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1 Electric Outboard Propulsion System EPS PROJECT Spring 2013 OUTBOARD ELECTRIC PROPULSION STUDENTS: Joanna Marks Niclas Sandelin Niels Bulkmans Koen Duijghuisen Carles Espluga Mariona Coma SUPERVISORS: Vicenç Parisi Xavi Prats 03-06-2013
Transcript

1 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

EPS – PROJECT

Spring 2013

OUTBOARD ELECTRIC PROPULSION

STUDENTS:

Joanna Marks

Niclas Sandelin

Niels Bulkmans

Koen Duijghuisen

Carles Espluga

Mariona Coma

SUPERVISORS:

Vicenç Parisi

Xavi Prats

DATE:

03-06-2013

2 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

TITLE: Outboard electronic propulsion

FAMILY NAME: Bulkmans FIRST NAME: Niels

HOME UNIVERSITY: Artesis University, Antwerp

SPECIALITY: Constructing engineering

FAMILY NAME: Duijghuisen FIRST NAME: Koen

HOME UNIVERSITY: Avanshogeschool, ‘s Hertogenbosch

SPECIALITY: Mechanical engineering

FAMILY NAME: Sandelin FIRST NAME: Niclas

HOME UNIVERSITY: Novia University of Appiled Sciences, Vasa

SPECIALITY:Mechanical engineering

FAMILY NAME:Espluga FIRST NAME: Carles

HOME UNIVERSITY: EscolaPolitècnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Vilanovaila Geltrú

SPECIALITY: Automatic electronic engineering

FAMILY NAME: Marks FIRST NAME: Joanna

HOME UNIVERSITY: Lodz University of Technology

SPECIALITY: Business and technology

FAMILY NAME: Coma FIRST NAME: Mariona

HOME UNIVERSITY: Escola Politècnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Vilanova i la Geltrú

SPECIALITY: Industrial design engineering

3 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Table of contents 0. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 6

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6

1.1 Why electric engine? ............................................................................................................... 7

2. Mechanical ...................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.2 Axel and shaft adapter .......................................................................................................... 10

2.3 Shaft adapter and outer pipe ................................................................................................ 11

2.3.1 Elastic clutch .................................................................................................................. 11

2.3.2 Axel to propeller connection ......................................................................................... 12

2.3.3 Shaft adapter ................................................................................................................. 13

2.4 Propeller ................................................................................................................................ 16

2.4.1 Number of blades .......................................................................................................... 16

2.4.2 Propeller diameter ........................................................................................................ 16

2.4.3 Propeller pitch ............................................................................................................... 16

2.4.4 Material ......................................................................................................................... 16

2.4.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 17

2.5 Vertical Profile ....................................................................................................................... 17

2.6 Bracket system ...................................................................................................................... 18

2.6.1 Screws ............................................................................................................................ 19

2.6.2 Steering system ............................................................................................................. 19

2.6.3 Calculations ................................................................................................................... 20

2.7 Engine flipping system ........................................................................................................... 23

3. Electricity and electronics ............................................................................................................. 25

3.1 Batteries ................................................................................................................................ 26

3.2 DC/DC Converter ................................................................................................................... 27

3.3 Variable frequency drive ....................................................................................................... 28

3.4 Potentiometer: ...................................................................................................................... 29

3.5 Motor ..................................................................................................................................... 30

3.6 Cables .................................................................................................................................... 31

3.6.1 Variable frequency controller to motor connection: .................................................... 31

3.6.2 Converter dc/dc to variable frequency controller connection:..................................... 32

3.6.3 Battery to converter connection: .................................................................................. 32

3.7 Protection .............................................................................................................................. 33

4 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

3.8 System overview ................................................................................................................... 33

4. Design ............................................................................................................................................ 34

4.1 State of art ............................................................................................................................. 34

4.2 The users ............................................................................................................................... 38

4.2.1 Function table ................................................................................................................ 38

4.3 The ergonomics and the accessibility .................................................................................... 43

4.4 The colours and font study .................................................................................................... 48

4.4.1 Accessible colour table .................................................................................................. 48

4.5 Eco design .............................................................................................................................. 50

4.6 Final Design ........................................................................................................................... 52

4.6.1 Cover design part 1 ........................................................................................................ 57

4.6.2 Cover design part 2 ........................................................................................................ 58

4.6.3 Handle ........................................................................................................................... 59

4.6.4 Lock system ................................................................................................................... 60

4.7 Strength of materials ............................................................................................................. 61

4.8 User command ...................................................................................................................... 67

4.9 Other documents .................................................................................................................. 69

4.9.1 Story board .................................................................................................................... 69

4.9.2 Datasheet ...................................................................................................................... 72

5. Market strategy ............................................................................................................................. 73

5.1 Strategic analysis ................................................................................................................... 73

5.1.1 Market investigation ..................................................................................................... 73

5.1.2 Communication strategies ............................................................................................ 80

5.1.3 Marketing Mix ............................................................................................................... 82

5.1.4 PESTEL analysis .............................................................................................................. 84

5.1.5 SWOT analysis ............................................................................................................... 88

5.1.6 Competitor analysis ....................................................................................................... 89

5.2 Strategy ................................................................................................................................. 92

5.2.1 Promotion Strategy ....................................................................................................... 92

5.2.2 Social Media Marketing ................................................................................................. 93

Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................... 98

Appendix pages ..................................................................................................................................... 99

Appendix A, motor specifications ..................................................................................................... 99

Appendix B, profile specifications ................................................................................................... 100

5 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Appendix C, hinge specifications ..................................................................................................... 101

Appendix D Sustainability report .................................................................................................... 102

Appendix E, finite elements report ................................................................................................. 116

6 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

0. Abstract As oil prices rise and people get more aware of the implications of global warming, the demand

for alternative energy use rises. The fishing industry is one of the branches that is looking for cheaper

propulsion systems. This is why the company of Innovanautic saw the need for designing a new

electric outboard propulsion system, to be used in the local fishing industry to get their boats out

of the harbour. The overall purpose of this project was to design a complete outboard engine,

thinking about the mechanical structures, the electrical controls and the overall design. Furthermore,

a marketing strategy was needed to make the product profitable. For now, the project is incomplete,

but this report gives an idea of what direction the team has chosen and how they are solving certain

problems which rise during the design. It may be clear more research is needed.

1. Introduction The need for this project came forth from the fishing industry. Small sailing boats have always had

a need for a small engine to manoeuvre them out of their ports safely and with great precision,

because this is not possible by using the sails on the ship. Bearing this in mind, there is also a growing

demand for electrical engines, as people are realizing more and more fossil fuels are running out and

are getting more expensive. Also, more focus is being put on cleaner forms of energy, less pollution

and more sustainable solutions. In this project, the team tried to realize these new demands

in the form of an electrical engine which runs on lithium-ion batteries. The exact demands were

to design an electrical engine which is capable of steering the ships out of the harbour

and in to the deeper sea, where it can be raised to reduce the drag in the water. The engine should

be completely autonomous, meaning it has to be a complete system which can be easily connected

and disconnected from the vessel in one piece. It will be used on small sailing boats with a length

around ten meters which are mainly used for fishing. The speed obtained with this engine should

be around 5 knots. Outside of the mechanical, electrical and design issues there is also

the marketing strategy which must be taken in to account. The team was responsible for doing

a market research and by doing this, create an effective marketing strategy for the company to use.

7 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

1.1 Why electric engine? As it says in the introduction is it very important for companies to result to sustainable solutions

in these days. Innovanautic has adapted to this trend and because of it they are building electric

engines for boats. But what is the difference between electric engines and normal combustion

engines? What is so positive about the electric engine?

The positive aspects include the electric engine’s positive environmental impact and the electricity

price. A very good thing with the electric engine is you get much more energy out on the propeller,

if you compare it to the same amount of fuel in a normal fuel engine. A normal combustion engine

will get just 30% out of energy on the propeller from the fuel, because of the great amount of losses

for example in friction and heat. Especially the engine used in this project has very little losses

in friction and heat, because the engine will be at the bottom of the whole system and we will just

use one shaft. If the engine would have been at the top, it would have been necessary to connect

different shafts with different kinds of gear shafts. This would take a lot of energy which could

be used on the propeller instead. This is one of the main reasons why the company would like to use

this kind of engine.

Another benefit of the electric engine is the price of the “fuel”. The electricity price in Spain is around

0, 19488 €/kWh and the fuel price is 1,441 €/l for E95 and Diesel 1,361€/l. So it is a big different

in price if you are going the same distance with an electric engine and fuel engine. A normal

fisherman would spend about 28 € (normal fuel engine) each time for back and forth when they

go out fishing. This could be reduced a lot with this electric engine.

The reason the electric engine is so good for the environment is that no fuel or oil is needed which

could leak out in the sea and pollute the water. Spilling oil or petrol is quite common at sea.

The engine will often leak somehow when it gets old or when it has to lubricate the bearings

and so on. Also the cooling water takes some oil with it back to the water which is not good either.

But with electric engine you do not need these polluting substances, just something to lubricate

the engine sometimes, only once a year.

But of course the electric engine is not without flaws. One of the greatest downsides of the electric

engine is the batteries, the recharging of the batteries and speed. A decent electric engine has

an autonomy of about 4 and as the time goes by the battery loses its power. The engine will also lose

its efficiency, so making a safe trip back to the harbour it could be a serious issue, for instance in bad

weather when more engine power is needed than normal. Of course carrying spare batteries could

be an option, but then a waterproof storage room would be necessary. Batteries can take a lot

of space and recharging them on land is needed. Recharging also requires equipment, although this

is a one-time cost. Of course it can be dangerous to combine electricity with water; this is why a lot

of thought should be put in to how to make the engine waterproof so we do not get the electricity

in contact with the water

The speed of an electric engine is very hard to compare to that of a combustion engine. If a fast

electric engine is needed, the size of the engine will also increase. For this project it is critical that the

engine is as light as possible, because it should be easy to carry. A more powerful engine with a large

amount of horsepower will require more or bigger batteries, which also means more weight,

and is to be avoided.

8 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

As a conclusion it is safe to say for this project the electric engine would be ideal. It is green, more

efficient, less expensive, lighter and perfect for low power applications. All these properties fit this

project perfectly.

9 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2. Mechanical

2.1 Introduction The mechanical part of this project consists of the calculation and design of all the structural parts of

the engine. The basic set up of the engine will be made clear with the following picture:

Insert overview picture of the engine

In the following paragraph, a short summary of the process is given.

There are three basic forces working on the engine:

1. The propulsion by the propeller

2. The weight of all the components

3. The resistance of the water on the submerged parts

The force exerted by the propeller was determined as 1,5kN, the total weight calculated in finite

elements software .

With these forces in mind, calculations were started on the axel leaving the engine, the shaft adapter

and the propeller needed for this system. A tube was designed to fit the engine which would

be connected to the vertical profile. With the bottom part designed, the focus was put on the vertical

profile and the bracketing system to connect the entire engine to a ship. After this, the top section

which carries the batteries and various electronics was finished.

Besides the designs mentioned above, a lifting and rotation system also needed to be designed.

A system was designed for this using a springs to keep everything in place while operating

the engine.

In designing all these parts, the focus was put on creating a lightweight system, to make sure it would

be a easily portable system. For this reason, aluminum was chosen as construction material.

Most of the calculations were made using Autodesk Inventor as finite elements software.

Calculations made by hand will be mentioned as they were applied in the project.

In further chapters, each part will be viewed separately and discussed thoroughly.

10 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.2 Axel and shaft adapter In the bottom part of the system, the forces need to be directed from the motor to the propeller.

Preferably the motor will only give torque to the axel and won’t take any other forces, for instance

the connection to the upper part will not be mounted on the motor. This is what the shaft adapter

is for. An extra piece from the outgoing motor axel to the propeller, which has the bearings

to smooth the movements and has the connection to both the motor and the upper profile.

Figure 1 Shaft adapter and motor connection

Figure 2 Engine fitted in outer tube

1 = Motor

2 = Connection piece motor to outer pipe

3 = Elastic clutch to adapt axel diameters

4 = Second axel to propeller

5 = Shaft adapter

6 = propeller

11 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.3 Shaft adapter and outer pipe

2.3.1 Elastic clutch

For the choice of this part, the diameter of the axel has to be calculated on torque. Torque stresses

can be calculated with

The datasheets of the engine, found in appendix A , state that the maximum torque momentum

is 44.000Nmm. The diameter of the axel will be set to 20mm.

With these stresses the chosen diameter will be sufficient.

Though, the outgoing axel of the engine is about 15,5 mm in diameter and it is also very short.

This is what the clutch is for, connecting a new axel, changing the diameter and correct any flaws in

the direction so is spins straight.

Figure 3 Elastic clutch

12 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.3.2 Axel to propeller connection

From the clutch a new axel has to be designed to go to the propeller. It has to be supported

by bearings in the shaft adapter. Earlier calculations give a minimum diameter of 20mm.

Figure 4 Axel to propeller connection

From left to right in figure 4, the first diameter will be 20mm, this part fits in the clutch. The second

diameter will be just slightly larger to make a tight fit for the bearings. By making the first diameter

less, mounting will be a lot easier since the bearing doesn’t have to go over a tight fit for the entire

length. The third diameter will be slightly bigger again, about 22,5mm. this is to stop the bearings

and fit them into place. After this, another part for bearings and the last piece will be for

the propeller to be mounted on.

Figure 5 below shows why a tight fit is needed here.

Figure 5 Bearing fit

Since the force will come from the axel to the bearing, and that is also the rotating part, the fourth

option is the one fitting the situation. This will mean a loose fit on the outside and a tight fit with

the axel.

13 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.3.3 Shaft adapter

As mentioned earlier, the shaft adapter will hold the bearing for the axel and will direct the forces

to the outer pipe and with that to the top of the system. The two pieces of this part have the same

hole pattern so they can be bolted together. On the sides are the same holes as the motor

connection piece to connect all the parts to the same outer pipe.

The forces on the bearings and the two housing parts can be calculated.

Figure 6 Shaft adapter force scheme

Although the outer rings are one piece, they will be viewed at as two pieces, both taking 0.75kN of the force. This to make calculation slightly easier.

Figure 7 Shaft adapter calculations

14 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Since there are four bolts in this piece, the blue arrow indicates two forces of 0.375kN, making the horizontal force reaction complete. To calculate the stresses in point A the inertia moment I is needed. This value is to be calculated as

w=width

h = height

For the height the value is as shown in figure 7 . The width is different, since it is a circle.

To be as accurate as possible the average circumference will be used.

Since the situation deals with only half of the part the ‘2’ disappears.

The 3d models indicate h = 5mm.

This stress will cause no problems at this value.

15 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Bearings and fitting

Since the bearings have to take both axial and radial forces, tapered roller bearings will be used.

With the inner diameter of 20mm the following model seems sufficient.

Figure 8 Bearing details

The fittings were determined earlier, when looking at figure 5. The fitting in the housing parts had

to be a loose fitting.

16 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.4 Propeller The propeller is the part of the engine which will produce the actual movement of the boat,

by pushing the water away from the boat and by doing this, pushing the boat further against

the water. In deciding on the propeller, there are a few characteristics about propellers to be taken

into account. The most important are the number of blades, the propeller diameter and the propeller

pitch. The following piece of text will give a short description of these properties and their influences.

2.4.1 Number of blades

Most propellers will have two, three or four blades. The number of blades needed depends on how

the boat will be used. For most recreational uses, a three blade propeller will be used, because of its

slightly higher top speed and still a decent acceleration. These will however also have a little more

vibration than the four blade propellers and will be less suited for rough seas. The four blade

propeller will have a slightly lower top speed and is more suited for higher horsepower engines.

They also provide with better steering at lower rotation speeds. Taking these facts into account,

it was decided to use a three blade propeller for the engine, mainly because of the low horsepower

and the use of the engine being mostly in the harbour and calmer parts of the sea.

2.4.2 Propeller diameter

The propeller diameter is the distance across the circle formed by the blades of the boat propeller.

The correct diameter of the propeller has more to do with the boats size than anything else

and is crucial for getting a properly performing boat prop. Too small and the boat risks being under

powered while if it is too big it risks having too much resistance and slowing your boat down.

The diameter is generally correlated to the size of the boat, meaning a small propeller will be used

on smaller boats with light loads and lager propellers will be used on larger boats with heavier loads.

Smaller propellers may also be used on racing boats. If the propeller decided on is too small, it would

mean lower speeds and the rotation speed of the engine needing to be increased, whereas a too

large propeller would mean more thrust but also more resistance in the water. The ideal propeller

size will perform perfectly on the ideal engine rotation speed and will ensure maximum efficiency

and safety.

2.4.3 Propeller pitch

The propeller pitch is the theoretical distance a propeller travels in one revolution. Pitch affects

the performance of the prop more than any other aspect of the propeller because it will be the

deciding factor in the boat acceleration and speeds. A high pitch will work better on reduced engine

speeds and will give a greater top speed whereas a low pitch will give better performance

on increased engine speeds and better accelerations, but the top speed will be lower. The pitch

of a propeller also affects the slip, which is the difference between the actual and theoretical

distance travelled. High slippage means that the boat is moving less distance for each rotation.

This typically happens with boat props that are poorly matched. A correct fit will move forward about

80 to 90 percent of the theoretical pitch. With this information in mind the decision was made

to choose a low pitch propeller because the greater acceleration will increase the manoeuvrability

of the boat, which is of course the most interesting regarding this project.

2.4.4 Material

Most propellers are manufactured from aluminium or stainless steel. Aluminium has the advantage

of being lighter, cheaper and easier to repair in case of breaking. Disadvantages are that its thicker

17 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

and thus creates more drag, will wear in sandy situation and is prone to damage from minor impacts.

Stainless steel is thinner, so creates less drag, is more durable than aluminium and if damaged it can

be repaired to a near new state. It is however also heavier, more expensive to buy and repair, will

need more effort to get spinning and has fewer options available. Al these facts lead

to the conclusion of choosing an aluminium propeller for the project, as it is lighter and cheaper.

This project does not require a heavy duty propeller, but it does need to be light so it can be easily

moved.

2.4.5 Conclusion

As mentioned in the chapters above, the project requires a three blade propeller, with a low pitch,

made of aluminium.

2.5 Vertical Profile The vertical profile connecting the bottom motor compartment to the upper bracketing system,

was calculated by exerting a 1,5 kN force where the engine connects to it and having it fully

constrained at the top. The profile needed to have a hydrodynamic shape, to minimize the force

of the water on the profile when in use. Other than the shape, the profile also needed

to be commercially available as manufacturing one ourselves was not an option. A few different

profiles were considered and in the end, the choice was made for an oval shaped profile which could

be produced in China.

The minimum wall thickness is 0,8mm and width is within 200mm and it is available at any length.

more technical information on the profile can be found in appendix B.

The profile was structurally calculated on paper and by using finite elements software.

The calculations concluded the profile to be strong enough to take the forces produced

by the engine.

Pictures

18 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.6 Bracket system

The bracketing system is what connects the entire engine to the vessel of choice. By using the screws

provided in this part, the engine is connected in a way that prevents any movement while in use.

On the other side of this part, a tilting and rotation system is provided, to lift the engine when

not in use and steer it while in use.

The system used to lift the engine out of the water was custom designed and is explained with

the help of some drawings.

The system in vertical position, the different positions are visible at this

picture.

On top there is a button, connected to two bars going through the inner

plates. Under this button are spring to push it upwards at all times.

At the bottom of these bars is a small block that locks the system

in the grooves. This will keep the profile at a certain position.

When the user pushes the button the block comes out of the groove

and with a handle on top of the battery module the user can lift

the system.

If the button is released the spring will pull the block back and the block

will find a groove to lock the system in the new desired position

With the help of this simple yet effective system, the engine can easily be raised from the water

and put in different positions depending on the conditions of the sea.

19 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.6.1 Screws

On the other side of the bracketing system, screws will be used to lock the system in place

and connect it to a boat. These screws are standard in connecting an outboard engine to a boat,

so it is safe to assume they will provide enough force to create a solid connection which can carry all

the loads. The screws are easy to connect and disconnect, which is nice within the accessibility

philosophy of the system.

Figure 9 Bracketing system screw

Insert render

2.6.2 Steering system

Figure 10 Steering system

20 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

For the profile to be able to rotate when the user applies force to the handle, a setup with axels and bearings is designed. Two small axels are screwed in the support part that is connected to the profile so the profile will turn basically without friction. The forces on the axels, as a result of the thrust force from the propeller are calculated. An appropriate diameter is chosen and the same calculations are used to choose the correct bearings.

2.6.3 Calculations

Forces on the axels

In the figure below the situation of the propeller pushing the profile with 1.5kN is sketched.

With the dimensions in the figure the forces on the axels, F1 and F2 can be calculated using the basic

laws of mechanics.

Figure 11 Steering system force scheme

Which means that

21 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Axel diameter

Figure 12 Axel force scheme

Known forces

With this data the momentum line can be created.

Figure 13 Axel momentum line

22 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The maximum momentum in the material will be 86250Nmm. Bending stress formula

M = 86250 Nmm y = r = 10

If the material of these axels is steel, they will be able to handle the applied forces.

Bearings

With the maximal force of 8.625 kN, bearings to support the axels can be chosen. Since there will

also be axial forces due to the weight of the systems and some other variables, the bearing will also

have to deal with that. Though, these forces will be much smaller than the radial 8,625kN.

The bearing types for this configuration will be tapered roller bearings. This type is specially designed

to deal with both radial and axial forces. From the official SKF catalogue type number ……… seems

a good solution. This type can work with over 33.5kN of force and has the correct diameter

for the axel to fit in. Product specifications can be found in figure 14.

Figure 14 Bearing parameters

23 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2.7 Engine flipping system The hinge system was an important demand in the project. The solution was a simple system which

used a bolt and several holes to lock them in. The greatest difficulty in this was the use of electricity

in the vicinity of water. Because of this, the system needs to be totally waterproof.

The system is very simple, and this is for good reasons. One might complain the difficulty of flipping

the engine when on water, because everything is done by hand. But if one would think about it,

there is no good reason to try and flip the engine on water, it has no real advantages. The engine

flipping system was created for easy transport on land, and flipping the engine up while on water

would just expose the wiring to water without good reasons. From the start the decision was made

to keep the system as easy as possible, because making in unnecessarily complicated would not help

the users per se, and would make the entire product more expensive.

The solution described can be seen on the drawings below. two holes were made to connect

the engine with the help of a bolt. Only one bolt was used so the user would always know where

the bolt is. When the user wants to flip back the engine in driving position they can use the handle

on the back side of the engine. The hinge itself was found in an Australian company, the product

is called “Tru Close”. Tru Close is a hinge with heavy duty spring inside. This hinge will be placed

in a way there is always force on it, trying to flip the engine upwards. When the user would release

the bolt and hinge up the engine it will do it automatically. The max force of the hinge is 60 kg which

is enough to flip the engine up without a problem. Because it needs to be waterproof between

the engine and the profile, a rubber seal around bottom of the profile was used which closes

the space between profile and engine.

Insert picture bolt and hole system.

More technical information can be found in appendix C.

24 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

25 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

3. Electricity and electronics This section of the project will be about the electrical and electronics part, a description

of all the elements and dimensions of the installations can be found in this chapter.

All of the components are selected from commercial existing products or propose to build if not exist

with correct specifications.

The electrical system basically consists of:

Battery

DC / DC converter

Variable frequency controller

Potentiometer control (Joystick)

motor

The diagram of next figure gives a simplified view from all electric system:

Figure 15 Total system scheme

The conditions the engine will be operating under will be the following;

Environment: Mediterranean Sea.

Kind of ship: described as lute (7 meters length).

Autonomy: about 30 km (18,4 miles)

Capacity: 15 people

Full speed: 5 knots

Full weight: ± 3000 kg3.

1 Battery It is important to take these conditions into account when designing the electrical systems; they will dictate the required power, kilowatts and autonomy.

26 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

3.1 Batteries Batteries are the components that store and deliver energy to the engine, they can be found in many

different forms, depending on what they are used for. For this system the most important parameter

is the weight, because of the portability of the system. For this reason, a lithium-ion battery was

selected, a battery type which can deliver a lot of energy while keeping a small size. Lithium-ion

batteries are one of the most used batteries in the world and this has granted them a level

of development which has large advantages over others, such as;

In voltage terms, it generates the equivalent to three batteries of alkaline type.

It has the best value of energetic density. the order of 90 up to 190Wh/Kg

It does not use pollutant metals.

Energy supply is very linear (it is independent from the level of battery load) The selected battery focuses on maximum capacity and minimal weight. Technology used is lithium

Ion. Election is 1 battery

Figure 16 Ebox-100 battery

Descriptions of the parameters:

Figure 17 Ebox 100 batery parameters

27 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

3.2 DC/DC Converter

Electrical power converter is element to get up tension for use on motor, for our application need

use direct current (DC) to direct current (DC) because variable frequency is allow function

in DC current.

Converter is the very complex drive element, which is used to convert from 48 Vcc to 300 Vcc

and work under highest energy demand, because when the motor starts with charge it consumes

more power than normal (for all calculations of demand energy, please view the cables chapter).

This element it is under construction, so here is a proposition for a converter available on the market

to give all the power demanded. A summary of its electrical parameters can be found below.

5000W Converter 48V to 170v-250v DC:DC 20A Max

Rated Input Voltage 45 -55V DC

Input low voltage protection 44-45V

Output (Max 13 amps) 250-390V DC variable (Max. -20V adjust)

Standby current ≤ 10mA

Idle current ≤ 200mA

Efficiency ≥ 93%

Instantaneous power 6000 W

Continuous power 5000 W

Power Connectors Anderson Plug input, Single Anderson Power pole output

Communication connectors

One RJ25 phone cable to the on/off driver panel switch. One 2 pin PSU plug for communication with the BMS

Figure 18 Converter parameters

Figure 19 Converter

28 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

3.3 Variable frequency drive A variable-frequency drive (VFD) (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive,

AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical

drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.

The VFD selected had to be compatible with the converter and the engine, so the communication

between these parts would run smooth.

The VFD selected for this project is the ACS 355. The ACS 355 is optimal for this project because

it allows connecting DC feed by a common DC bus. The electrical scheme for connecting to the motor

will look as following:

Figure 20 VFD connection scheme ACS 355

Another interesting characteristic of the ACS 355 is that it allows the speed of the motor

to be controlled by a potentiometer and the possibility to change the engine direction by simple

digital input. The following figure represents the in- and outputs of the ACS 355.

29 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 21 Input and output of the ACS 355

3.4 Potentiometer: A potentiometer is a resistor which has a variable resistance. This means it can change the electrical

resistance the current is experiencing by controlling the device. In the case of this project,

a potentiometer is used to control the motor speed. As the user changes the resistance, the VFD will

give a different signal to the motor, thus altering the rotation speed and by this ultimately altering

the ships speed. The potentiometer will be mounted in the handle of the ship for easy access

and control.

Various types of potentiometers exist, the most common being the ones which use a mechanism

which can be turned left or right to control its resistance and. In most cases, the potentiometer will

stay in a certain configuration until the user decides to alter the turning mechanism again. In this

project however, there was a need for a potentiometer which would automatically change back to its

original state. This is necessary because when the user would fall off the ship, the engine needs

to stop immediately. For this reason, a special type of potentiometer was selected; the “Softpot”.

30 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 22 The Softpot potentiometer

The “softpot” is a special type of potentiometer, which does not use a turning mechanism to control

its resistance. Instead, it is controlled completely by simply touching a touch-sensitive strip. With this

potentiometer, the user can control the engines speed by touching a specific part of the sensitive

strip. By sliding the finger to a different part, the speed can be altered and when there is no contact,

the engine will automatically stop. This means safety is preserved at all times.

3.5 Motor The motor is the component which drives the propeller and thus creates thrust. The shaft driven

by the motor is connected to the shaft adapter, which acts as a buffer for the lateral forces exerted

by the propeller, as the motor is not fit to take all these forces. From a variety of motors, the Franklin

3 phase electric motor was selected. This type of motor is fit to be used under water and has a power

of 2,2 kW, which is just within the range needed for this project. The characteristics of this engine

can be found here:

Figure 23 Engine parameters

More technical information on the engine can be found in the appendix.

31 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

3.6 Cables The electric cables are used to connect all the components together and transfer energy as well

as information between the different electric components. The section of the cables depends

on the part it is connected to. In the following parts, a calculation of these sections is given.

3.6.1 Variable frequency controller to motor connection:

Cable sections will be calculated under follow conditions:

Motor characteristics: three phase, 400Vac, 50Hz, 2,2KW, cos ϕ = 0,77, In=5,5A, Ia=29,8A

Cables 3 phase and earth, 3 meters length

Allow loses ΔV = 1 % From specifications cable section can be taken from next table:

Figure 24 Cable section table

The current used in normal function would be In=5,5 A, which would mean a 1 mm2 section

for the cables. However, the star current is 29,8 A, and thus the cable section would be between

6 and 10 mm2. so star current it is in short time, cable length it is short, and we use a progressive

start using a variable frequency controller that’s because we take section from 6mm2 and loses are:

32 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Take current from start, to know power:

WIVP 45,1589777,0·8,29·400·3·cos··3

V = line voltage

I = max current

losses from 3 meters cable is:

%0887,0400·6·56

45,15897·3·100

··

··10022VLSC

PlV

l = cable length

P = motor power

S = cable section

V = line tension

C = copper conductivity

Losses are minimal, so the section to connect the motor to the variable frequency controller will

be 3 x 6mm2

3.6.2 Converter dc/dc to variable frequency controller connection:

Section of cables will be calculated under follow conditions:

P = 5000WL = 0,5 m

I=P/V = 5000 / 390 = 12,8 = 13A

S = 4mm2 (from table)

%0146,0390·4·56

5000·5,0·200

··

··20022VSC

PlV

Losses are minimal, so the section to connect variable frequency controller to the converter will

be 4mm2. But if one would take into account the energy from start motor, Converter dc/dc it is small.

The main inverter problem is the difficulty to find a commercial one with the correct parameters.

If the power of the engine start is taken into account, the power of the converter will be 16 kW,

so the cable section would be 2x6mm2 like the connection between the motor and the variable

frequency controller

3.6.3 Battery to converter connection:

Section of cables will be calculated under follow conditions:

I max= 60A

V = 48 Vcc

∆V = 0,1%

2

223,22

48·1,0·56

48·60·5,0·200

··

··200mm

VAVC

PlS

33 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The section of the battery cable will be 2 x 25mm2

3.7 Protection All of the components have a IP66 protection, which means they are dust tight and protected against

powerful water jets. This also means they do not need a ground cable.

3.8 System overview As an overview, the entire system with all of its components and parameters can be seen

on the following figure:

To resume, next calculations give an idea of autonomy and electric components weight: Motor power (Pn) = 2,2kW Battery Capacity = 20 A / 1hour Motor Consume = 5,5 A / 1hour => 20 / 5,5 = 3,63 A/1hour => Autonomy: 3 hours 38 minutes Total electric components weight: 8,8Kg + 5 Kg + 1,2Kg + 14,4kg = 29,4 kg This is of course estimation and results may vary depending on the specific use.

34 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4. Design

4.1 State of art Nowadays, the usage of sustainable technologies is increasing because of the world’s situation.

Energy stocks as oil, are running out, moreover, these types of energy have a negative effect

on the planet, and that is causing a lot of problems.

Many companies are investigating and developing technologies that respect the environment.

A result of this fact it is the use of the electricity instead of the gasoil. There are many applications,

for example in the cars, motorcycles or in the outboard propulsion.

On the other hand, the design of the objects is changing and now all products are designed

for the user, and their needs, so, when a product is developing it is important to pay attention

to the design and not only the mechanical part. All products should to be intuitive, accessible

and ergonomic, if the object does not have these characteristics it is probable that it would not

be accepted by the society, so it would not be successful.

To develop and design outboard electric propulsion it is important to know and study some models

existing in the market to achieve the better result. The following examines the design of ten models

of this type of boat engines.

35 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 25 Torqeedo travel 1003

Figure 26 HSXW6.0 6HP

Figure 27 Torqeedo Deep blue

Figure 28 Torqeedo Ultralight 403

36 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 29 Fishing motor

Figure 30 Torqeedo Cruise

Figure 31 Ecycle Outboard 9.9

Figure 32 Seven Marine 557

37 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 33 Brushless outboard

Figure 34 JSM Model

Firstly, it should be noted that there are several designs and forms for the housing and the handle.

Moreover, it depends on where the engine is, If it is on the top, the housing will be bigger than

if it is down.

38 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.2 The users Who is going to use the product? What are they motor characteristics? What are their customs?

Here we are going to talk about the characteristics of our users and costumer, in order to design

the most accessible, useful and easy to use product.

4.2.1 Function table

The function table analyses the different groups of users of this product, together with the most

important design influences these groups have on the product.

USER ANALYSIS

Type of user Evaluation Justification

Dealer LW Will not affect the function of the object.

Seller MA Will not use the object directly, but must

know how it Works.

Person who is changing

batteries

MA Not necessarily the user but the task is really

important so the propulsion system must be

designed to make this an easy job.

Sailor CR The principal function of the propulsion

system is providing energy to move the sailor

through the water.

Maintenance MA At the time of cleaning and/or repair is

located in direct contact with the object.

Legend:

- CR: Critical

- MA: Major

- LW: Lower

*Functional table, unofficial, according to the subject DIME (Metodologia del Disseny), imparted to

the 3rd year, 6th semester, in the university of EPSEVG.

39 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

SPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE PEOPLE WHO USE AND INTERACT DIRECTLY WITH THE

OUTBOARD ELECTRIC PROPULSION

Differential characteristics Evaluation Justification

Physical

Weight LW Will not affect the function of the object.

Sex MA Will not affect the function of the object, but

depends on the sex the user will be more or

less stronger and that’s important because all

the system are removable and transportable.

Age MA According to the age they most have reflexes,

strength or agility to handle the engine.

Height MA Must be taken into account for ergonomics

and 95 percentiles

Cultural and social

Nationality CR The different cultures and regions have

different laws and different behaviour

patterns, so this is important.

Other

Disabilities MA It is always very important to design to do

easier use to any user

Experience CR The degrees of experience of the user will

condition their behaviour and reactions in

front of a problem.

40 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Context of use Evaluation Justification

Climate

Morning LW If there is enough light, it will not affect the

function of the object.

Evening LW If there is enough light, it will not affect the

function of the object.

Night MA It should be noted that it is difficult to see at

night and therefore more difficult to interact

with the engine.

Rain LW These weather conditions require more

technical specifications and protection.

Snowing LW These weather conditions require more

technical specifications and protection.

Wind MA If there is wind, the sea will be rougher, and

therefore, the user must be stronger and

more difficult to handle the outboard

propulsion. If the user should change the

battery this hinders the action, there will also

be more splashes.

clouded MA It should be noted that it is difficult to see

with this climate conditions and therefore

more difficult to interact with the engine.

Geography

Mediterranean CR Depends on the geographical sea conditions

and weather vary widely

Sea MA The water behaves differently than the river.

If the user should change the battery this

hinders the action, there will also be more

41 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

splashes.

River MA The water behaves differently than in the

sea.

Lake MA In Europe there are a lot of normative that

limited the design of any outboard

propulsion.

Characteristics of the use

The length of the distances CR If the user uses the outboard propulsion to

do short distances it will be simpler than if

the user uses it to do long distances, because

of the consumer will have more needs in one

fact than in the other.

Time to be attached CR The product could be attached to the boat

permanent or temporary which means that

in the first fact the user should only handle

the attachment once however if it’s

temporary the user should do this actions a

lot.

Life of batteries CR If the user should change the batteries very

often it’s important to design the housing

simple and easy to use it.

Conclusions of the function table

To conclude the user analysis of the external parts of the system, there are a few things which can

be learned from it.

Firstly, the user characteristics should be considered while designing the product. This means both

the physical as the cultural aspects. There characteristics will have influence on the behaviour

of the user and thus ultimately on the sizes of the design.

Secondly, the level of light in the environment the product is used in should be taken in to account.

The user needs to be able to see enough of the system in order to operate and interact with it.

42 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

It is important for the user to be able to perform these operations in different weather conditions,

like fair or cloudy weather.

On the other hand, the characteristics of the use are also important because the design will be very

different depending on the distances that the boat will be doing. Furthermore, the time that

the motor should be attached will condition the design and the facility of the use it. It should be easy

to remove and carry on and to transport it.

To sum up, the user will be within the 95 percentile and they will be experts and have experience

with boats. Their nationality will be basically Occidental and they won’t have any disability.

The context of use will be in the Mediterranean Sea and the length of the distance will be shorter.

The time of the use will be flashing and the batteries must be changed frequently.

43 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.3 The ergonomics and the accessibility The aim of the ergonomics parts is to design factors, as for the workplace, intended to maximize

periodicity by minimizing operator fatigue and discomfort. The ergonomics and the accessibility

could be divided in two parts; the static and the dynamics dimensions, these concepts are important

to take into account when you do the design of any product.

Firstly the static dimensions of the humans anthropometry, which studies the standard dimensions.

There is the ergonomics percentile, which is the concept of the kind of people that you want to take

care when you design a product, if you use the 5 percentile it means that you take care

of the minority but if you use the 95 percentile it means that you take care of the majority. We are

going to use the 95 percentile because of the users of the outboard electric propulsion, in theory,

do not have any motor disabilities. The parts that we are going to study are the hand and the arm.

The hand

Table 1: dimensions of the hand**

Figure 35 Hand dimensions

I J K L

95 (cm) 20,5 11,8 9,5 23,1

5 (cm) 17,8 10,0 8,2 20,0

This is important for the design of the handle and the user command.

The arm

Table 2: dimensions of the arm**

This is important for the design of the entire outboard propulsion, which has to be good for the handle dimensions. M: Man F: Female

A B C D

M F M F

95 (cm) 88,9 80,5 86,4 96,5 87,6 77,5

5 (cm) 75,4 67,6 73,7 68,6 75,4 66,5

44 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 36 Diferent arm dimensions

A : Scope backs/hand

B : Scope lateral/arm

C: Outstretched hand

D : Unextended hand

** The dimensions that we are going to take into account for the design are those which are

underlined because these are the most significance.

On the other hand, there is the dynamics aspect, which studies the articled movement.

It measurements and evaluated the magnitude of the articled movements. That is important because

the user should interact with the product and do some movements. The parts that we are going

to study are, the hand, the arm, the head and the backbone.

45 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The hand

Figure 37 Hand flexion, extension and desviation

The hand can do two different movements, the wrist and the fingers movements, as shown in the images. The wrist can do the flexion, extension and deviation movements. On the other hand, the fingers can do the abduction and the flexion movements. Both facts are important to design the handle and the user command.

Figure 38 Hand grips

Figure 39 Finger abduction, opposition and flexion

The arm

46 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 40 Arm Abduction and Elevation

Figure 41 Arm flexion, pronation and supination

Figure 42 Arm neutral rotation, hyperextension, flexion and rotation in abduction

The arm can do the shoulder and the elbow movements. This depends of the anatomy dimensions and the capacity to do this kind of movements the user could access to do more things. It will be interested for the manipulation of the outboard propulsion.

47 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The head

Figure 43 Head rotation, Hyperextension, Flexion and lateral inclination

The head could do three types of movements, which helps to the user to have more visibility and possibilities of seeing things. This fact is important to design the user command and take care it when the user have to drive the board.

The backbone

Figure 44 Back Lateral inclination, Rotation, Flexion and Hyperextension

The backbone movements it is important, as the arm movement, to manipulate the objects, when

the user has to change the batteries, when the user has to drive or finally, when the user should

move the engine.

48 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.4 The colours and font study The fore- and the background colour have to be in contrast. This fact will reduce the visual effort

of the user at the moment that he should identify the information.

For this reason, the choice was made to use the bright and obscure contrast, the font is going

to be dark and the background is going to be bright, and there are going to be an option, which

are going to allow the change and invert this.

4.4.1 Accessible colour table

For the colour scheme, inspiration was found in Innovanautic’s logo. For this reason, it was decided

to make the main colours black, white, green and blue.

Figure 45 Innovanautic colour scheme

We are following the colours used in the Innovanautic’s company, but we chose the back and white

colours because are the neutral colours. On the other hand, we are going to use blue colour, which

means the colour of sea, and the green one for the ecologic and electric part of the product.

Moreover, we have done a contrast study of these colours, which we use it for the foreground colour

and also for the background colour. Has we could see, the best results of the contras are:

Figure 46 colour scheme combinations

All the combinations with white background (1G, 2G, 3G). With the blue background the contras are good if the foreground is white (1W) and it is not bad if the foreground is green (2G), but it is really bad if the foreground is black (2N). With the green background are good the combinations with the black and white foreground (1N and 2 W), but it is not good with the blue (2B). With the black background colour are good the combinations with white and green colours (1O and 3O) but it is not good with the blue colour (2O).

Finally, we are going to take care this study in the design of the outboard electric propulsion’s parts

of the cover colour and in the user command. Moreover to do the other documents related with

the product, which are like the posters, the datasheet and the storyboard.

49 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The cover the background is white because it will prevent the internal temperatures to get

to high, as the white cover will reflect a great amount of the solar heat. The foreground

and the graphics are green, blue and black in order to follow the colour study that we did.

Users command the foreground of the user command will be green and the background colour

will black. That is because this combination has the best contrast.

The other documents these help to better explain the operation of the final product, and to show

their image detail. The colours of these documents are going to use the green, blue, with and black

in order to follow the colour study that we did.

Figure 47 Colours and fonts combined

50 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.5 Eco design That’s the concepts and the steps that we should take care when we design any product if we want

to be the respectful with the environment, the most that you could.

a. Development of new concepts

i. Dematerialization: Reduce to a minimum the amount of material used to develop the function of the product or service.

1. Optimizer thicknesses and widths to define finite elements.

2. Use materials such minimum density material.

3. Study sections and mechanisms.

4. Watching his cutting could enter more in detail.

ii. Sharing: ensure that different users share the same product or service in order to maximize their level of use. This will reduce the environmental impacts associated with each time you use the product (in the same split among environmental loads a greater number of uses).

b. Reduced consumption and diversity of materials

i. Optimize the wall thickness and density of the materials. ii. Minimize the components of the product without an important role or not

increase their quality or aesthetic value. iii. Reuse parts of the product. iv. Avoid the use of paints, lacquers and other surface treatments. v. Ask providers how to optimize the design of products.

vi. Consider the environmental impact of the materials at the time of selection.

c. Selection of materials with less environmental impact

d. Reducing the environmental impact of production processes

i. Reducing the number of production stages: reducing the number of different materials or components, avoiding the use of surface treatments, etc..

ii. Select materials and processes to internally recycle waste production (defective products, production testing, shrinkage ...)

iii. Integrating the design process in the environmental management system to ensure the mainstreaming of the environmental variable.

e. Optimization of distribution

i. Minimize the use of packaging: use reusable containers to reduce the amount of materials used to provide new features or packaging.

ii. Use materials with less environmental impact for packaging. iii. Maximize the amount of product per unit volume contained during transport

and storage, for example, shipping the product disassembled or stacked.

51 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

iv. Mark materials with identifying symbol. Reduce the weight of the product and its packaging to reduce energy

consumption during transportation.

f. Reduction of environmental impacts during use

i. Reducing energy and water per unit of service offered by the product (incorporating saving systems or improve the use efficiency).

g. Increased life

i. Allow and promote re-use. ii. Identify and seek to eliminate the weaknesses of the product (those where

there are more breaks or to be repaired frequently). iii. Choose appropriate materials and thickness to ensure good strength

of the product in use. iv. Design the product in modules that can be upgraded to suit the changing

needs of the user. v. Facilitate repair and maintenance (eg, ensuring that the most vulnerable

components can be easily dismantled and replaced). vi. Supply of spare parts for repair.

h. Optimization of waste management

i. Use recyclable or biodegradable, given the existence of a recycling scheme set for such materials in the country where the product will be used.

ii. Use the fewest possible materials. iii. Use materials that are compatible for joint recycling (ie not have

to disassemble the product or, at least, not entirely). iv. Minimize the use of paints, lacquers, additives, and surface treatments,

etc. obstacles to recycling the material. v. Simplify the dismantling of the product:

1. Minimizing the number of components or materials (therefore, unions)

2. Ensuring that the joints are easily accessible and there is enough space to use the tools required for dismantling

3. Ensuring that only require a few steps and common tools 4. Using systems that can separate binding after prolonged use 5. Symbols including information about the process 6. Concentrated in the same area all the components of the product

is not recyclable.

52 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.6 Final Design What is the final design of our product? This part will explain the external part of our product,

the dimensions, the forms and the accessibility characteristics, considering what was studied

in the other parts of this project; here will be the parts that will interact with the users, the handle,

the housing, the attachment etc.

One the other hand, we should to choose the characteristics of the materials that we want to have.

It has to be waterproof, resistant to impacts, rigid, reliable and durable. Moreover, the price

and the impact of the material are also important and we should take care. Nowadays, there is a big

problem to recycle and reuse many items related to boats. This fact we will confront it with the ideas

that were presented in the eco-design section.

In order to find the best material we used the Edupack program, which is a recommendation

of the UPC University.

For the housing shape, the principal’s functions are:

- Protect the electric parts of the product against the possible shock, since these are very

sensitive.

- Protect the electric parts of the product against water and sprays.

- Protect the electric parts of the product against the weather.

- Stabilize the system.

- Join the mechanical with the electrical part.

- Facilitate the user interaction.

- Facilitate the transport and handling of the user.

Moreover, there is the handle, which is related with the housing, which functions are:

- The driving motor.

- Protect the user.

- Do the product more ergonomic.

The principal characteristics of the housing and the handle are protecting the electric part

and facilitate the interaction of the product with the user.

The housing design is conditioned for the shapes of the electrical and mechanical part. To begin

designing it was necessary to define the dimensions of these components in order to see how much

space it needs*:

- Battery 281x128x176 mm

- Invertor 393x220x81 mm

- Variable of frequency 169x70x161 mm

- Potentiometer 17x17x35 mm

- Profile 150x60 mm

*The panels with more detail about the component’s dimensions are in the annex.

53 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 48 Overview

Then, the first idea was to follow the shapes of the electrical and mechanical parts by using as little

space as possible. Although the electrical components have varied during the project, some

of the ideas and designs that were considered were firstly proposal A and B which are the most

functional and which have the least organic shapes. proposal B has two versions, changing the site

of the handle. However, it was discarded because the cover 1 was too big and also because

the electrical components were changed.

Figure 49 Proposition A

54 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 50 Proposition B

On the other hand, we thought about designing organic shapes in order to do a final design more

dynamic and beauteous. This is the proposal C, following the firs ideas.

Figure 51 Proposition C

55 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The following designs are based on these ideas, and finally we arrived to the final design. Then,

the process of designed the housing and the handle is:

Figure 52 Cover design overview

56 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The final design of the product: parts

57 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.6.1 Cover design part 1

The cover design part 1 is the top of the housing. This part is divided in two parts, the fixed

and the mobile part. Moreover, all the housing are designed with the same shapes and idea.

Figure 53 Cover design

The fixed part (A) is linked with the cover design part 2, which is also fixed. This has a hold in the top,

which is used for the user to manipulate the outboard propulsion when he wants to disengage

the motor.

On the other hand, there is the mobile part (B) of the cover part 1. That is the part that is going

to open when the user should change the battery. Moreover, it is designed with the shapes to use

it to lock the system. This contains the screen, which is the part that displays the technical

information.

58 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 54 Cover handle

Materials selection and manufacturing processes

The material that we choose to do the cover is the polypropylene, which is the best material

for the specifications that we had said. It is called Poly Vinyl Chloride CPVC, all the specifications

about it, are in the annex. We though to do a external structure of aluminium but for recycling

materials and separate them is easier to use only one component and does not mix it.

The manufacturing of this cover will be for the manufacture of the thermoplastics injection, melting

and extrusion. This fact implies that the structure of the cover is going to be subjected not just by the

electrical and mechanical components, unless for the injection and extraction of the fix metal

“crumbs”.

On the other hand, the fences and boards are going to be neoprene coated and it will be attached

by vulcanization.

4.6.2 Cover design part 2

The cover design part 2 is the fixed part of the housing. The function of this part is to protect

the electric part, as was said before. The shapes are designed to add the profile in order to join

the housing with the profile, which has the engine and axle in the top.

Materials selection and manufacturing processes

The materials selections of the other cover are going to follow the same way as the first cover,

with the same materials and process.

59 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.6.3 Handle

The handle is designed based on the ergonomics study, which helps to define the shapes

and the dimension of this in order to design it with the best shape for the user because it is the part

that the user manipulate more.

The dimensions used in the handle are those decided on in the ergonomics study earlier in this

report. The handle is a part of the lock system, as was explained, so the shape of this part is most

important for the interactive part with the user and also for the lock system.

The system which was chosen to give power to the engine is the safe touch system, which means

the user should take the handle and move the finger across the surface, which is safe because

if the user does not touch the handle the engine has not power. This system was discarded because

the surface used would be to small and thus to sensitive to have an easy control.

Figure 55 Handle system 1

An alternative to this system was a system in which the user needs to turn the handle to a certain

position in order to regulate the engine speed. A significant downside of this system is that it requires

the user to move the arm in order to control the boat.

Figure 56 Handle system 2

Materials selection and manufacturing processes

The handle can divide in three parts. The part that the user takes to provide power to the engine,

the part allowed driving and turning the engine and finally, the part that lock the system.

The material that we choose to do the handle is the principal structure with aluminium, as was said

in the previous study of the materials. The part that the user will be in contact will be Perfluoro

elastomer (FFKM/FFPM) with carbon black filed.

60 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.6.4 Lock system

Materials selection and manufacturing processes

The materials selections of the other cover are going to follow the same way as the first cover,

with the same materials and process in order to achieve the best global housing, and we are going to

use aluminium for the handle, as we said.

The cut-off

This will be the system that helps to fastener the covers in order to shutdown the system and also

to protect it for the theft. There are two parts. Firstly the shaft part and the part that closes both

covers.

The shaft is a Stainless steel hinges industrial production. That is because it will be cheaper and easier

to buy it. There are three.

Stainless steel; steel AISI 304-DIN 1.4301. -Spring resistance 500.000 cycles. Measures: SA 120 - 120X80 A possible Catalan company manufacturer of hinges JUSTOR

On the other hand, there is the closes part. That part involves the shapes of the cover and also

the handle shapes. This combination implies that when the handle is down it is impossible opening

the housing, only when the handle is rising to the top it is possible open the housing. This fact

is in order to prevent possible accidents, because it is impossible open the housing for example when

the engine is turn on.

The idea is that the user could only touch the battery to change it. We designed this system in order

to prevent any accident. Moreover, we designed the system considering that there is only a mobile

electric component, the battery, and the others are fix. This means that the user could touch only

the battery and they couldn’t touch the other electronics components like the inverter

and the variable frequency.

The system that we use to apply this idea is as the following image shows:

Figure 57 closing system

The problem that we should improve is the fact that the user will do a force. For this reason we did

a study of the force in order to re-dimensioned the handle profile.

61 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.7 Strength of materials The study of tensions and deformations, it is depending of the material. We will use compare

stainless steel, aluminum and polyamide.

Design parameters

CS = σe / σt

σ = E xε

ε = ΔL / Lo A = F/ σ

Ζt = F / (Π/4 x D2) σb = 2 σt = F / (e x Φp)

σe stainless Steel 180 MPa σe aluminium 120 MPa σe polyamide 60 MPa E stainless Steel 160 MPa σe aluminium 120 MPa σe polyamide 60 MPa

The calculations are approximate if the user will do a force of 1000 N. the user should do less force but hat is for precaution. We are going to use as a safety factor a 1,5.

ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE

σt = 120 / 1,5 = 80 MPa

σt = 60 / 1,5 = 40 MPa σt = 180 / 1,5 = 120 MPa

Deformation of the handle ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE

ε = 120 / 210 X 103 = 5,71 X 10-4 ε = 80 / 70 X 103 = 1,15 X 10-4 ε = 40 / 12 X 103 = 3,34 X 10-4

ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE

ΔL = 1000 x 5,71 X 10-4 = 0,571 mm ΔL = 1000 x 1,15 X 10-4 = 0,115 mm ΔL = 1000 x 3,34 X 10-4 = 0,334 mm

The material that has more deformation is the aluminum and the less is the stainless steel.

Section ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE

A = 1000 / 120 = 8,33 mm2 A = 1000/ 80 = 12,5 mm2 A = 1000 / 40 = 25 mm2

In this case, in order to reduce the material we should use the stainless steel.

Dimensions of the handle. If we considering the material.

Firstly we decided, as a design parameter, that the handle would be 15 mm of width

a = A / b ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL

a = 8,33 / 15 = 0,56 mm a = 12,5 / 15 = 8,33 mm

62 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

POLYAMIDE

a = 25 / 15 = 1,67 mm

The articulation

This study is to avoid the sharp break ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE

Ζt=0,6 x 120= 72MPa Ζt = 0,6 x 80 = 52 MPa Ζt = 0,6 x 40 = 26 MPa

D = √ (4 x F / (ζt x Π)) ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE

D = √ (4 x 1000 / (72 x Π)) = 4,2 mm = 4,5 mm D = √ (4 x 1000 / (52 x Π)) = 4,95 mm = 5 mm D = √ (4 x 1000 / (26 x Π)) = 6,99 mm = 7 mm

Contact ALUMINUM σb = 2 x 120 = 1000 / (e x 4,5)

e = 0,93 mm = 1 mm STAINLESS STEEL

σb = 2 x 120 = 1000 / (e x 5) e = 0,83 mm = 1 mm

POLYAMIDE σb = 2 x 120 = 1000 / (e x 7) e = 0,60 mm = 1 mm

T = A / 2e ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL

T1 = 8,33 / (2 x 1) = 4,17 mm = 4,5 mm T1 = 12,5 / (2 x 1) = 6,25 mm = 6,5 mm

63 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

POLYAMIDE

T1 = 25 / (2 x 1) = 12,5 mm

On the other hand, the normative said that T1 >= D

σt (traction) = F / A = F / (2 x t2 x e) ALUMINUM σt = 1000 / (2 x 1 x t2) = 120 MP

t2 = 4,17 mm = 4,5 mm STAINLESS STEEL

σt = 1000 / (2 x 1 x t2) = 80 MP t2 = 6,25 mm = 6,5 mm

POLYAMIDE σt = 1000 / (2 x 1 x t2) = 40 MP t2 = 12,5 mm

To sum up, the study of tensions and deformations of the handle says that it’s not too big the force

that the user should do, so the section and dimension of this is not really important, but we should

take care about this when we are designing a component is subject a force. Moreover, we could

confirm that the best material is the aluminum and the second the stainless steel. As a result we are

going to change the profile of the handle.

Figure 58 Handle movements

64 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The handle is locked by piece, which helps that the handle does not fall over the most horizontal line when the engine is used.

Figure 59 Folding handle

65 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 60 Opening cover system

66 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

In this system we should redesign the cover because the angle to open is too much.

That is because it will be more stable and is harder to have a problem with the batteries

if the hold is smaller. In reference of what I’m saying, we change and redesigned

it and achieve open only 90º.

Figure 61 Removing battery

67 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.8 User command The user command has four parts, which are over and are in a box 120 x 80 mm2. The parts that

it have

1. Screen

2. Buttons of the screen to change the options that it displays

3. On/off button

4. Back button

Figure 62 User commands

The characteristics of each part are:

1. Screen: the dimension is 4” (ins), the background colour is grey, a neutral colour, without light,

that is because if there are glare the user could see the information‘s displays and the found

ground colours I black, that is because the contrast it’s really good.

2. Buttons of the screen to change the options that it displays: that are the smallest buttons

and that is because it are less important. The user could change the information that the screen

displays if they press it.

3. On/off button: if the user press it and the motor are off this will set and contrary if the engine

is turned it will turns off. That is the biggest button and is because it is the most important.

68 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

It is red because it colour is really easy to see. There are the international symbol

of the on/off which are going to facilitate the user identify it.

4. Back button: it is yellow because that colour is important and easy to see but not like the red

colour. That is smallest that the on/off button and that is because it is not so important.

When the user presses it, the engine will change the direction of the board.

The users will have a little screen in the cover, which is simple and useful, only in order to inform

the user, with the state of the batteries and also the speed at which it moves. Then, in the screen

displays two options:

1. Speed

2. Battery

69 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 63 Controls: speed

The screen displays the speed that the board goes. The units of this one are kilometres per hour and that is because the potentials users will be Mediterranean, specifically Spanish.

Figure 64 Controls: battery level

The screen displays the battery autonomy. The information will be approximately because it depends on the velocity but it will be the hours and the tan per cent the battery have.

Figure 65 Controls: battery warning

If the battery is about to end and the user needs to change it, the screen will display a warning sign, an international logotype of warning, and that will flashes, which is because the movement always attracts more attracting the eye of anyone.

4.9 Other documents

4.9.1 Story board

What is the process that the user should do to use the outboard electric propulsion? Which utilities

the product will offer to the user?

The steps that you should follow to place the engine are:

1. Attached the engine behind the boat. Turn the handle to adjust the thickness of this boat

2. Turn down the engine, put it in 90º and fix it.

3. Down the handle

70 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 66 Storyboard: starting

4. Press the on/off button and start the engine

Figure 67 Storyboard: press on/off button

5. Hold well the handle and rotate it to give speed

Figure 67 Storyboard: touch

71 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

6. Handle rotates horizontally to change direction of the boat.

Figure 68 Storyboard: press on/off button

7. Press the on/off button to turn off the engine

Figure 69 Storyboard: turning off

8. Repeat steps 4, 3, 2 and 1 in reverse

72 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

4.9.2 Datasheet

Which are the characteristics of the product?

This chapter will contain a document to show the consumers the specifications and the most

important characteristics that the outboard electric propulsion will have. The technical specifications

of our outboard electric propulsion, which are most interesting to them.

73 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

5. Market strategy Preparing the electric outboard propulsion is not the end of the project. It is the beginning

of introducing the product on the market and what is more, finding and satisfying the customers'

needs and expectations.

Although Spanish economy is the 13th-largest economy in the world and fifth-largest in European

Union, based on nominal GDP comparisons1, the country is still trying to manage with the global

economic crisis, and what the consequences of it are in regards of unemployment and debt. Under

those conditions the introduction of a new product on the market is a real challenge.

5.1 Strategic analysis Strategic analysis is a basic and crucial tool to determine market strategy. It is a process of gathering

and evaluating necessary information to formulate the strategy.

5.1.1 Market investigation

Spanish economy

Before global economic crisis began, Spain was in a time of rapid growth. The depth recession caused

by crisis affected all countries. According to real GDP Spain was in similar situation like other

advanced OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) economies, but had

more trouble with high unemployment rates and deterioration in government finances. The global

crisis has been compounded by a high degree of private indebtedness which was caused

by an unsustainable domestic demand boom, driven by business and housing investment. Now,

the slow recovery from the depression can be observed. In order to rebalance the Spanish economy,

labour- and product market reforms are needed. This will result in an improved competitiveness.

Spanish government is striving to put on a sustainable basis the public finances. Fiscal and financial

policies need to retrieve the investor confidence. The Spanish government still has to do a lot

of efforts to rebalance the economy.

Some facts about Spanish economy:

“-Spain’s world market share in exports market share has remained constant at 2% despite growing

shares of emerging markets.

-The fiscal GDP surplus of 1.9% of 2007 was transformed into a deficit of 11.3% in 2009, which

has been only reduced to 8.5% of GDP in 2011

-Strong commitment to achieve the fiscal targets contained in the Stability Program: -5.3% of GDP

in 2012 and -3% in 2013, with the objective of reaching equilibrium fiscal balance in 2015. Primary

budgetary surplus will be reached from 2013 onwards → Contributes to stabilizing the Debt/GDP

ratio

-Ambitious adjustment: Total expenditure cuts and revenue increases already adopted are estimated

at € 30.2 bn in 2012 and €19.6 bn in 2013.

1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Spain

74 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

-The Spanish banking sector has performed an extraordinary provisioning effort, and has increased

its capitalisation more than many other countries

Studies on provisioning levels in Europe suggest that:

The coverage ratio (Total provisions/ NPLs) of the Spanish financial sector is amongst the highest

in Europe

Even when compared to Total Credit (including performing loans), Spain’s provision levels

stand out amongst other European peers

Across asset classes, Spanish provision levels are among the top 3 countries in Europe

in the last years, not taking into account the provisioning efforts included in the Financial

sector reform

Beyond provisions, the Spanish banking system has deployed more capital per unit of asset

due to higher RWA/ Total Assets

-The clean-up measures taken place are equivalent to a real estate price reduction above European

adjustments

-The relative weight of the financial sector in the Spanish economy is lower than in other European

economies. Total Assets of the financial sector in terms of GDP:

Ireland ≈ 829% of GDP

UK ≈ 603% of GDP

France ≈ 375% of GDP

Spain ≈ 326% of GDP

Germany ≈ 310% of GDP

-All entities will be obliged to set up Asset Management Companies so that their balance sheet will

be cleaned of real estate assets:

-The long term sustainability of the Spanish economy is guaranteed:

Stabilization/adjustment of the current account deficit

After peaking at almost 10% in 2007, the financing needs of the Spanish economy vs the rest

of the world will be corrected to -0.9% of GDP in 2012 and is expected to close to balance by 2013.

It is the most radical adjustment in the Eurozone since the beginning of the crisis.

Spain continues to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 2,4% of GDP (average in 2010-2011).

The FDI stock of Spain, 44% of GDP is substantially higher than other Eurozone countries (Italy 15%,

Germany 21%). Spain registers a trade surplus with the Euro area.

Strong support from exports growth

The non-energy goods balance registered a surplus in the first two months of 2012 and the non-

tourist services balance moved into a surplus at end of 2011. Tourism services continues to show

a healthy growth.

75 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Declining Unit Labour Costs (ULC), improved geographical diversification (especially to Latin America

and Asia) and new focus of companies in export markets has increased the exports participation

in GDP from 23% in 1T-2009 to close to 31% in 4T-2011.

Private sector deleveraging

Accumulated clean-up of Financial Sector with close to € 200 bn of provisions and capital buffers.

Last 2012 Reform focused in loans linked to developers (€ 307 bn ) increasing the average coverage

ratio to 45%.

Accumulated clean-up of Financial Sector balance sheet

In the mortgage portfolio (€ 660 bn), a low mortgage arrears rate (3%) , a low average LTV (62%)

and a strong level of provisions in the system allow for sufficient protection if it were needed.

In the corporate and SME portfolio (€ 990 bn), the doubtful loan ratio of credit to non-financial

companies excluding construction and property developers is lower than the doubtful loan ratio

of total credit

Both the stock of household and corporate debt –excluding the financial sector- have decreased

since their peak levels in 2010 ( by 7% of GDP and 8% of GDP respectively). This compares very

favourably with other Eurozone countries deleveraging rates.

The International Investment Position (IIP) of -90% of GDP is shared more or less equally between

the public and private sector. The relative weight of FDI in both sides of the IIP (assets and liabilities)

is very high (more than in other European countries), which makes this position sustainable.

Public Sector fiscal consolidation impulse to all Administration levels

The effects of the burst of the real estate bubble have been largely alleviated

A significant reduction in the number of former savings banks: from 45 before the crisis

to 7 institutions soon.

And all saving banks have been transformed into commercial banks”2

2http://www.thespanisheconomy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/en-

gb/Financial%20Sector/Spains%20path%20towards%20stability%20and%20growth.pdf

76 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Boating market3

The highest relative growth in boating market in Europe is dated on 2004-2009, then the recession

came with the global crisis. In 2009 all industries suffered because of the worldwide economic crisis

and boating industry was affected as well all over the world. Considering the boating industry

trouble, the worst situation was in Europe. This was a difficult time for all companies, some of them

had to reduce their employment up to 70%, some were force to go bankrupt and in the worst

situation, some were taken over by competitors.

A slow recovery in the boating industry can now be noticed but the International Council of Marine

Industry Associations (ICOMIA) is still sceptical about this. Arlene Sloan writes in ICOMIA boating

industry statistics 2010 “Despite some signs of recovery, consumer confidence remains elusive”.

(Sloan 2011, 1) Deepening debt crisis in Southern Europe, credit downgrades in America is just a few

reason why consumers are still careful and companies have to still try to gain their confidence.

According to ICOMIA’s market overview of June 2011 it could be assumed that the boating industry

is improving. Many marine companies have adapted the changes after the crisis and prosper well.

It is observed the bankruptcy of some companies and also the merging with each other. In this hard

time after crisis the bigger companies have influence on the smaller ones. A large part of the boating

industry belongs to the leaders in the industry, unfortunately at the expense of small businesses.

(Kleinitz, 2012.)

Below there are presented some facts from boats industry:

The total turnover of boating industry and the number of companies around the world:

USA - 68,741.87 million euros and 1125 boat builders

UK - 3,543.30 million euros and 380 boat builders

Italy – 3,336.00 million euros

France - 2,950.50 million euros

Turkey - 450 boat builders

Australia and Germany – 400 boat builders

(Kleinitz 2012.)

3http://www.thespanisheconomy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/en-

gb/Financial%20Sector/Spains%20path%20towards%20stability%20and%20growth.pdf

http://www.thespanisheconomy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/en-

gb/Economic%20Policy%20Measures/110201_OECD_Economic_Survey.pdf

http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/44214/Laaksonen_Tommi.pdf?sequence=2

77 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Spain does not belong to the top countries of the biggest turnover of the boating industry

and neither do a lot of companies from this sector.

The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010:

1. USA - 517 630 boats

2. France - 24 739 boats

3. Poland - 16 610 boats

4. Italy – 12 010 boats

(Kleinitz 2012.)

Figure 70 The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010

In Figure 71 it can be observed that according to general information Spain has 25 boats builders,

which does not place the country in the top of the ranking. In Spain 16 000 people found

employment in the boating industry. The amount of boats divided with the population in Spain

is equal 210 boats. On the territory of the country is 358 places to dock for smaller boats

(a basin with open moorings) and 129 554 places like harbours and ports.

517 630

24 739 16 610 12 010 0

100 000

200 000

300 000

400 000

500 000

600 000

USA France Poland Italy

The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010

Number of boats

78 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 71 Boating industry in numbers (Kleinitz, 2012)

The next figure (Figure 72) presents information about numbers and types of boats in the country’s

territory. Spain has about 219 998 boats included 13 455 boats that are fully or partially propelled

by sail, 154 178 motor boats with the inboard engine located just forward from the transom

and 52 365 small boats with sides made of flexible tubes. It is visible that mainly park a inboard stern

drive motor boats.

79 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 72 Boat park (units) (Kleinitz, 2012)

* UK data from 2009

80 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 73 presents the information on domestic boat production. In Spain, 63 sailboats, 1 262

inboard stern drive motor boats and 255 inflatable boats were produced in 2012.

Figure 73 Domestic boat production (units) (Kleinitz, 2012)

5.1.2 Communication strategies

To achieve a success in introducing a new product on the market, the key is to find the right product

at right time in right place and address it to right people. In the beginning it is necessary to establish

the target group. The following questions could be helpful:

Who will be interesting in this project?

Who will be using this product?

Who have an influence on this project?

For what purpose the project is accomplished?

Communication with stakeholders gives the answers for some of these question. Communication

strategy consist of four group of stakeholders, the most powerful people who have high influence

and high interest and who manage the project. The second group has high influence but low interest

and project outputs should satisfy their expectations. The third group just monitors the project

81 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

because they have low influence and low interest. The last group has low influence of the project

but high interest and should be informed about project development.

In Electric Outboard Propulsion project the following interested parties were appointed:

Figure 74 Communication strategies

82 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

The next step is to list the interested parties and explain why and how they can influence the project.

The team – The team is strongly involved in the project and has high influence as high

interest due to the fact that they perform the project

supervisors - they give the necessary information about the work delivered and help

the team in finding the right directions to reach the set goals. They also inspect

the achievements

Innovanautic - this is company which asked to create this project, they have a high influence

on the project, as well as a high interest. The team is monitored by the company

but also receives the necessary support from them

European Commission – The EC could be involved in our project by European Fisheries Fund

because an application for the fund will be realized for realization of the project

other EPS groups - they compare the stage of their project with other groups,

it is mobilization to work; they also monitor the other groups work,

other supervisors - they monitor the other group work as well as other EPS groups

sellers - they are observers, in the future the product can create possibilities to gain

the money

ecological organizations - due to the fact that electrical outboard propulsion is more

environmental friendly than a combustion engine, different ecological organizations could

be interested in this topic

home universities - they have low influence on the project but they want to monitor

the achievements and be informed about our development

other companies - because of market competition and technological development other

companies are interested about new product on the market to create competitive offer

for customers

fishermen - new products could be interesting for them if it makes their work easier, not only

handling but also maintenance should be easy to give the users satisfaction and pleasure

other users of small boats - similarly like the fishermen

5.1.3 Marketing Mix

In this part the focus should be on satisfying customers’ needs profitably, the answer how to manage

it could deliver marketing mix analysis. Answers to the following questions should be found:

What is the price? Where is the target audience? and How to make the product recognizable

on the market? How to gain the trust of customers? and make a product of good quality?

Products – It is a material good, physical object - an outboard electric propulsion for small boats.

3 main components of product:

1. Core product

A system which allows to manoeuvre the small boats out of their ports safely and with great

precision.

83 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

2. Formal product

Product attributes

- high efficiency system

- safety

- advanced electronic propulsion

- environmental friendly

- sustainable technology

- good quality

Branding

The technology based company – Innovanautic – try to used the most efficient system based

on renewable and conventional sources of energy. As the company name indicated company

is focused on innovation and development.

Logo:

Packaging

The system should be protected for damage during delivery it to customer, ensuring that

the product will reach the buyers in perfectly good condition without any failures.

Labeling

The product should have also the label contains all necessary information about product

and the brand name, logo.

3. Augmented product

To complete the total product offer it should be mentioned that with product the company

deliver after-sales service like warranty.

Price- (not possible to make a correct estimate yet, the price should be profitable for the company

but not too high)

Place – The assumption was made that product will be delivered mainly to the Catalonian region

but it is appropriate for all swallow see with waves approximately 1m high.

Company location

Business is located in the target market region, what provides customers the quick access

to the product.

84 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Channel of distribution

It is really important to choose the right channel of distribution.

Distribution option include for instance:

Direct channel – manufacturer -> consumer

Multiple channels:

- sell products to wholesaler

- shop selling

- using website to sell products

- have agents or distributors selling the products

Promotion - the way to reach a target audience. The method to encourage the customers

to buy the product is promotion. When clients became familiar with the product they are willing

to make purchase.

Firstly, it should be kept in mind why the promotion is needed. The purpose of promotion

is to increase the profit by increasing the sales. Funds spent on promotion strategy should return

with the surplus in the future from purchases.

Advertisement should be catchy, make that the name of the business stay in mind of the customers.

Aim of advertisement is to give clear and direct information and cannot hurt anyone feelings.

Also important is to build a favourable image of company, to give a necessary information about

product, to attract customers to buy the goods and to arouses interest about brand. Everything using

in promotion have to be accordance with the law.

5.1.4 PESTEL analysis

The purpose of this analysis is to assess the macro-environment of company.

Political forces

political system - parliamentary monarchy4, political system based on constitution of 1978;

constitutional laws have influence on the action made by company by for instance equal

rights for all citizens and allowed to work. It permits also to the possession private property.

political stability - according to the Political Instability Index5 Spain is located on 104 position

in 165 considered countries. Although the economic distress is quite high (8.0 in 1-10 scale),

index score indicates the moderate risk. For company it means that it should not be expected

dramatic change in politics and what is more in statutes.

membership of international groups and trade blocs - Spain is a member of few trade blocs

like The European Union, European Free Trade Association and Free Trade and Warehousing

4 First article. Cortes Generales (27 December 1978). "Spanish Constitution". Tribunal Constitucional de España.

Retrieved 28 January 2012. 5 http://viewswire.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=social_unrest_table&page=noads

85 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Zones6. Such memberships give a company an opportunity to import and export the goods

and services among the members of partnerships.

the level of trade protectionism - the level of protectionism in Spain is quite high7, Spain

is on the list of the top 10 biggest targets of protectionism8. This is good condition

for the project because the focus is on the Catalonia region.

Economic forces

unemployment rate – the unemployment rate in Spain is one of the highest in European

Union (26.7 %)9; the company will have no problem to find a future employees.

income – the Gross Domestic Product per capita in Purchasing Power Standards is equal 9810,

what means that it is almost equal to the EU average GDP (100); it means that Spanish

economy is still one of the biggest economy in the Europe, what gives company

the opportunity for development.

inflation rate – annual average rate of change in Spain is equal 2.4%11, this gives

the information that prices increase so probably the company expenses increase as well.

currency exchange rates - Spain’s currency is the Euro, and the exchange rate

is approximately €0.77= $112. The trend of Euro Exchange Rate is downward (2009-2013)13.

The high euro exchange rate could reduce the competitiveness of European economies, what

might be a problem for company if decide to deliver the products and services

at international market.

availability of loans - Spain is one of the top countries for granting loans to firms when scaled

by GDP14, what is means that company will have possibility to take a loan if needed.

taxes - in Spain the income taxes vary from 24.75% to 52%. Spain's corporate tax rate

is 30%15. Company should be aware of the taxes which have to pay. This economic force have

a noticeable impact on company.

interest rates - the benchmark interest rate in Spain is equal 0.50 percent and is lower than

last year16. The decrease of interest rate could bring increase in business activity what is good

forecast for the company.

6 http://www.fedex.com/us/international/irc/profiles/irc_es_profile.html#C02

7 http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp110.pdf

8 http://www.globaltradealert.org/sites/default/files/GTA11_section1.pdf

9 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics

10 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114

11http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tec00118&tableSelection=1

&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 12

http://www.xe.com/?r=10 13

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/currency 14

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/finance/data/enterprise-finance-index/access-to-finance-indicators/loans/index_en.htm 15

http://www.worldwide-tax.com/spain/spain_taxes.asp 16

http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/interest-rate

86 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Social forces

tradition and national values - this social force have weakly impact of the company however

it should be respected tradition and national values as a part of the culture.

labour standards - the standard work week in Spain consist of 40 work hours17, the company

should respect this.

the level of education – “Education in Spain is compulsory, and free from 6 to 16 years

of age, supported by the Government in each Region. About 70% of Spain's student

population attends public schools or universities.”18 97.7% of population of Spain is able

to write and read (male: 98.5%, female: 97%)19, the level of education gives the employer

the information about training needed for employees and also defines the salary.

business ethics - taking care of the good name of the company business ethics should

be respected according to high competition on the market.

openness to international products and new technologies - according to the Peterson's

frameworks dimensions Spain rather try to avoid risk and what is connected

to this it is not so open for using new technologies and international products, it gives the

chance to company to deliver the products and services to domestic market but on the other

hand it is a threat for company that customers will be afraid of using the new technology

applied in the products.

demographics of population - the age structure in Spain is as follows:

0-14 years: 15.3% (male 3,698,174/female 3,483,844)

15-24 years: 9.9% (male 2,401,814/female 2,232,342)

25-54 years: 46.5% (male 11,127,110/female 10,751,806)

55-64 years: 11.1% (male 2,546,319/female 2,684,463)

65 years and over: 17.3% (male 3,444,027/female 4,673,085)

According to sex ratio it turns out that in Spain is more women than men. Urban population is equal

77% of total population with the annual rate of change equal 1%.20 This information is important

to establish the target group by the company.

17

http://www.recruitmentspain.com/labourlawsinspain.php 18

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Spain 19

http://www.indexmundi.com/spain/demographics_profile.html 20

http://www.indexmundi.com/spain/demographics_profile.html

87 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Technological forces

the quality of scientific research background – the team used the secondary research method

to gather the information needed to the project, it means that all assumption based

on already existing materials.

ecological technologies - nowadays sustainability and ecological technologies are really

important, electric outboard propulsion is more environmental friendly what build positive

image of company.

production technologies - the production technologies are well-developed what gives

a company a lot of possibilities.

level of engineering and technical staff - the project team consist of six members from

different countries and with different knowledge background, international students team

could deliver fresh ideas to complete the project.

Environmental forces

change of climate - a higher incidence of heat waves and droughts21, it could cause decrease

of level of water in long term forecast, and it might be positive factor for production

an outboard electric propulsion for small boats appropriate for shallow water.

Legal forces

financial-banking system - in times of crisis in Spain it is observed difficult situation of public

finance and increasing public debt22, subsequently could be for instance rise of taxes that

company have to pay.

the range of state interventionism - in times of crisis the government have the influence

of the economy, companies have to follow certain regulations but are not totally dependent

on government.

contract law - all prepared contracts by company should follow the contract law.

tax law – company is obligated to pay the taxes according to tax law.

consumer law - company should respect consumer law to satisfy the customers.

protection against unfair competition - this protection gives the company possibilities

for develop safely and under the same conditions as other companies, reduce the threat

of unfair competition.

health and safety protection - the company should provide safety environment in work

for the employees as well as health insurance.

regulations - during preparing new product company should be aware of certain regulation

to follow, like for instance the patent law.

21

http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/rising_temperatures/hotspot_map/spain.cfm 22

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12137.pdf

88 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

5.1.5 SWOT analysis

SWOT analysis is a commonly known marketing tool to evaluate the positive and negative influences

on the project. Internal factors like strengths and weaknesses as well as external factors like

opportunities and threats will help to create an overview of the products market position.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Environmental friendly

High efficiency system

Sustainable technology

User friendly

Portable

Quiet system

Low operational cost

Relatively light weight

Location: company located in the target region

High initial price

Run time (approximately 3,5 hour)

Battery life

Max speed (just 5 knots)

OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Spanish government encourage domestic business

Lack of the competitors in the target region

Strengthen the company name among the target group and potential buyers

Possibility of acquire the European Fishers Found for the project

Improve the local economy

Growing the competitors pressure (especially from USA)

Opposition to change

Figure 75 Swot analysis

89 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Conclusion:

Innovanautic is a small, technology based company focused on the innovation and development

of the sustainable technology, located in Tarragona. The new product is prepared by international

team of student from different countries and with different background of knowledge.

To be successful in introducing a new product on the market it has to be establish the strengths

and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats. The next step is to focus what it can be done

to improve the weaknesses of product, although it still should be also consider how maintain

the strong points. The company should keep in mind the possibilities created by the external

environment to take advantage of them. Another challenge for the company is to diminish

the negative influence on the project posed by threats.

5.1.6 Competitor analysis23

A lot different of companies exist on the market who offer similar products. Keeping in mind that

the goal is to present the product in Catalonia it was checked that in this region does not exist

company which could deliver an entire electric outboard propulsion system. It creates

the opportunity of introducing the product successfully on market, but nowadays products

and services can be freely distributed all over the world so external companies became competitors.

Below there are listed some of them.

1. Ray Electric Outboards, Inc.

Country – USA

2. Reservoir Runner

Country – USA

3. Minn Kota

Country – USA

4. Torqeedo

Country – Germany

5. Parsun Marine Electric Outboard

Country – China

6. Seven Marine

Country – USA

7. Parsun Marine Electric Outboard

Country – China

8. eCycle Marine

Country – USA

9. MotorGuide

Country – USA

10. Electric Launch Company / ELCO

Country – USA

23 http://www.rbbi.com/links/outboard.htm#ob

90 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Picture Company name Type Country Dealers Price*Motor's Weight

(in kg)Power Horsepower Amp Voltage Max Thrust Shaft Length Number of Batteries Warranty ( in years)

Electric Propulsion

Innovation CorporationWhisper XT USA USA

3479.58

EUR

($4,495)

32 N/A N/A 75 72 V 1.18 kN 0.84m N/A 2

Parsun Marine Electric

Outboard

F4ERS 4 HP

Remote Control

Short Shaft

China

USA

Canada

Switzerland

Netherlands

1974.21

EUR

($2,550)

34 3.0 kW 4 HP 90 48 V 0.58 kN 0.38 m N/A 2

Reyelectric outboard

Reyelectric

outboard system

200

USAUSA

Canada

4017.06

EUR

($5,190)

33 1.9 kW 2.5 HP N/A 36 V 0.60 kN N/A 6 N/A

Reservoir Runner Reservoir

Runner 500-TUSA USA

3092.53

EUR

($3,995)

N/A N/A 4 HP 75 48 V N/A N/A 1 1

Minn Kota e-Drive USAAll over the

world**

3466.75

EUR

($4,479)

47 N/A 2 HP N/A 48 V2 hp / 1.49

kW0.51 m N/A 2

? Innovanautic EPS Project Spain Spain 30 2.2kW 3 HP 6 48 V 1 kN 1 2

Figure 76 Products specifications

91 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

*exchange rate: 1.00 USD ⇒ 0.7741 EUR

exchange rate: 1.00 GBP ⇒ 1.1701 EUR

** USA, Australia, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Austria, Poland, Netherlands, Basil, Indonesia, Chile,

Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, United Kingdom, Italy,

Japan, Russia, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, South Africa, Norway, Singapore, Serbia

& Montenegro, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine

Figure 77 Price comparison

Figure 78 Motors’ Weight comparison

92 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 79 Voltage comparison

5.2 Strategy

5.2.1 Promotion Strategy

During preparing promotion strategy the following considerations was taken into account:

resource availability and costs of promotional tools

market size and concentration

customer information needs

product characteristics

The product is an electric outboard propulsion for small boats, for fishing industry, to daily use,

in Catalonia region.

Nowadays a lot of promotional tools are available. In this project the most suitable are:

advertising - to focus the customers attention on the product, increase an awareness

of the product and company name, create a desire for the product and to convince clients

that the product fulfils their needs.

posters - to communicate with the audience by visual message, poster should

be eye-catching and also informative to gain the customers' interest.

advertisement in local radio - clear and short information in local radio station

is good way to reach to the target group.

advertisement in local papers and special magazines - information about new

product should be attached in the papers and magazines which are the most likely

93 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

read by the target group, thus local papers and magazines about boats and fishing

are the most suitable in this case.

direct marketing – to communicate with potential customers directly by providing straight

message, without any intermediaries.

direct mail – email contained a short promotional information about product send

to the companies and potential customers.

telemarketing – the method of promotion based on giving the information

and explanation about product by phone call.

catalogue – the company should provide an easy access to the catalogue with short

description and picture of products. It could be printed version as well as the on-line

one.

public relations - is used for crafting and maintaining the good corporation's image.

presentation for companies – in order to present company product as a business

investment.

panel – contain the based information about product like product specification, short

offer for companies.

personal selling - persuasive message based on face-to-face meeting in order to convince

customer to purchase a goods

Internet and online marketing – advertising which use an Internet as a source

of communication with customer.

website advertisement - nowadays an Internet became easy to reach source

of information due to this fact the information about new product should

be available on the Internet. It could be created website, catalogue on-line, advertise

on the other websites, forums or community walls.

5.2.2 Social Media Marketing

Social media marketing is a process of gaining customer attention through social media sites. Access

to the social media platform have everyone who have an Internet connection. Social platforms

increase awareness of the brand and create an opportunity to share information among users

and companies with the social network. Due to such an interaction it is build relationship with client.

Social media performs several function such as shearing the information, discuss about products

or services, involve the customer and promote products and services.

94 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 80 Social Media examples

95 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

96 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 1 Shaft adapter and motor connection ...................................................................................... 10

Figure 2 Engine fitted in outer tube ...................................................................................................... 10

Figure 3 Elastic clutch ............................................................................................................................ 11

Figure 4 Axel to propeller connection ................................................................................................... 12

Figure 5 Bearing fit ................................................................................................................................ 12

Figure 6 Shaft adapter force scheme .................................................................................................... 13

Figure 7 Shaft adapter calculations ....................................................................................................... 13

Figure 8 Bearing details ......................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 9 Bracketing system screw ......................................................................................................... 19

Figure 10 Steering system ..................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 11 Steering system force scheme............................................................................................... 20

Figure 12 Axel force scheme ................................................................................................................. 21

Figure 13 Axel momentum line ............................................................................................................. 21

Figure 14 Bearing parameters ............................................................................................................... 22

Figure 15 Total system scheme ............................................................................................................. 25

Figure 16 Ebox-100 battery ................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 17 Ebox 100 batery parameters ................................................................................................. 26

Figure 18 Converter parameters ........................................................................................................... 27

Figure 19 Converter ............................................................................................................................... 27

Figure 20 VFD connection scheme ACS 355 .......................................................................................... 28

Figure 21 Input and output of the ACS 355 ........................................................................................... 29

Figure 22 The Softpot potentiometer ................................................................................................... 30

Figure 23 Engine parameters ................................................................................................................ 30

Figure 24 Cable section table ................................................................................................................ 31

Figure 25 Torqeedo travel 1003 ............................................................................................................ 35

Figure 26 HSXW6.0 6HP .................................................................................................................... 35

Figure 27 Torqeedo Deep blue .............................................................................................................. 35

Figure 28 Torqeedo Ultralight 403 ........................................................................................................ 35

Figure 29 Fishing motor ......................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 30 Torqeedo Cruise .................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 31 Ecycle Outboard 9.9 .............................................................................................................. 36

Figure 32 Seven Marine 557 .................................................................................................................. 36

Figure 33 Brushless outboard ................................................................................................................ 37

Figure 34 JSM Model ............................................................................................................................. 37

Figure 35 Hand dimensions ................................................................................................................... 43

Figure 36 Diferent arm dimensions ....................................................................................................... 44

Figure 37 Hand flexion, extension and desviation ................................................................................ 45

Figure 38 Hand grips .............................................................................................................................. 45

Figure 39 Finger abduction, opposition and flexion .............................................................................. 45

Figure 40 Arm Abduction and Elevation................................................................................................ 46

Figure 41 Arm flexion, pronation and supination ................................................................................. 46

Figure 42 Arm neutral rotation, hyperextension, flexion and rotation in abduction ........................... 46

Figure 43 Head rotation, Hyperextension, Flexion and lateral inclination ........................................... 47

Figure 44 Back Lateral inclination, Rotation, Flexion and Hyperextension ........................................... 47

Figure 45 Innovanautic colour scheme ................................................................................................. 48

97 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Figure 46 colour scheme combinations ................................................................................................ 48

Figure 47 Colours and fonts combined ................................................................................................. 49

Figure 48 Overview ................................................................................................................................ 53

Figure 49 Proposition A ......................................................................................................................... 53

Figure 50 Proposition B ......................................................................................................................... 54

Figure 51 Proposition C ......................................................................................................................... 54

Figure 52 Cover design overview .......................................................................................................... 55

Figure 53 Cover design .......................................................................................................................... 57

Figure 54 Cover handle .......................................................................................................................... 58

Figure 55 Handle system 1 .................................................................................................................... 59

Figure 56 Handle system 2 .................................................................................................................... 59

Figure 57 closing system ....................................................................................................................... 60

Figure 58 Handle movements ............................................................................................................... 63

Figure 59 Folding handle ....................................................................................................................... 64

Figure 60 Opening cover system ........................................................................................................... 65

Figure 61 Removing battery .................................................................................................................. 66

Figure 62 User commands ..................................................................................................................... 67

Figure 63 Controls: speed ...................................................................................................................... 69

Figure 64 Controls: battery level ........................................................................................................... 69

Figure 65 Controls: battery warning ..................................................................................................... 69

Figure 66 Storyboard: starting............................................................................................................... 70

Figure 67 Storyboard: touch .................................................................................................................. 70

Figure 68 Storyboard: press on/off button ........................................................................................... 71

Figure 69 Storyboard: turning off .......................................................................................................... 71

Figure 70 The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010 .............................................................. 77

Figure 71 Boating industry in numbers (Kleinitz, 2012) ........................................................................ 78

Figure 72 Boat park (units) (Kleinitz, 2012) ........................................................................................... 79

Figure 73 Domestic boat production (units) (Kleinitz, 2012) ................................................................ 80

Figure 74 Communication strategies .................................................................................................... 81

Figure 75 Swot analysis ......................................................................................................................... 88

Figure 76 Products specifications .......................................................................................................... 90

Figure 77 Price comparison ................................................................................................................... 91

Figure 78 Motors’ Weight comparison ................................................................................................. 91

Figure 79 Voltage comparison ............................................................................................................... 92

Figure 80 Social Media examples .......................................................................................................... 94

98 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Acknowledgment The entire team has put a lot of time and effort into creating this project. However, it would not have

been possible without the support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to

take this opportunity to extend our thanks to all of them.

First of all we would like to thank our supervisors, Mr. Xavi Prats of the company Innovanautic and

Mr. Vicenç Parisi from UPC for their constant supervision as well as for providing the necessary

information regarding the project and also for their support in completing this project.

Furthermore, we would like to thank Ms. Elesabet Arno From UPC for the help in how to structure

and present a project like this, during the English Communication classes.

The team wants to thank the people working in the international office for always being there if we

needed them for basically anything.

Finally, special thank go out to all our friends and colleagues in the EPS group for the helping

comments and in general for the fantastic semester we had here.

99 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Appendix pages

Appendix A, motor specifications

100 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Appendix B, profile specifications

101 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Appendix C, hinge specifications

102 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Appendix D Sustainability report

Eco Audit Report

Product Name

Product

Product Life (years)

10

Energy and CO2 Footprint Summary:

103 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Phase Energy (MJ) Energy (%) CO2 (kg) CO2 (%)

Material 1.94e+04 6.0 1.16e+03 6.3

Manufacture 166 0.1 12.6 0.1

Transport 8.5 0.0 0.604 0.0

Use 3.04e+05 93.9 1.73e+04 93.6

Disposal 23.1 0.0 1.62 0.0

Total (for first life) 3.24e+05 100 1.84e+04 100

End of life potential 0 0

104 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Eco Audit Report

Energy and CO2 Summary

Energy Analysis

Energy (MJ)/year

Equivalent annual environmental burden (averaged over 10 year product life): 3.24e+04

Material:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Component Material Recycled

content*

(%)

Part

mass

(kg) Qty. Total mass Energy

(MJ) %

Liftingsystem Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2.3 1 2.3 4.8e+02 2.5

Vertical profile Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 12 1 12 2.5e+03 12.7

Cover Polyethylene (PE) Virgin (0%) 4 1 4 3.2e+02 1.7

control screen LCD panel (liquid crystal

display) Virgin (0%) 0.13 1 0.13 32 0.2

handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 1.6 1 1.6 3.3e+02 1.7

battery Li-Ion battery (for scooters) Virgin (0%) 4 2 8 2.6e+03 13.3

inverter Transformer Virgin (0%) 7.2 1 7.2 6.1e+02 3.2

converter Transistors Virgin (0%) 1.2 1 1.2 3.5e+03 17.8

engine Desktop computer (without

screen) Virgin (0%) 20 1 20 8.3e+03 42.6

cover pipe Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.97 1 0.97 2e+02 1.0

shaft adapter casing Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.3 2 0.6 1.2e+02 0.6

shaft adapter bearings Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.32 1 0.32 27 0.1

105 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

shaft Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.3 1 0.3 25 0.1

adapter disk Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.22 1 0.22 46 0.2

handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.05 1 0.05 10 0.1

propeller Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2 1 2 4.2e+02 2.1

Total 18 61 1.9e+04 100

*Typical: Includes 'recycle fraction in current supply'

Manufacture:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Component Process Amount processed Energy

(MJ) %

Liftingsystem Rough rolling, forging 2.3 kg 13 7.6

Vertical profile Rough rolling, forging 12 kg 66 39.5

Cover Polymer extrusion 4 kg 25 15.0

handle Extrusion, foil rolling 1.6 kg 17 10.4

cover pipe Rough rolling, forging 0.97 kg 5.3 3.2

shaft adapter casing Metal powder forming 0.6 kg 13 7.9

shaft adapter bearings Metal powder forming 0.32 kg 12 7.5

shaft Rough rolling, forging 0.3 kg 2.4 1.4

adapter disk Rough rolling, forging 0.22 kg 1.2 0.7

handle Rough rolling, forging 0.05 kg 0.28 0.2

propeller Rough rolling, forging 2 kg 11 6.6

Total 1.7e+02 100

106 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Transport:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Breakdown by transport stage

Total product mass = 61 kg

Stage name Transport type Distance (km) Energy (MJ) %

wholesale Light goods vehicle 1e+02 8.5 100.0

Total 1e+02 8.5 100

Breakdown by components

Component Component mass (kg) Energy (MJ) %

Liftingsystem 2.3 0.32 3.8

Vertical profile 12 1.7 19.6

Cover 4 0.56 6.6

control screen 0.13 0.018 0.2

handle 1.6 0.22 2.6

battery 8 1.1 13.2

inverter 7.2 1 11.8

converter 1.2 0.17 2.0

engine 20 2.8 32.9

cover pipe 0.97 0.14 1.6

shaft adapter casing 0.6 0.084 1.0

shaft adapter bearings 0.32 0.045 0.5

shaft 0.3 0.042 0.5

adapter disk 0.22 0.031 0.4

handle 0.05 0.007 0.1

107 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

propeller 2 0.28 3.3

Total 61 8.5 100

Use:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Static mode

Energy input and output type Electric to

mechanical (electric

motors)

Use location Spain

Power rating (hp) 5

Usage (hours per day) 4

Usage (days per year) 2.6e+02

Product life (years) 10

Relative contribution of static and mobile modes

Mode Energy (MJ) %

Static 3e+05 100.0

Mobile 0

Total 3e+05 100

Disposal:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Component End of life

option Energy

(MJ) %

Liftingsystem Landfill 0.46 2.0

Vertical profile Landfill 2.4 10.3

Cover Landfill 0.8 3.5

108 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

control screen Downcycle 0.065 0.3

handle Landfill 0.32 1.4

battery Downcycle 4 17.3

inverter Downcycle 3.6 15.5

converter Downcycle 0.6 2.6

engine Downcycle 10 43.3

cover pipe Landfill 0.19 0.8

shaft adapter casing Landfill 0.12 0.5

shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0.064 0.3

shaft Landfill 0.06 0.3

adapter disk Landfill 0.044 0.2

handle Landfill 0.01 0.0

propeller Landfill 0.4 1.7

Total 23 100

EoL potential:

Component End of life

option Energy

(MJ) %

Liftingsystem Landfill 0

Vertical profile Landfill 0

Cover Landfill 0

control screen Downcycle 0

handle Landfill 0

109 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

battery Downcycle 0

inverter Downcycle 0

converter Downcycle 0

engine Downcycle 0

cover pipe Landfill 0

shaft adapter casing Landfill 0

shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0

shaft Landfill 0

adapter disk Landfill 0

handle Landfill 0

propeller Landfill 0

Total 0 100

110 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Eco Audit Report

Energy and CO2 Summary

CO2 Footprint Analysis

CO2 (kg)/year

Equivalent annual environmental burden (averaged over 10 year product life): 1.84e+03

Detailed breakdown of individual life phases

Material:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Component Material Recycled

content*

(%)

Part

mass

(kg) Qty. Total mass

CO2

footprint

(kg) %

Liftingsystem Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2.3 1 2.3 29 2.5

Vertical profile Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 12 1 12 1.5e+02 13.1

Cover Polyethylene (PE) Virgin (0%) 4 1 4 11 1.0

control screen LCD panel (liquid crystal

display) Virgin (0%) 0.13 1 0.13 2.4 0.2

handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 1.6 1 1.6 20 1.8

battery Li-Ion battery (for scooters) Virgin (0%) 4 2 8 1.9e+02 16.7

inverter Transformer Virgin (0%) 7.2 1 7.2 46 4.0

converter Transistors Virgin (0%) 1.2 1 1.2 1.7e+02 15.0

engine Desktop computer (without

screen) Virgin (0%) 20 1 20 4.8e+02 41.3

cover pipe Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.97 1 0.97 12 1.1

shaft adapter casing Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.3 2 0.6 7.7 0.7

shaft adapter bearings Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.32 1 0.32 1.6 0.1

111 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

shaft Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.3 1 0.3 1.5 0.1

adapter disk Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.22 1 0.22 2.8 0.2

handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.05 1 0.05 0.64 0.1

propeller Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2 1 2 26 2.2

Total 18 61 1.2e+03 100

*Typical: Includes 'recycle fraction in current supply'

Manufacture:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Component Process Amount processed CO2

footprint

(kg) %

Liftingsystem Rough rolling, forging 2.3 kg 0.95 7.6

Vertical profile Rough rolling, forging 12 kg 4.9 39.1

Cover Polymer extrusion 4 kg 1.9 14.8

handle Extrusion, foil rolling 1.6 kg 1.3 10.2

cover pipe Rough rolling, forging 0.97 kg 0.4 3.2

shaft adapter casing Metal powder forming 0.6 kg 1.1 8.4

shaft adapter bearings Metal powder forming 0.32 kg 0.99 7.9

shaft Rough rolling, forging 0.3 kg 0.18 1.4

adapter disk Rough rolling, forging 0.22 kg 0.091 0.7

handle Rough rolling, forging 0.05 kg 0.021 0.2

propeller Rough rolling, forging 2 kg 0.83 6.6

Total 13 100

112 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Transport:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Breakdown by transport stage

Total product mass = 61 kg

Stage name Transport type Distance (km) CO2 footprint

(kg) %

wholesale Light goods vehicle 1e+02 0.6 100.0

Total 1e+02 0.6 100

Breakdown by components

Component Component mass (kg) CO2 footprint

(kg) %

Liftingsystem 2.3 0.023 3.8

Vertical profile 12 0.12 19.6

Cover 4 0.04 6.6

control screen 0.13 0.0013 0.2

handle 1.6 0.016 2.6

battery 8 0.08 13.2

inverter 7.2 0.071 11.8

converter 1.2 0.012 2.0

engine 20 0.2 32.9

cover pipe 0.97 0.0096 1.6

shaft adapter casing 0.6 0.006 1.0

shaft adapter bearings 0.32 0.0032 0.5

shaft 0.3 0.003 0.5

adapter disk 0.22 0.0022 0.4

113 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

handle 0.05 0.0005 0.1

propeller 2 0.02 3.3

Total 61 0.6 100

Use:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Static mode

Energy input and output type Electric to

mechanical (electric

motors)

Use location Spain

Power rating (hp) 5

Usage (hours per day) 4

Usage (days per year) 2.6e+02

Product life (years) 10

Relative contribution of static and mobile modes

Mode CO2 footprint (kg) %

Static 1.7e+04 100.0

Mobile 0

Total 1.7e+04 100

Disposal:

Energy and CO2 Summary

Component End of life

option

CO2

footprint

(kg) %

Liftingsystem Landfill 0.032 2.0

Vertical profile Landfill 0.17 10.3

114 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Cover Landfill 0.056 3.5

control screen Downcycle 0.0046 0.3

handle Landfill 0.022 1.4

battery Downcycle 0.28 17.3

inverter Downcycle 0.25 15.5

converter Downcycle 0.042 2.6

engine Downcycle 0.7 43.3

cover pipe Landfill 0.014 0.8

shaft adapter casing Landfill 0.0084 0.5

shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0.0045 0.3

shaft Landfill 0.0042 0.3

adapter disk Landfill 0.0031 0.2

handle Landfill 0.0007 0.0

propeller Landfill 0.028 1.7

Total 1.6 100

EoL potential:

Component End of life

option

CO2

footprint

(kg) %

Liftingsystem Landfill 0

Vertical profile Landfill 0

Cover Landfill 0

control screen Downcycle 0

115 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

handle Landfill 0

battery Downcycle 0

inverter Downcycle 0

converter Downcycle 0

engine Downcycle 0

cover pipe Landfill 0

shaft adapter casing Landfill 0

shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0

shaft Landfill 0

adapter disk Landfill 0

handle Landfill 0

propeller Landfill 0

Total 0 100

116 Electric Outboard Propulsion System

Appendix E, finite elements report


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