribution is tax-deductible

Thank you for your support

I want to show my support for the work of the

American Institute of Pakistan Studies with my contribution of

$50 $100 $250 $500 $1000 other $_______


American Institute of Pakistan Studies Welcomes New Members

Name:

Title:

Field of Specialization and areas of interest:

Institutional Affiliation:

Preferred mailing Address:

Telephone:

E-mail:

Members receive The Pakistan Studies News and participate in the Institute’s programs, including panels andreceptions at the annual meetings of the South Asia Conference at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in October, theMiddle East Studies Association in November, and at the Association for Asian Studies Meetings in March. Wewelcome you and look forward to your membership in our organization.

Please send check for $25 annual dues payable to American Institute of Pakistan Studies to:

Center for South Asia Studies, Attn: Brett Marty

10 Stephens Hall, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-2310

Pakistan Studies News

Editor: Brian SpoonerAssistant Editor: Sakina RizviAmerican Institute of Pakistan Studiesc/o University of Pennsylvania Museum3260 South StreetPhiladelphia, PA [email protected]

Table of Contents

"Pakistani Village Teachers’ Perspectives on Education” by Anita Harris ....................................................................................................... page 1

President’s Column ............................................................................................................................................................................................... page 1

Second Biennial International Conference of Pakistan Studies: Pakistan In World-Historical Context ......................................................... page 2

Literacy in Persianate South and Central Asia ................................................................................................................................................... page 2

Plurality in Balochistan ............................................................................................................................................................................................ page 2

Afghanistan and Pakistan: Cultural Heritage and Current Reality .................................................................................................................... page 3

Towards Democracy: Pakistan at the Crossroads ........................................................................................................................................................ page 4

Hindi-Urdu Workshop: Urdu Meter .......................................................................................................................................................................... page 4

AIPS Web Report III ............................................................................................................................................................................................. page 5

Karkhana: A Contemporary Collaboration ........................................................................................................................................................ page 5

Urdu Poetry and Society ....................................................................................................................................................................................... page 8

“Pakistan Studies in North America: 1947 - 1989” by Maureen Patterson ..................................................................................................... page 11

Recent Oxford University Press, Pakistan Publications ................................................................................................................................... page 16

Reviews: Life After Partition: Migration, Community and Strife in Sindh: 1947-1962. Reviewer: T. Rahman .......................................... page 16

Reviews: A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar, Handbook of Oriental Studies. Reviewer: B. Spooner ........................................................ page 17

Reviews: Language, Education and Culture. Reviewer: B. Spooner .............................................................................................................. page 17

Reviews: East Pakistan The Endgame: An Onlooker’s Journal. Reviewer: T. Rahman................................................................................. page 18

Three Panels Focus on Art and Politics in Contemporary Pakistan ............................................................................................................................ page 20

Journal of South Asian Development Launch 2006 .................................................................................................................................................. page 20

The Annual of Urdu Studies ............................................................................................................................................................................... page 20

Conferences and Meetings: ................................................................................................................................................................................ page 21

34th Conference on South Asia at University of Wisconsin - Madison ........................................................................................................... page 21

Annual Meeting of the Association of Asian Studies ....................................................................................................................................... page 22

Middle East Studies Association Meeting ............................................................................................................................................................... page 23

21st Annual South Asia Conference, UC Berkeley ........................................................................................................................................... page 24

Eastern Passions: Musical Preformance ............................................................................................................................................................ page 24

CAORC Multi-Country Research Fellowship Program 2005-2006 ................................................................................................................. page 25

OMISSIONS AND CORRECTIONS:

In PSN 14, the report “Research Visit to Lahore” on page 7 was incorrectly labled a“Student Report”. At the time of publication, Dr. Lyons was Assistant Professor atZayed University.

Our apologies for the oversight.

Date post:	18-Nov-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

EPORT P S COLUMN P V T M E B : A H K S U

Documents