1 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
EPS – PROJECT
Spring 2013
OUTBOARD ELECTRIC PROPULSION
STUDENTS:
Joanna Marks
Niclas Sandelin
Niels Bulkmans
Koen Duijghuisen
Carles Espluga
Mariona Coma
SUPERVISORS:
Vicenç Parisi
Xavi Prats
DATE:
03-06-2013
2 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
TITLE: Outboard electronic propulsion
FAMILY NAME: Bulkmans FIRST NAME: Niels
HOME UNIVERSITY: Artesis University, Antwerp
SPECIALITY: Constructing engineering
FAMILY NAME: Duijghuisen FIRST NAME: Koen
HOME UNIVERSITY: Avanshogeschool, ‘s Hertogenbosch
SPECIALITY: Mechanical engineering
FAMILY NAME: Sandelin FIRST NAME: Niclas
HOME UNIVERSITY: Novia University of Appiled Sciences, Vasa
SPECIALITY:Mechanical engineering
FAMILY NAME:Espluga FIRST NAME: Carles
HOME UNIVERSITY: EscolaPolitècnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Vilanovaila Geltrú
SPECIALITY: Automatic electronic engineering
FAMILY NAME: Marks FIRST NAME: Joanna
HOME UNIVERSITY: Lodz University of Technology
SPECIALITY: Business and technology
FAMILY NAME: Coma FIRST NAME: Mariona
HOME UNIVERSITY: Escola Politècnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Vilanova i la Geltrú
SPECIALITY: Industrial design engineering
3 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Table of contents 0. Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 Why electric engine? ............................................................................................................... 7
2. Mechanical ...................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.2 Axel and shaft adapter .......................................................................................................... 10
2.3 Shaft adapter and outer pipe ................................................................................................ 11
2.3.1 Elastic clutch .................................................................................................................. 11
2.3.2 Axel to propeller connection ......................................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Shaft adapter ................................................................................................................. 13
2.4 Propeller ................................................................................................................................ 16
2.4.1 Number of blades .......................................................................................................... 16
2.4.2 Propeller diameter ........................................................................................................ 16
2.4.3 Propeller pitch ............................................................................................................... 16
2.4.4 Material ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 17
2.5 Vertical Profile ....................................................................................................................... 17
2.6 Bracket system ...................................................................................................................... 18
2.6.1 Screws ............................................................................................................................ 19
2.6.2 Steering system ............................................................................................................. 19
2.6.3 Calculations ................................................................................................................... 20
2.7 Engine flipping system ........................................................................................................... 23
3. Electricity and electronics ............................................................................................................. 25
3.1 Batteries ................................................................................................................................ 26
3.2 DC/DC Converter ................................................................................................................... 27
3.3 Variable frequency drive ....................................................................................................... 28
3.4 Potentiometer: ...................................................................................................................... 29
3.5 Motor ..................................................................................................................................... 30
3.6 Cables .................................................................................................................................... 31
3.6.1 Variable frequency controller to motor connection: .................................................... 31
3.6.2 Converter dc/dc to variable frequency controller connection:..................................... 32
3.6.3 Battery to converter connection: .................................................................................. 32
3.7 Protection .............................................................................................................................. 33
4 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
3.8 System overview ................................................................................................................... 33
4. Design ............................................................................................................................................ 34
4.1 State of art ............................................................................................................................. 34
4.2 The users ............................................................................................................................... 38
4.2.1 Function table ................................................................................................................ 38
4.3 The ergonomics and the accessibility .................................................................................... 43
4.4 The colours and font study .................................................................................................... 48
4.4.1 Accessible colour table .................................................................................................. 48
4.5 Eco design .............................................................................................................................. 50
4.6 Final Design ........................................................................................................................... 52
4.6.1 Cover design part 1 ........................................................................................................ 57
4.6.2 Cover design part 2 ........................................................................................................ 58
4.6.3 Handle ........................................................................................................................... 59
4.6.4 Lock system ................................................................................................................... 60
4.7 Strength of materials ............................................................................................................. 61
4.8 User command ...................................................................................................................... 67
4.9 Other documents .................................................................................................................. 69
4.9.1 Story board .................................................................................................................... 69
4.9.2 Datasheet ...................................................................................................................... 72
5. Market strategy ............................................................................................................................. 73
5.1 Strategic analysis ................................................................................................................... 73
5.1.1 Market investigation ..................................................................................................... 73
5.1.2 Communication strategies ............................................................................................ 80
5.1.3 Marketing Mix ............................................................................................................... 82
5.1.4 PESTEL analysis .............................................................................................................. 84
5.1.5 SWOT analysis ............................................................................................................... 88
5.1.6 Competitor analysis ....................................................................................................... 89
5.2 Strategy ................................................................................................................................. 92
5.2.1 Promotion Strategy ....................................................................................................... 92
5.2.2 Social Media Marketing ................................................................................................. 93
Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................... 98
Appendix pages ..................................................................................................................................... 99
Appendix A, motor specifications ..................................................................................................... 99
Appendix B, profile specifications ................................................................................................... 100
5 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Appendix C, hinge specifications ..................................................................................................... 101
Appendix D Sustainability report .................................................................................................... 102
Appendix E, finite elements report ................................................................................................. 116
6 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
0. Abstract As oil prices rise and people get more aware of the implications of global warming, the demand
for alternative energy use rises. The fishing industry is one of the branches that is looking for cheaper
propulsion systems. This is why the company of Innovanautic saw the need for designing a new
electric outboard propulsion system, to be used in the local fishing industry to get their boats out
of the harbour. The overall purpose of this project was to design a complete outboard engine,
thinking about the mechanical structures, the electrical controls and the overall design. Furthermore,
a marketing strategy was needed to make the product profitable. For now, the project is incomplete,
but this report gives an idea of what direction the team has chosen and how they are solving certain
problems which rise during the design. It may be clear more research is needed.
1. Introduction The need for this project came forth from the fishing industry. Small sailing boats have always had
a need for a small engine to manoeuvre them out of their ports safely and with great precision,
because this is not possible by using the sails on the ship. Bearing this in mind, there is also a growing
demand for electrical engines, as people are realizing more and more fossil fuels are running out and
are getting more expensive. Also, more focus is being put on cleaner forms of energy, less pollution
and more sustainable solutions. In this project, the team tried to realize these new demands
in the form of an electrical engine which runs on lithium-ion batteries. The exact demands were
to design an electrical engine which is capable of steering the ships out of the harbour
and in to the deeper sea, where it can be raised to reduce the drag in the water. The engine should
be completely autonomous, meaning it has to be a complete system which can be easily connected
and disconnected from the vessel in one piece. It will be used on small sailing boats with a length
around ten meters which are mainly used for fishing. The speed obtained with this engine should
be around 5 knots. Outside of the mechanical, electrical and design issues there is also
the marketing strategy which must be taken in to account. The team was responsible for doing
a market research and by doing this, create an effective marketing strategy for the company to use.
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1.1 Why electric engine? As it says in the introduction is it very important for companies to result to sustainable solutions
in these days. Innovanautic has adapted to this trend and because of it they are building electric
engines for boats. But what is the difference between electric engines and normal combustion
engines? What is so positive about the electric engine?
The positive aspects include the electric engine’s positive environmental impact and the electricity
price. A very good thing with the electric engine is you get much more energy out on the propeller,
if you compare it to the same amount of fuel in a normal fuel engine. A normal combustion engine
will get just 30% out of energy on the propeller from the fuel, because of the great amount of losses
for example in friction and heat. Especially the engine used in this project has very little losses
in friction and heat, because the engine will be at the bottom of the whole system and we will just
use one shaft. If the engine would have been at the top, it would have been necessary to connect
different shafts with different kinds of gear shafts. This would take a lot of energy which could
be used on the propeller instead. This is one of the main reasons why the company would like to use
this kind of engine.
Another benefit of the electric engine is the price of the “fuel”. The electricity price in Spain is around
0, 19488 €/kWh and the fuel price is 1,441 €/l for E95 and Diesel 1,361€/l. So it is a big different
in price if you are going the same distance with an electric engine and fuel engine. A normal
fisherman would spend about 28 € (normal fuel engine) each time for back and forth when they
go out fishing. This could be reduced a lot with this electric engine.
The reason the electric engine is so good for the environment is that no fuel or oil is needed which
could leak out in the sea and pollute the water. Spilling oil or petrol is quite common at sea.
The engine will often leak somehow when it gets old or when it has to lubricate the bearings
and so on. Also the cooling water takes some oil with it back to the water which is not good either.
But with electric engine you do not need these polluting substances, just something to lubricate
the engine sometimes, only once a year.
But of course the electric engine is not without flaws. One of the greatest downsides of the electric
engine is the batteries, the recharging of the batteries and speed. A decent electric engine has
an autonomy of about 4 and as the time goes by the battery loses its power. The engine will also lose
its efficiency, so making a safe trip back to the harbour it could be a serious issue, for instance in bad
weather when more engine power is needed than normal. Of course carrying spare batteries could
be an option, but then a waterproof storage room would be necessary. Batteries can take a lot
of space and recharging them on land is needed. Recharging also requires equipment, although this
is a one-time cost. Of course it can be dangerous to combine electricity with water; this is why a lot
of thought should be put in to how to make the engine waterproof so we do not get the electricity
in contact with the water
The speed of an electric engine is very hard to compare to that of a combustion engine. If a fast
electric engine is needed, the size of the engine will also increase. For this project it is critical that the
engine is as light as possible, because it should be easy to carry. A more powerful engine with a large
amount of horsepower will require more or bigger batteries, which also means more weight,
and is to be avoided.
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As a conclusion it is safe to say for this project the electric engine would be ideal. It is green, more
efficient, less expensive, lighter and perfect for low power applications. All these properties fit this
project perfectly.
9 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2. Mechanical
2.1 Introduction The mechanical part of this project consists of the calculation and design of all the structural parts of
the engine. The basic set up of the engine will be made clear with the following picture:
Insert overview picture of the engine
In the following paragraph, a short summary of the process is given.
There are three basic forces working on the engine:
1. The propulsion by the propeller
2. The weight of all the components
3. The resistance of the water on the submerged parts
The force exerted by the propeller was determined as 1,5kN, the total weight calculated in finite
elements software .
With these forces in mind, calculations were started on the axel leaving the engine, the shaft adapter
and the propeller needed for this system. A tube was designed to fit the engine which would
be connected to the vertical profile. With the bottom part designed, the focus was put on the vertical
profile and the bracketing system to connect the entire engine to a ship. After this, the top section
which carries the batteries and various electronics was finished.
Besides the designs mentioned above, a lifting and rotation system also needed to be designed.
A system was designed for this using a springs to keep everything in place while operating
the engine.
In designing all these parts, the focus was put on creating a lightweight system, to make sure it would
be a easily portable system. For this reason, aluminum was chosen as construction material.
Most of the calculations were made using Autodesk Inventor as finite elements software.
Calculations made by hand will be mentioned as they were applied in the project.
In further chapters, each part will be viewed separately and discussed thoroughly.
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2.2 Axel and shaft adapter In the bottom part of the system, the forces need to be directed from the motor to the propeller.
Preferably the motor will only give torque to the axel and won’t take any other forces, for instance
the connection to the upper part will not be mounted on the motor. This is what the shaft adapter
is for. An extra piece from the outgoing motor axel to the propeller, which has the bearings
to smooth the movements and has the connection to both the motor and the upper profile.
Figure 1 Shaft adapter and motor connection
Figure 2 Engine fitted in outer tube
1 = Motor
2 = Connection piece motor to outer pipe
3 = Elastic clutch to adapt axel diameters
4 = Second axel to propeller
5 = Shaft adapter
6 = propeller
11 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2.3 Shaft adapter and outer pipe
2.3.1 Elastic clutch
For the choice of this part, the diameter of the axel has to be calculated on torque. Torque stresses
can be calculated with
The datasheets of the engine, found in appendix A , state that the maximum torque momentum
is 44.000Nmm. The diameter of the axel will be set to 20mm.
With these stresses the chosen diameter will be sufficient.
Though, the outgoing axel of the engine is about 15,5 mm in diameter and it is also very short.
This is what the clutch is for, connecting a new axel, changing the diameter and correct any flaws in
the direction so is spins straight.
Figure 3 Elastic clutch
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2.3.2 Axel to propeller connection
From the clutch a new axel has to be designed to go to the propeller. It has to be supported
by bearings in the shaft adapter. Earlier calculations give a minimum diameter of 20mm.
Figure 4 Axel to propeller connection
From left to right in figure 4, the first diameter will be 20mm, this part fits in the clutch. The second
diameter will be just slightly larger to make a tight fit for the bearings. By making the first diameter
less, mounting will be a lot easier since the bearing doesn’t have to go over a tight fit for the entire
length. The third diameter will be slightly bigger again, about 22,5mm. this is to stop the bearings
and fit them into place. After this, another part for bearings and the last piece will be for
the propeller to be mounted on.
Figure 5 below shows why a tight fit is needed here.
Figure 5 Bearing fit
Since the force will come from the axel to the bearing, and that is also the rotating part, the fourth
option is the one fitting the situation. This will mean a loose fit on the outside and a tight fit with
the axel.
13 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2.3.3 Shaft adapter
As mentioned earlier, the shaft adapter will hold the bearing for the axel and will direct the forces
to the outer pipe and with that to the top of the system. The two pieces of this part have the same
hole pattern so they can be bolted together. On the sides are the same holes as the motor
connection piece to connect all the parts to the same outer pipe.
The forces on the bearings and the two housing parts can be calculated.
Figure 6 Shaft adapter force scheme
Although the outer rings are one piece, they will be viewed at as two pieces, both taking 0.75kN of the force. This to make calculation slightly easier.
Figure 7 Shaft adapter calculations
14 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Since there are four bolts in this piece, the blue arrow indicates two forces of 0.375kN, making the horizontal force reaction complete. To calculate the stresses in point A the inertia moment I is needed. This value is to be calculated as
w=width
h = height
For the height the value is as shown in figure 7 . The width is different, since it is a circle.
To be as accurate as possible the average circumference will be used.
Since the situation deals with only half of the part the ‘2’ disappears.
The 3d models indicate h = 5mm.
This stress will cause no problems at this value.
15 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Bearings and fitting
Since the bearings have to take both axial and radial forces, tapered roller bearings will be used.
With the inner diameter of 20mm the following model seems sufficient.
Figure 8 Bearing details
The fittings were determined earlier, when looking at figure 5. The fitting in the housing parts had
to be a loose fitting.
16 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2.4 Propeller The propeller is the part of the engine which will produce the actual movement of the boat,
by pushing the water away from the boat and by doing this, pushing the boat further against
the water. In deciding on the propeller, there are a few characteristics about propellers to be taken
into account. The most important are the number of blades, the propeller diameter and the propeller
pitch. The following piece of text will give a short description of these properties and their influences.
2.4.1 Number of blades
Most propellers will have two, three or four blades. The number of blades needed depends on how
the boat will be used. For most recreational uses, a three blade propeller will be used, because of its
slightly higher top speed and still a decent acceleration. These will however also have a little more
vibration than the four blade propellers and will be less suited for rough seas. The four blade
propeller will have a slightly lower top speed and is more suited for higher horsepower engines.
They also provide with better steering at lower rotation speeds. Taking these facts into account,
it was decided to use a three blade propeller for the engine, mainly because of the low horsepower
and the use of the engine being mostly in the harbour and calmer parts of the sea.
2.4.2 Propeller diameter
The propeller diameter is the distance across the circle formed by the blades of the boat propeller.
The correct diameter of the propeller has more to do with the boats size than anything else
and is crucial for getting a properly performing boat prop. Too small and the boat risks being under
powered while if it is too big it risks having too much resistance and slowing your boat down.
The diameter is generally correlated to the size of the boat, meaning a small propeller will be used
on smaller boats with light loads and lager propellers will be used on larger boats with heavier loads.
Smaller propellers may also be used on racing boats. If the propeller decided on is too small, it would
mean lower speeds and the rotation speed of the engine needing to be increased, whereas a too
large propeller would mean more thrust but also more resistance in the water. The ideal propeller
size will perform perfectly on the ideal engine rotation speed and will ensure maximum efficiency
and safety.
2.4.3 Propeller pitch
The propeller pitch is the theoretical distance a propeller travels in one revolution. Pitch affects
the performance of the prop more than any other aspect of the propeller because it will be the
deciding factor in the boat acceleration and speeds. A high pitch will work better on reduced engine
speeds and will give a greater top speed whereas a low pitch will give better performance
on increased engine speeds and better accelerations, but the top speed will be lower. The pitch
of a propeller also affects the slip, which is the difference between the actual and theoretical
distance travelled. High slippage means that the boat is moving less distance for each rotation.
This typically happens with boat props that are poorly matched. A correct fit will move forward about
80 to 90 percent of the theoretical pitch. With this information in mind the decision was made
to choose a low pitch propeller because the greater acceleration will increase the manoeuvrability
of the boat, which is of course the most interesting regarding this project.
2.4.4 Material
Most propellers are manufactured from aluminium or stainless steel. Aluminium has the advantage
of being lighter, cheaper and easier to repair in case of breaking. Disadvantages are that its thicker
17 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
and thus creates more drag, will wear in sandy situation and is prone to damage from minor impacts.
Stainless steel is thinner, so creates less drag, is more durable than aluminium and if damaged it can
be repaired to a near new state. It is however also heavier, more expensive to buy and repair, will
need more effort to get spinning and has fewer options available. Al these facts lead
to the conclusion of choosing an aluminium propeller for the project, as it is lighter and cheaper.
This project does not require a heavy duty propeller, but it does need to be light so it can be easily
moved.
2.4.5 Conclusion
As mentioned in the chapters above, the project requires a three blade propeller, with a low pitch,
made of aluminium.
2.5 Vertical Profile The vertical profile connecting the bottom motor compartment to the upper bracketing system,
was calculated by exerting a 1,5 kN force where the engine connects to it and having it fully
constrained at the top. The profile needed to have a hydrodynamic shape, to minimize the force
of the water on the profile when in use. Other than the shape, the profile also needed
to be commercially available as manufacturing one ourselves was not an option. A few different
profiles were considered and in the end, the choice was made for an oval shaped profile which could
be produced in China.
The minimum wall thickness is 0,8mm and width is within 200mm and it is available at any length.
more technical information on the profile can be found in appendix B.
The profile was structurally calculated on paper and by using finite elements software.
The calculations concluded the profile to be strong enough to take the forces produced
by the engine.
Pictures
18 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2.6 Bracket system
The bracketing system is what connects the entire engine to the vessel of choice. By using the screws
provided in this part, the engine is connected in a way that prevents any movement while in use.
On the other side of this part, a tilting and rotation system is provided, to lift the engine when
not in use and steer it while in use.
The system used to lift the engine out of the water was custom designed and is explained with
the help of some drawings.
The system in vertical position, the different positions are visible at this
picture.
On top there is a button, connected to two bars going through the inner
plates. Under this button are spring to push it upwards at all times.
At the bottom of these bars is a small block that locks the system
in the grooves. This will keep the profile at a certain position.
When the user pushes the button the block comes out of the groove
and with a handle on top of the battery module the user can lift
the system.
If the button is released the spring will pull the block back and the block
will find a groove to lock the system in the new desired position
With the help of this simple yet effective system, the engine can easily be raised from the water
and put in different positions depending on the conditions of the sea.
19 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2.6.1 Screws
On the other side of the bracketing system, screws will be used to lock the system in place
and connect it to a boat. These screws are standard in connecting an outboard engine to a boat,
so it is safe to assume they will provide enough force to create a solid connection which can carry all
the loads. The screws are easy to connect and disconnect, which is nice within the accessibility
philosophy of the system.
Figure 9 Bracketing system screw
Insert render
2.6.2 Steering system
Figure 10 Steering system
20 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
For the profile to be able to rotate when the user applies force to the handle, a setup with axels and bearings is designed. Two small axels are screwed in the support part that is connected to the profile so the profile will turn basically without friction. The forces on the axels, as a result of the thrust force from the propeller are calculated. An appropriate diameter is chosen and the same calculations are used to choose the correct bearings.
2.6.3 Calculations
Forces on the axels
In the figure below the situation of the propeller pushing the profile with 1.5kN is sketched.
With the dimensions in the figure the forces on the axels, F1 and F2 can be calculated using the basic
laws of mechanics.
Figure 11 Steering system force scheme
Which means that
21 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Axel diameter
Figure 12 Axel force scheme
Known forces
With this data the momentum line can be created.
Figure 13 Axel momentum line
22 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The maximum momentum in the material will be 86250Nmm. Bending stress formula
M = 86250 Nmm y = r = 10
If the material of these axels is steel, they will be able to handle the applied forces.
Bearings
With the maximal force of 8.625 kN, bearings to support the axels can be chosen. Since there will
also be axial forces due to the weight of the systems and some other variables, the bearing will also
have to deal with that. Though, these forces will be much smaller than the radial 8,625kN.
The bearing types for this configuration will be tapered roller bearings. This type is specially designed
to deal with both radial and axial forces. From the official SKF catalogue type number ……… seems
a good solution. This type can work with over 33.5kN of force and has the correct diameter
for the axel to fit in. Product specifications can be found in figure 14.
Figure 14 Bearing parameters
23 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2.7 Engine flipping system The hinge system was an important demand in the project. The solution was a simple system which
used a bolt and several holes to lock them in. The greatest difficulty in this was the use of electricity
in the vicinity of water. Because of this, the system needs to be totally waterproof.
The system is very simple, and this is for good reasons. One might complain the difficulty of flipping
the engine when on water, because everything is done by hand. But if one would think about it,
there is no good reason to try and flip the engine on water, it has no real advantages. The engine
flipping system was created for easy transport on land, and flipping the engine up while on water
would just expose the wiring to water without good reasons. From the start the decision was made
to keep the system as easy as possible, because making in unnecessarily complicated would not help
the users per se, and would make the entire product more expensive.
The solution described can be seen on the drawings below. two holes were made to connect
the engine with the help of a bolt. Only one bolt was used so the user would always know where
the bolt is. When the user wants to flip back the engine in driving position they can use the handle
on the back side of the engine. The hinge itself was found in an Australian company, the product
is called “Tru Close”. Tru Close is a hinge with heavy duty spring inside. This hinge will be placed
in a way there is always force on it, trying to flip the engine upwards. When the user would release
the bolt and hinge up the engine it will do it automatically. The max force of the hinge is 60 kg which
is enough to flip the engine up without a problem. Because it needs to be waterproof between
the engine and the profile, a rubber seal around bottom of the profile was used which closes
the space between profile and engine.
Insert picture bolt and hole system.
More technical information can be found in appendix C.
25 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
3. Electricity and electronics This section of the project will be about the electrical and electronics part, a description
of all the elements and dimensions of the installations can be found in this chapter.
All of the components are selected from commercial existing products or propose to build if not exist
with correct specifications.
The electrical system basically consists of:
Battery
DC / DC converter
Variable frequency controller
Potentiometer control (Joystick)
motor
The diagram of next figure gives a simplified view from all electric system:
Figure 15 Total system scheme
The conditions the engine will be operating under will be the following;
Environment: Mediterranean Sea.
Kind of ship: described as lute (7 meters length).
Autonomy: about 30 km (18,4 miles)
Capacity: 15 people
Full speed: 5 knots
Full weight: ± 3000 kg3.
1 Battery It is important to take these conditions into account when designing the electrical systems; they will dictate the required power, kilowatts and autonomy.
26 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
3.1 Batteries Batteries are the components that store and deliver energy to the engine, they can be found in many
different forms, depending on what they are used for. For this system the most important parameter
is the weight, because of the portability of the system. For this reason, a lithium-ion battery was
selected, a battery type which can deliver a lot of energy while keeping a small size. Lithium-ion
batteries are one of the most used batteries in the world and this has granted them a level
of development which has large advantages over others, such as;
In voltage terms, it generates the equivalent to three batteries of alkaline type.
It has the best value of energetic density. the order of 90 up to 190Wh/Kg
It does not use pollutant metals.
Energy supply is very linear (it is independent from the level of battery load) The selected battery focuses on maximum capacity and minimal weight. Technology used is lithium
Ion. Election is 1 battery
Figure 16 Ebox-100 battery
Descriptions of the parameters:
Figure 17 Ebox 100 batery parameters
27 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
3.2 DC/DC Converter
Electrical power converter is element to get up tension for use on motor, for our application need
use direct current (DC) to direct current (DC) because variable frequency is allow function
in DC current.
Converter is the very complex drive element, which is used to convert from 48 Vcc to 300 Vcc
and work under highest energy demand, because when the motor starts with charge it consumes
more power than normal (for all calculations of demand energy, please view the cables chapter).
This element it is under construction, so here is a proposition for a converter available on the market
to give all the power demanded. A summary of its electrical parameters can be found below.
5000W Converter 48V to 170v-250v DC:DC 20A Max
Rated Input Voltage 45 -55V DC
Input low voltage protection 44-45V
Output (Max 13 amps) 250-390V DC variable (Max. -20V adjust)
Standby current ≤ 10mA
Idle current ≤ 200mA
Efficiency ≥ 93%
Instantaneous power 6000 W
Continuous power 5000 W
Power Connectors Anderson Plug input, Single Anderson Power pole output
Communication connectors
One RJ25 phone cable to the on/off driver panel switch. One 2 pin PSU plug for communication with the BMS
Figure 18 Converter parameters
Figure 19 Converter
28 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
3.3 Variable frequency drive A variable-frequency drive (VFD) (also termed adjustable-frequency drive, variable-speed drive,
AC drive, micro drive or inverter drive) is a type of adjustable-speed drive used in electro-mechanical
drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.
The VFD selected had to be compatible with the converter and the engine, so the communication
between these parts would run smooth.
The VFD selected for this project is the ACS 355. The ACS 355 is optimal for this project because
it allows connecting DC feed by a common DC bus. The electrical scheme for connecting to the motor
will look as following:
Figure 20 VFD connection scheme ACS 355
Another interesting characteristic of the ACS 355 is that it allows the speed of the motor
to be controlled by a potentiometer and the possibility to change the engine direction by simple
digital input. The following figure represents the in- and outputs of the ACS 355.
29 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 21 Input and output of the ACS 355
3.4 Potentiometer: A potentiometer is a resistor which has a variable resistance. This means it can change the electrical
resistance the current is experiencing by controlling the device. In the case of this project,
a potentiometer is used to control the motor speed. As the user changes the resistance, the VFD will
give a different signal to the motor, thus altering the rotation speed and by this ultimately altering
the ships speed. The potentiometer will be mounted in the handle of the ship for easy access
and control.
Various types of potentiometers exist, the most common being the ones which use a mechanism
which can be turned left or right to control its resistance and. In most cases, the potentiometer will
stay in a certain configuration until the user decides to alter the turning mechanism again. In this
project however, there was a need for a potentiometer which would automatically change back to its
original state. This is necessary because when the user would fall off the ship, the engine needs
to stop immediately. For this reason, a special type of potentiometer was selected; the “Softpot”.
30 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 22 The Softpot potentiometer
The “softpot” is a special type of potentiometer, which does not use a turning mechanism to control
its resistance. Instead, it is controlled completely by simply touching a touch-sensitive strip. With this
potentiometer, the user can control the engines speed by touching a specific part of the sensitive
strip. By sliding the finger to a different part, the speed can be altered and when there is no contact,
the engine will automatically stop. This means safety is preserved at all times.
3.5 Motor The motor is the component which drives the propeller and thus creates thrust. The shaft driven
by the motor is connected to the shaft adapter, which acts as a buffer for the lateral forces exerted
by the propeller, as the motor is not fit to take all these forces. From a variety of motors, the Franklin
3 phase electric motor was selected. This type of motor is fit to be used under water and has a power
of 2,2 kW, which is just within the range needed for this project. The characteristics of this engine
can be found here:
Figure 23 Engine parameters
More technical information on the engine can be found in the appendix.
31 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
3.6 Cables The electric cables are used to connect all the components together and transfer energy as well
as information between the different electric components. The section of the cables depends
on the part it is connected to. In the following parts, a calculation of these sections is given.
3.6.1 Variable frequency controller to motor connection:
Cable sections will be calculated under follow conditions:
Motor characteristics: three phase, 400Vac, 50Hz, 2,2KW, cos ϕ = 0,77, In=5,5A, Ia=29,8A
Cables 3 phase and earth, 3 meters length
Allow loses ΔV = 1 % From specifications cable section can be taken from next table:
Figure 24 Cable section table
The current used in normal function would be In=5,5 A, which would mean a 1 mm2 section
for the cables. However, the star current is 29,8 A, and thus the cable section would be between
6 and 10 mm2. so star current it is in short time, cable length it is short, and we use a progressive
start using a variable frequency controller that’s because we take section from 6mm2 and loses are:
32 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Take current from start, to know power:
WIVP 45,1589777,0·8,29·400·3·cos··3
V = line voltage
I = max current
losses from 3 meters cable is:
%0887,0400·6·56
45,15897·3·100
··
··10022VLSC
PlV
l = cable length
P = motor power
S = cable section
V = line tension
C = copper conductivity
Losses are minimal, so the section to connect the motor to the variable frequency controller will
be 3 x 6mm2
3.6.2 Converter dc/dc to variable frequency controller connection:
Section of cables will be calculated under follow conditions:
P = 5000WL = 0,5 m
I=P/V = 5000 / 390 = 12,8 = 13A
S = 4mm2 (from table)
%0146,0390·4·56
5000·5,0·200
··
··20022VSC
PlV
Losses are minimal, so the section to connect variable frequency controller to the converter will
be 4mm2. But if one would take into account the energy from start motor, Converter dc/dc it is small.
The main inverter problem is the difficulty to find a commercial one with the correct parameters.
If the power of the engine start is taken into account, the power of the converter will be 16 kW,
so the cable section would be 2x6mm2 like the connection between the motor and the variable
frequency controller
3.6.3 Battery to converter connection:
Section of cables will be calculated under follow conditions:
I max= 60A
V = 48 Vcc
∆V = 0,1%
2
223,22
48·1,0·56
48·60·5,0·200
··
··200mm
VAVC
PlS
33 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The section of the battery cable will be 2 x 25mm2
3.7 Protection All of the components have a IP66 protection, which means they are dust tight and protected against
powerful water jets. This also means they do not need a ground cable.
3.8 System overview As an overview, the entire system with all of its components and parameters can be seen
on the following figure:
To resume, next calculations give an idea of autonomy and electric components weight: Motor power (Pn) = 2,2kW Battery Capacity = 20 A / 1hour Motor Consume = 5,5 A / 1hour => 20 / 5,5 = 3,63 A/1hour => Autonomy: 3 hours 38 minutes Total electric components weight: 8,8Kg + 5 Kg + 1,2Kg + 14,4kg = 29,4 kg This is of course estimation and results may vary depending on the specific use.
34 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4. Design
4.1 State of art Nowadays, the usage of sustainable technologies is increasing because of the world’s situation.
Energy stocks as oil, are running out, moreover, these types of energy have a negative effect
on the planet, and that is causing a lot of problems.
Many companies are investigating and developing technologies that respect the environment.
A result of this fact it is the use of the electricity instead of the gasoil. There are many applications,
for example in the cars, motorcycles or in the outboard propulsion.
On the other hand, the design of the objects is changing and now all products are designed
for the user, and their needs, so, when a product is developing it is important to pay attention
to the design and not only the mechanical part. All products should to be intuitive, accessible
and ergonomic, if the object does not have these characteristics it is probable that it would not
be accepted by the society, so it would not be successful.
To develop and design outboard electric propulsion it is important to know and study some models
existing in the market to achieve the better result. The following examines the design of ten models
of this type of boat engines.
35 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 25 Torqeedo travel 1003
Figure 26 HSXW6.0 6HP
Figure 27 Torqeedo Deep blue
Figure 28 Torqeedo Ultralight 403
36 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 29 Fishing motor
Figure 30 Torqeedo Cruise
Figure 31 Ecycle Outboard 9.9
Figure 32 Seven Marine 557
37 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 33 Brushless outboard
Figure 34 JSM Model
Firstly, it should be noted that there are several designs and forms for the housing and the handle.
Moreover, it depends on where the engine is, If it is on the top, the housing will be bigger than
if it is down.
38 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.2 The users Who is going to use the product? What are they motor characteristics? What are their customs?
Here we are going to talk about the characteristics of our users and costumer, in order to design
the most accessible, useful and easy to use product.
4.2.1 Function table
The function table analyses the different groups of users of this product, together with the most
important design influences these groups have on the product.
USER ANALYSIS
Type of user Evaluation Justification
Dealer LW Will not affect the function of the object.
Seller MA Will not use the object directly, but must
know how it Works.
Person who is changing
batteries
MA Not necessarily the user but the task is really
important so the propulsion system must be
designed to make this an easy job.
Sailor CR The principal function of the propulsion
system is providing energy to move the sailor
through the water.
Maintenance MA At the time of cleaning and/or repair is
located in direct contact with the object.
Legend:
- CR: Critical
- MA: Major
- LW: Lower
*Functional table, unofficial, according to the subject DIME (Metodologia del Disseny), imparted to
the 3rd year, 6th semester, in the university of EPSEVG.
39 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
SPECIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE PEOPLE WHO USE AND INTERACT DIRECTLY WITH THE
OUTBOARD ELECTRIC PROPULSION
Differential characteristics Evaluation Justification
Physical
Weight LW Will not affect the function of the object.
Sex MA Will not affect the function of the object, but
depends on the sex the user will be more or
less stronger and that’s important because all
the system are removable and transportable.
Age MA According to the age they most have reflexes,
strength or agility to handle the engine.
Height MA Must be taken into account for ergonomics
and 95 percentiles
Cultural and social
Nationality CR The different cultures and regions have
different laws and different behaviour
patterns, so this is important.
Other
Disabilities MA It is always very important to design to do
easier use to any user
Experience CR The degrees of experience of the user will
condition their behaviour and reactions in
front of a problem.
40 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Context of use Evaluation Justification
Climate
Morning LW If there is enough light, it will not affect the
function of the object.
Evening LW If there is enough light, it will not affect the
function of the object.
Night MA It should be noted that it is difficult to see at
night and therefore more difficult to interact
with the engine.
Rain LW These weather conditions require more
technical specifications and protection.
Snowing LW These weather conditions require more
technical specifications and protection.
Wind MA If there is wind, the sea will be rougher, and
therefore, the user must be stronger and
more difficult to handle the outboard
propulsion. If the user should change the
battery this hinders the action, there will also
be more splashes.
clouded MA It should be noted that it is difficult to see
with this climate conditions and therefore
more difficult to interact with the engine.
Geography
Mediterranean CR Depends on the geographical sea conditions
and weather vary widely
Sea MA The water behaves differently than the river.
If the user should change the battery this
hinders the action, there will also be more
41 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
splashes.
River MA The water behaves differently than in the
sea.
Lake MA In Europe there are a lot of normative that
limited the design of any outboard
propulsion.
Characteristics of the use
The length of the distances CR If the user uses the outboard propulsion to
do short distances it will be simpler than if
the user uses it to do long distances, because
of the consumer will have more needs in one
fact than in the other.
Time to be attached CR The product could be attached to the boat
permanent or temporary which means that
in the first fact the user should only handle
the attachment once however if it’s
temporary the user should do this actions a
lot.
Life of batteries CR If the user should change the batteries very
often it’s important to design the housing
simple and easy to use it.
Conclusions of the function table
To conclude the user analysis of the external parts of the system, there are a few things which can
be learned from it.
Firstly, the user characteristics should be considered while designing the product. This means both
the physical as the cultural aspects. There characteristics will have influence on the behaviour
of the user and thus ultimately on the sizes of the design.
Secondly, the level of light in the environment the product is used in should be taken in to account.
The user needs to be able to see enough of the system in order to operate and interact with it.
42 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
It is important for the user to be able to perform these operations in different weather conditions,
like fair or cloudy weather.
On the other hand, the characteristics of the use are also important because the design will be very
different depending on the distances that the boat will be doing. Furthermore, the time that
the motor should be attached will condition the design and the facility of the use it. It should be easy
to remove and carry on and to transport it.
To sum up, the user will be within the 95 percentile and they will be experts and have experience
with boats. Their nationality will be basically Occidental and they won’t have any disability.
The context of use will be in the Mediterranean Sea and the length of the distance will be shorter.
The time of the use will be flashing and the batteries must be changed frequently.
43 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.3 The ergonomics and the accessibility The aim of the ergonomics parts is to design factors, as for the workplace, intended to maximize
periodicity by minimizing operator fatigue and discomfort. The ergonomics and the accessibility
could be divided in two parts; the static and the dynamics dimensions, these concepts are important
to take into account when you do the design of any product.
Firstly the static dimensions of the humans anthropometry, which studies the standard dimensions.
There is the ergonomics percentile, which is the concept of the kind of people that you want to take
care when you design a product, if you use the 5 percentile it means that you take care
of the minority but if you use the 95 percentile it means that you take care of the majority. We are
going to use the 95 percentile because of the users of the outboard electric propulsion, in theory,
do not have any motor disabilities. The parts that we are going to study are the hand and the arm.
The hand
Table 1: dimensions of the hand**
Figure 35 Hand dimensions
I J K L
95 (cm) 20,5 11,8 9,5 23,1
5 (cm) 17,8 10,0 8,2 20,0
This is important for the design of the handle and the user command.
The arm
Table 2: dimensions of the arm**
This is important for the design of the entire outboard propulsion, which has to be good for the handle dimensions. M: Man F: Female
A B C D
M F M F
95 (cm) 88,9 80,5 86,4 96,5 87,6 77,5
5 (cm) 75,4 67,6 73,7 68,6 75,4 66,5
44 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 36 Diferent arm dimensions
A : Scope backs/hand
B : Scope lateral/arm
C: Outstretched hand
D : Unextended hand
** The dimensions that we are going to take into account for the design are those which are
underlined because these are the most significance.
On the other hand, there is the dynamics aspect, which studies the articled movement.
It measurements and evaluated the magnitude of the articled movements. That is important because
the user should interact with the product and do some movements. The parts that we are going
to study are, the hand, the arm, the head and the backbone.
45 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The hand
Figure 37 Hand flexion, extension and desviation
The hand can do two different movements, the wrist and the fingers movements, as shown in the images. The wrist can do the flexion, extension and deviation movements. On the other hand, the fingers can do the abduction and the flexion movements. Both facts are important to design the handle and the user command.
Figure 38 Hand grips
Figure 39 Finger abduction, opposition and flexion
The arm
46 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 40 Arm Abduction and Elevation
Figure 41 Arm flexion, pronation and supination
Figure 42 Arm neutral rotation, hyperextension, flexion and rotation in abduction
The arm can do the shoulder and the elbow movements. This depends of the anatomy dimensions and the capacity to do this kind of movements the user could access to do more things. It will be interested for the manipulation of the outboard propulsion.
47 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The head
Figure 43 Head rotation, Hyperextension, Flexion and lateral inclination
The head could do three types of movements, which helps to the user to have more visibility and possibilities of seeing things. This fact is important to design the user command and take care it when the user have to drive the board.
The backbone
Figure 44 Back Lateral inclination, Rotation, Flexion and Hyperextension
The backbone movements it is important, as the arm movement, to manipulate the objects, when
the user has to change the batteries, when the user has to drive or finally, when the user should
move the engine.
48 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.4 The colours and font study The fore- and the background colour have to be in contrast. This fact will reduce the visual effort
of the user at the moment that he should identify the information.
For this reason, the choice was made to use the bright and obscure contrast, the font is going
to be dark and the background is going to be bright, and there are going to be an option, which
are going to allow the change and invert this.
4.4.1 Accessible colour table
For the colour scheme, inspiration was found in Innovanautic’s logo. For this reason, it was decided
to make the main colours black, white, green and blue.
Figure 45 Innovanautic colour scheme
We are following the colours used in the Innovanautic’s company, but we chose the back and white
colours because are the neutral colours. On the other hand, we are going to use blue colour, which
means the colour of sea, and the green one for the ecologic and electric part of the product.
Moreover, we have done a contrast study of these colours, which we use it for the foreground colour
and also for the background colour. Has we could see, the best results of the contras are:
Figure 46 colour scheme combinations
All the combinations with white background (1G, 2G, 3G). With the blue background the contras are good if the foreground is white (1W) and it is not bad if the foreground is green (2G), but it is really bad if the foreground is black (2N). With the green background are good the combinations with the black and white foreground (1N and 2 W), but it is not good with the blue (2B). With the black background colour are good the combinations with white and green colours (1O and 3O) but it is not good with the blue colour (2O).
Finally, we are going to take care this study in the design of the outboard electric propulsion’s parts
of the cover colour and in the user command. Moreover to do the other documents related with
the product, which are like the posters, the datasheet and the storyboard.
49 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The cover the background is white because it will prevent the internal temperatures to get
to high, as the white cover will reflect a great amount of the solar heat. The foreground
and the graphics are green, blue and black in order to follow the colour study that we did.
Users command the foreground of the user command will be green and the background colour
will black. That is because this combination has the best contrast.
The other documents these help to better explain the operation of the final product, and to show
their image detail. The colours of these documents are going to use the green, blue, with and black
in order to follow the colour study that we did.
Figure 47 Colours and fonts combined
50 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.5 Eco design That’s the concepts and the steps that we should take care when we design any product if we want
to be the respectful with the environment, the most that you could.
a. Development of new concepts
i. Dematerialization: Reduce to a minimum the amount of material used to develop the function of the product or service.
1. Optimizer thicknesses and widths to define finite elements.
2. Use materials such minimum density material.
3. Study sections and mechanisms.
4. Watching his cutting could enter more in detail.
ii. Sharing: ensure that different users share the same product or service in order to maximize their level of use. This will reduce the environmental impacts associated with each time you use the product (in the same split among environmental loads a greater number of uses).
b. Reduced consumption and diversity of materials
i. Optimize the wall thickness and density of the materials. ii. Minimize the components of the product without an important role or not
increase their quality or aesthetic value. iii. Reuse parts of the product. iv. Avoid the use of paints, lacquers and other surface treatments. v. Ask providers how to optimize the design of products.
vi. Consider the environmental impact of the materials at the time of selection.
c. Selection of materials with less environmental impact
d. Reducing the environmental impact of production processes
i. Reducing the number of production stages: reducing the number of different materials or components, avoiding the use of surface treatments, etc..
ii. Select materials and processes to internally recycle waste production (defective products, production testing, shrinkage ...)
iii. Integrating the design process in the environmental management system to ensure the mainstreaming of the environmental variable.
e. Optimization of distribution
i. Minimize the use of packaging: use reusable containers to reduce the amount of materials used to provide new features or packaging.
ii. Use materials with less environmental impact for packaging. iii. Maximize the amount of product per unit volume contained during transport
and storage, for example, shipping the product disassembled or stacked.
51 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
iv. Mark materials with identifying symbol. Reduce the weight of the product and its packaging to reduce energy
consumption during transportation.
f. Reduction of environmental impacts during use
i. Reducing energy and water per unit of service offered by the product (incorporating saving systems or improve the use efficiency).
g. Increased life
i. Allow and promote re-use. ii. Identify and seek to eliminate the weaknesses of the product (those where
there are more breaks or to be repaired frequently). iii. Choose appropriate materials and thickness to ensure good strength
of the product in use. iv. Design the product in modules that can be upgraded to suit the changing
needs of the user. v. Facilitate repair and maintenance (eg, ensuring that the most vulnerable
components can be easily dismantled and replaced). vi. Supply of spare parts for repair.
h. Optimization of waste management
i. Use recyclable or biodegradable, given the existence of a recycling scheme set for such materials in the country where the product will be used.
ii. Use the fewest possible materials. iii. Use materials that are compatible for joint recycling (ie not have
to disassemble the product or, at least, not entirely). iv. Minimize the use of paints, lacquers, additives, and surface treatments,
etc. obstacles to recycling the material. v. Simplify the dismantling of the product:
1. Minimizing the number of components or materials (therefore, unions)
2. Ensuring that the joints are easily accessible and there is enough space to use the tools required for dismantling
3. Ensuring that only require a few steps and common tools 4. Using systems that can separate binding after prolonged use 5. Symbols including information about the process 6. Concentrated in the same area all the components of the product
is not recyclable.
52 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.6 Final Design What is the final design of our product? This part will explain the external part of our product,
the dimensions, the forms and the accessibility characteristics, considering what was studied
in the other parts of this project; here will be the parts that will interact with the users, the handle,
the housing, the attachment etc.
One the other hand, we should to choose the characteristics of the materials that we want to have.
It has to be waterproof, resistant to impacts, rigid, reliable and durable. Moreover, the price
and the impact of the material are also important and we should take care. Nowadays, there is a big
problem to recycle and reuse many items related to boats. This fact we will confront it with the ideas
that were presented in the eco-design section.
In order to find the best material we used the Edupack program, which is a recommendation
of the UPC University.
For the housing shape, the principal’s functions are:
- Protect the electric parts of the product against the possible shock, since these are very
sensitive.
- Protect the electric parts of the product against water and sprays.
- Protect the electric parts of the product against the weather.
- Stabilize the system.
- Join the mechanical with the electrical part.
- Facilitate the user interaction.
- Facilitate the transport and handling of the user.
Moreover, there is the handle, which is related with the housing, which functions are:
- The driving motor.
- Protect the user.
- Do the product more ergonomic.
The principal characteristics of the housing and the handle are protecting the electric part
and facilitate the interaction of the product with the user.
The housing design is conditioned for the shapes of the electrical and mechanical part. To begin
designing it was necessary to define the dimensions of these components in order to see how much
space it needs*:
- Battery 281x128x176 mm
- Invertor 393x220x81 mm
- Variable of frequency 169x70x161 mm
- Potentiometer 17x17x35 mm
- Profile 150x60 mm
*The panels with more detail about the component’s dimensions are in the annex.
53 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 48 Overview
Then, the first idea was to follow the shapes of the electrical and mechanical parts by using as little
space as possible. Although the electrical components have varied during the project, some
of the ideas and designs that were considered were firstly proposal A and B which are the most
functional and which have the least organic shapes. proposal B has two versions, changing the site
of the handle. However, it was discarded because the cover 1 was too big and also because
the electrical components were changed.
Figure 49 Proposition A
54 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 50 Proposition B
On the other hand, we thought about designing organic shapes in order to do a final design more
dynamic and beauteous. This is the proposal C, following the firs ideas.
Figure 51 Proposition C
55 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The following designs are based on these ideas, and finally we arrived to the final design. Then,
the process of designed the housing and the handle is:
Figure 52 Cover design overview
57 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.6.1 Cover design part 1
The cover design part 1 is the top of the housing. This part is divided in two parts, the fixed
and the mobile part. Moreover, all the housing are designed with the same shapes and idea.
Figure 53 Cover design
The fixed part (A) is linked with the cover design part 2, which is also fixed. This has a hold in the top,
which is used for the user to manipulate the outboard propulsion when he wants to disengage
the motor.
On the other hand, there is the mobile part (B) of the cover part 1. That is the part that is going
to open when the user should change the battery. Moreover, it is designed with the shapes to use
it to lock the system. This contains the screen, which is the part that displays the technical
information.
58 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 54 Cover handle
Materials selection and manufacturing processes
The material that we choose to do the cover is the polypropylene, which is the best material
for the specifications that we had said. It is called Poly Vinyl Chloride CPVC, all the specifications
about it, are in the annex. We though to do a external structure of aluminium but for recycling
materials and separate them is easier to use only one component and does not mix it.
The manufacturing of this cover will be for the manufacture of the thermoplastics injection, melting
and extrusion. This fact implies that the structure of the cover is going to be subjected not just by the
electrical and mechanical components, unless for the injection and extraction of the fix metal
“crumbs”.
On the other hand, the fences and boards are going to be neoprene coated and it will be attached
by vulcanization.
4.6.2 Cover design part 2
The cover design part 2 is the fixed part of the housing. The function of this part is to protect
the electric part, as was said before. The shapes are designed to add the profile in order to join
the housing with the profile, which has the engine and axle in the top.
Materials selection and manufacturing processes
The materials selections of the other cover are going to follow the same way as the first cover,
with the same materials and process.
59 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.6.3 Handle
The handle is designed based on the ergonomics study, which helps to define the shapes
and the dimension of this in order to design it with the best shape for the user because it is the part
that the user manipulate more.
The dimensions used in the handle are those decided on in the ergonomics study earlier in this
report. The handle is a part of the lock system, as was explained, so the shape of this part is most
important for the interactive part with the user and also for the lock system.
The system which was chosen to give power to the engine is the safe touch system, which means
the user should take the handle and move the finger across the surface, which is safe because
if the user does not touch the handle the engine has not power. This system was discarded because
the surface used would be to small and thus to sensitive to have an easy control.
Figure 55 Handle system 1
An alternative to this system was a system in which the user needs to turn the handle to a certain
position in order to regulate the engine speed. A significant downside of this system is that it requires
the user to move the arm in order to control the boat.
Figure 56 Handle system 2
Materials selection and manufacturing processes
The handle can divide in three parts. The part that the user takes to provide power to the engine,
the part allowed driving and turning the engine and finally, the part that lock the system.
The material that we choose to do the handle is the principal structure with aluminium, as was said
in the previous study of the materials. The part that the user will be in contact will be Perfluoro
elastomer (FFKM/FFPM) with carbon black filed.
60 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.6.4 Lock system
Materials selection and manufacturing processes
The materials selections of the other cover are going to follow the same way as the first cover,
with the same materials and process in order to achieve the best global housing, and we are going to
use aluminium for the handle, as we said.
The cut-off
This will be the system that helps to fastener the covers in order to shutdown the system and also
to protect it for the theft. There are two parts. Firstly the shaft part and the part that closes both
covers.
The shaft is a Stainless steel hinges industrial production. That is because it will be cheaper and easier
to buy it. There are three.
Stainless steel; steel AISI 304-DIN 1.4301. -Spring resistance 500.000 cycles. Measures: SA 120 - 120X80 A possible Catalan company manufacturer of hinges JUSTOR
On the other hand, there is the closes part. That part involves the shapes of the cover and also
the handle shapes. This combination implies that when the handle is down it is impossible opening
the housing, only when the handle is rising to the top it is possible open the housing. This fact
is in order to prevent possible accidents, because it is impossible open the housing for example when
the engine is turn on.
The idea is that the user could only touch the battery to change it. We designed this system in order
to prevent any accident. Moreover, we designed the system considering that there is only a mobile
electric component, the battery, and the others are fix. This means that the user could touch only
the battery and they couldn’t touch the other electronics components like the inverter
and the variable frequency.
The system that we use to apply this idea is as the following image shows:
Figure 57 closing system
The problem that we should improve is the fact that the user will do a force. For this reason we did
a study of the force in order to re-dimensioned the handle profile.
61 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.7 Strength of materials The study of tensions and deformations, it is depending of the material. We will use compare
stainless steel, aluminum and polyamide.
Design parameters
CS = σe / σt
σ = E xε
ε = ΔL / Lo A = F/ σ
Ζt = F / (Π/4 x D2) σb = 2 σt = F / (e x Φp)
σe stainless Steel 180 MPa σe aluminium 120 MPa σe polyamide 60 MPa E stainless Steel 160 MPa σe aluminium 120 MPa σe polyamide 60 MPa
The calculations are approximate if the user will do a force of 1000 N. the user should do less force but hat is for precaution. We are going to use as a safety factor a 1,5.
ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE
σt = 120 / 1,5 = 80 MPa
σt = 60 / 1,5 = 40 MPa σt = 180 / 1,5 = 120 MPa
Deformation of the handle ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE
ε = 120 / 210 X 103 = 5,71 X 10-4 ε = 80 / 70 X 103 = 1,15 X 10-4 ε = 40 / 12 X 103 = 3,34 X 10-4
ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE
ΔL = 1000 x 5,71 X 10-4 = 0,571 mm ΔL = 1000 x 1,15 X 10-4 = 0,115 mm ΔL = 1000 x 3,34 X 10-4 = 0,334 mm
The material that has more deformation is the aluminum and the less is the stainless steel.
Section ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE
A = 1000 / 120 = 8,33 mm2 A = 1000/ 80 = 12,5 mm2 A = 1000 / 40 = 25 mm2
In this case, in order to reduce the material we should use the stainless steel.
Dimensions of the handle. If we considering the material.
Firstly we decided, as a design parameter, that the handle would be 15 mm of width
a = A / b ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL
a = 8,33 / 15 = 0,56 mm a = 12,5 / 15 = 8,33 mm
62 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
POLYAMIDE
a = 25 / 15 = 1,67 mm
The articulation
This study is to avoid the sharp break ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE
Ζt=0,6 x 120= 72MPa Ζt = 0,6 x 80 = 52 MPa Ζt = 0,6 x 40 = 26 MPa
D = √ (4 x F / (ζt x Π)) ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL POLYAMIDE
D = √ (4 x 1000 / (72 x Π)) = 4,2 mm = 4,5 mm D = √ (4 x 1000 / (52 x Π)) = 4,95 mm = 5 mm D = √ (4 x 1000 / (26 x Π)) = 6,99 mm = 7 mm
Contact ALUMINUM σb = 2 x 120 = 1000 / (e x 4,5)
e = 0,93 mm = 1 mm STAINLESS STEEL
σb = 2 x 120 = 1000 / (e x 5) e = 0,83 mm = 1 mm
POLYAMIDE σb = 2 x 120 = 1000 / (e x 7) e = 0,60 mm = 1 mm
T = A / 2e ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL
T1 = 8,33 / (2 x 1) = 4,17 mm = 4,5 mm T1 = 12,5 / (2 x 1) = 6,25 mm = 6,5 mm
63 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
POLYAMIDE
T1 = 25 / (2 x 1) = 12,5 mm
On the other hand, the normative said that T1 >= D
σt (traction) = F / A = F / (2 x t2 x e) ALUMINUM σt = 1000 / (2 x 1 x t2) = 120 MP
t2 = 4,17 mm = 4,5 mm STAINLESS STEEL
σt = 1000 / (2 x 1 x t2) = 80 MP t2 = 6,25 mm = 6,5 mm
POLYAMIDE σt = 1000 / (2 x 1 x t2) = 40 MP t2 = 12,5 mm
To sum up, the study of tensions and deformations of the handle says that it’s not too big the force
that the user should do, so the section and dimension of this is not really important, but we should
take care about this when we are designing a component is subject a force. Moreover, we could
confirm that the best material is the aluminum and the second the stainless steel. As a result we are
going to change the profile of the handle.
Figure 58 Handle movements
64 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The handle is locked by piece, which helps that the handle does not fall over the most horizontal line when the engine is used.
Figure 59 Folding handle
66 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
In this system we should redesign the cover because the angle to open is too much.
That is because it will be more stable and is harder to have a problem with the batteries
if the hold is smaller. In reference of what I’m saying, we change and redesigned
it and achieve open only 90º.
Figure 61 Removing battery
67 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.8 User command The user command has four parts, which are over and are in a box 120 x 80 mm2. The parts that
it have
1. Screen
2. Buttons of the screen to change the options that it displays
3. On/off button
4. Back button
Figure 62 User commands
The characteristics of each part are:
1. Screen: the dimension is 4” (ins), the background colour is grey, a neutral colour, without light,
that is because if there are glare the user could see the information‘s displays and the found
ground colours I black, that is because the contrast it’s really good.
2. Buttons of the screen to change the options that it displays: that are the smallest buttons
and that is because it are less important. The user could change the information that the screen
displays if they press it.
3. On/off button: if the user press it and the motor are off this will set and contrary if the engine
is turned it will turns off. That is the biggest button and is because it is the most important.
68 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
It is red because it colour is really easy to see. There are the international symbol
of the on/off which are going to facilitate the user identify it.
4. Back button: it is yellow because that colour is important and easy to see but not like the red
colour. That is smallest that the on/off button and that is because it is not so important.
When the user presses it, the engine will change the direction of the board.
The users will have a little screen in the cover, which is simple and useful, only in order to inform
the user, with the state of the batteries and also the speed at which it moves. Then, in the screen
displays two options:
1. Speed
2. Battery
69 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 63 Controls: speed
The screen displays the speed that the board goes. The units of this one are kilometres per hour and that is because the potentials users will be Mediterranean, specifically Spanish.
Figure 64 Controls: battery level
The screen displays the battery autonomy. The information will be approximately because it depends on the velocity but it will be the hours and the tan per cent the battery have.
Figure 65 Controls: battery warning
If the battery is about to end and the user needs to change it, the screen will display a warning sign, an international logotype of warning, and that will flashes, which is because the movement always attracts more attracting the eye of anyone.
4.9 Other documents
4.9.1 Story board
What is the process that the user should do to use the outboard electric propulsion? Which utilities
the product will offer to the user?
The steps that you should follow to place the engine are:
1. Attached the engine behind the boat. Turn the handle to adjust the thickness of this boat
2. Turn down the engine, put it in 90º and fix it.
3. Down the handle
70 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 66 Storyboard: starting
4. Press the on/off button and start the engine
Figure 67 Storyboard: press on/off button
5. Hold well the handle and rotate it to give speed
Figure 67 Storyboard: touch
71 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
6. Handle rotates horizontally to change direction of the boat.
Figure 68 Storyboard: press on/off button
7. Press the on/off button to turn off the engine
Figure 69 Storyboard: turning off
8. Repeat steps 4, 3, 2 and 1 in reverse
72 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
4.9.2 Datasheet
Which are the characteristics of the product?
This chapter will contain a document to show the consumers the specifications and the most
important characteristics that the outboard electric propulsion will have. The technical specifications
of our outboard electric propulsion, which are most interesting to them.
73 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
5. Market strategy Preparing the electric outboard propulsion is not the end of the project. It is the beginning
of introducing the product on the market and what is more, finding and satisfying the customers'
needs and expectations.
Although Spanish economy is the 13th-largest economy in the world and fifth-largest in European
Union, based on nominal GDP comparisons1, the country is still trying to manage with the global
economic crisis, and what the consequences of it are in regards of unemployment and debt. Under
those conditions the introduction of a new product on the market is a real challenge.
5.1 Strategic analysis Strategic analysis is a basic and crucial tool to determine market strategy. It is a process of gathering
and evaluating necessary information to formulate the strategy.
5.1.1 Market investigation
Spanish economy
Before global economic crisis began, Spain was in a time of rapid growth. The depth recession caused
by crisis affected all countries. According to real GDP Spain was in similar situation like other
advanced OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) economies, but had
more trouble with high unemployment rates and deterioration in government finances. The global
crisis has been compounded by a high degree of private indebtedness which was caused
by an unsustainable domestic demand boom, driven by business and housing investment. Now,
the slow recovery from the depression can be observed. In order to rebalance the Spanish economy,
labour- and product market reforms are needed. This will result in an improved competitiveness.
Spanish government is striving to put on a sustainable basis the public finances. Fiscal and financial
policies need to retrieve the investor confidence. The Spanish government still has to do a lot
of efforts to rebalance the economy.
Some facts about Spanish economy:
“-Spain’s world market share in exports market share has remained constant at 2% despite growing
shares of emerging markets.
-The fiscal GDP surplus of 1.9% of 2007 was transformed into a deficit of 11.3% in 2009, which
has been only reduced to 8.5% of GDP in 2011
-Strong commitment to achieve the fiscal targets contained in the Stability Program: -5.3% of GDP
in 2012 and -3% in 2013, with the objective of reaching equilibrium fiscal balance in 2015. Primary
budgetary surplus will be reached from 2013 onwards → Contributes to stabilizing the Debt/GDP
ratio
-Ambitious adjustment: Total expenditure cuts and revenue increases already adopted are estimated
at € 30.2 bn in 2012 and €19.6 bn in 2013.
1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Spain
74 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
-The Spanish banking sector has performed an extraordinary provisioning effort, and has increased
its capitalisation more than many other countries
Studies on provisioning levels in Europe suggest that:
The coverage ratio (Total provisions/ NPLs) of the Spanish financial sector is amongst the highest
in Europe
Even when compared to Total Credit (including performing loans), Spain’s provision levels
stand out amongst other European peers
Across asset classes, Spanish provision levels are among the top 3 countries in Europe
in the last years, not taking into account the provisioning efforts included in the Financial
sector reform
Beyond provisions, the Spanish banking system has deployed more capital per unit of asset
due to higher RWA/ Total Assets
-The clean-up measures taken place are equivalent to a real estate price reduction above European
adjustments
-The relative weight of the financial sector in the Spanish economy is lower than in other European
economies. Total Assets of the financial sector in terms of GDP:
Ireland ≈ 829% of GDP
UK ≈ 603% of GDP
France ≈ 375% of GDP
Spain ≈ 326% of GDP
Germany ≈ 310% of GDP
-All entities will be obliged to set up Asset Management Companies so that their balance sheet will
be cleaned of real estate assets:
-The long term sustainability of the Spanish economy is guaranteed:
Stabilization/adjustment of the current account deficit
After peaking at almost 10% in 2007, the financing needs of the Spanish economy vs the rest
of the world will be corrected to -0.9% of GDP in 2012 and is expected to close to balance by 2013.
It is the most radical adjustment in the Eurozone since the beginning of the crisis.
Spain continues to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), 2,4% of GDP (average in 2010-2011).
The FDI stock of Spain, 44% of GDP is substantially higher than other Eurozone countries (Italy 15%,
Germany 21%). Spain registers a trade surplus with the Euro area.
Strong support from exports growth
The non-energy goods balance registered a surplus in the first two months of 2012 and the non-
tourist services balance moved into a surplus at end of 2011. Tourism services continues to show
a healthy growth.
75 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Declining Unit Labour Costs (ULC), improved geographical diversification (especially to Latin America
and Asia) and new focus of companies in export markets has increased the exports participation
in GDP from 23% in 1T-2009 to close to 31% in 4T-2011.
Private sector deleveraging
Accumulated clean-up of Financial Sector with close to € 200 bn of provisions and capital buffers.
Last 2012 Reform focused in loans linked to developers (€ 307 bn ) increasing the average coverage
ratio to 45%.
Accumulated clean-up of Financial Sector balance sheet
In the mortgage portfolio (€ 660 bn), a low mortgage arrears rate (3%) , a low average LTV (62%)
and a strong level of provisions in the system allow for sufficient protection if it were needed.
In the corporate and SME portfolio (€ 990 bn), the doubtful loan ratio of credit to non-financial
companies excluding construction and property developers is lower than the doubtful loan ratio
of total credit
Both the stock of household and corporate debt –excluding the financial sector- have decreased
since their peak levels in 2010 ( by 7% of GDP and 8% of GDP respectively). This compares very
favourably with other Eurozone countries deleveraging rates.
The International Investment Position (IIP) of -90% of GDP is shared more or less equally between
the public and private sector. The relative weight of FDI in both sides of the IIP (assets and liabilities)
is very high (more than in other European countries), which makes this position sustainable.
Public Sector fiscal consolidation impulse to all Administration levels
The effects of the burst of the real estate bubble have been largely alleviated
A significant reduction in the number of former savings banks: from 45 before the crisis
to 7 institutions soon.
And all saving banks have been transformed into commercial banks”2
2http://www.thespanisheconomy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/en-
gb/Financial%20Sector/Spains%20path%20towards%20stability%20and%20growth.pdf
76 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Boating market3
The highest relative growth in boating market in Europe is dated on 2004-2009, then the recession
came with the global crisis. In 2009 all industries suffered because of the worldwide economic crisis
and boating industry was affected as well all over the world. Considering the boating industry
trouble, the worst situation was in Europe. This was a difficult time for all companies, some of them
had to reduce their employment up to 70%, some were force to go bankrupt and in the worst
situation, some were taken over by competitors.
A slow recovery in the boating industry can now be noticed but the International Council of Marine
Industry Associations (ICOMIA) is still sceptical about this. Arlene Sloan writes in ICOMIA boating
industry statistics 2010 “Despite some signs of recovery, consumer confidence remains elusive”.
(Sloan 2011, 1) Deepening debt crisis in Southern Europe, credit downgrades in America is just a few
reason why consumers are still careful and companies have to still try to gain their confidence.
According to ICOMIA’s market overview of June 2011 it could be assumed that the boating industry
is improving. Many marine companies have adapted the changes after the crisis and prosper well.
It is observed the bankruptcy of some companies and also the merging with each other. In this hard
time after crisis the bigger companies have influence on the smaller ones. A large part of the boating
industry belongs to the leaders in the industry, unfortunately at the expense of small businesses.
(Kleinitz, 2012.)
Below there are presented some facts from boats industry:
The total turnover of boating industry and the number of companies around the world:
USA - 68,741.87 million euros and 1125 boat builders
UK - 3,543.30 million euros and 380 boat builders
Italy – 3,336.00 million euros
France - 2,950.50 million euros
Turkey - 450 boat builders
Australia and Germany – 400 boat builders
(Kleinitz 2012.)
3http://www.thespanisheconomy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/en-
gb/Financial%20Sector/Spains%20path%20towards%20stability%20and%20growth.pdf
http://www.thespanisheconomy.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/en-
gb/Economic%20Policy%20Measures/110201_OECD_Economic_Survey.pdf
http://publications.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/44214/Laaksonen_Tommi.pdf?sequence=2
77 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Spain does not belong to the top countries of the biggest turnover of the boating industry
and neither do a lot of companies from this sector.
The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010:
1. USA - 517 630 boats
2. France - 24 739 boats
3. Poland - 16 610 boats
4. Italy – 12 010 boats
(Kleinitz 2012.)
Figure 70 The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010
In Figure 71 it can be observed that according to general information Spain has 25 boats builders,
which does not place the country in the top of the ranking. In Spain 16 000 people found
employment in the boating industry. The amount of boats divided with the population in Spain
is equal 210 boats. On the territory of the country is 358 places to dock for smaller boats
(a basin with open moorings) and 129 554 places like harbours and ports.
517 630
24 739 16 610 12 010 0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
USA France Poland Italy
The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010
Number of boats
78 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 71 Boating industry in numbers (Kleinitz, 2012)
The next figure (Figure 72) presents information about numbers and types of boats in the country’s
territory. Spain has about 219 998 boats included 13 455 boats that are fully or partially propelled
by sail, 154 178 motor boats with the inboard engine located just forward from the transom
and 52 365 small boats with sides made of flexible tubes. It is visible that mainly park a inboard stern
drive motor boats.
79 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 72 Boat park (units) (Kleinitz, 2012)
* UK data from 2009
80 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 73 presents the information on domestic boat production. In Spain, 63 sailboats, 1 262
inboard stern drive motor boats and 255 inflatable boats were produced in 2012.
Figure 73 Domestic boat production (units) (Kleinitz, 2012)
5.1.2 Communication strategies
To achieve a success in introducing a new product on the market, the key is to find the right product
at right time in right place and address it to right people. In the beginning it is necessary to establish
the target group. The following questions could be helpful:
Who will be interesting in this project?
Who will be using this product?
Who have an influence on this project?
For what purpose the project is accomplished?
Communication with stakeholders gives the answers for some of these question. Communication
strategy consist of four group of stakeholders, the most powerful people who have high influence
and high interest and who manage the project. The second group has high influence but low interest
and project outputs should satisfy their expectations. The third group just monitors the project
81 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
because they have low influence and low interest. The last group has low influence of the project
but high interest and should be informed about project development.
In Electric Outboard Propulsion project the following interested parties were appointed:
Figure 74 Communication strategies
82 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
The next step is to list the interested parties and explain why and how they can influence the project.
The team – The team is strongly involved in the project and has high influence as high
interest due to the fact that they perform the project
supervisors - they give the necessary information about the work delivered and help
the team in finding the right directions to reach the set goals. They also inspect
the achievements
Innovanautic - this is company which asked to create this project, they have a high influence
on the project, as well as a high interest. The team is monitored by the company
but also receives the necessary support from them
European Commission – The EC could be involved in our project by European Fisheries Fund
because an application for the fund will be realized for realization of the project
other EPS groups - they compare the stage of their project with other groups,
it is mobilization to work; they also monitor the other groups work,
other supervisors - they monitor the other group work as well as other EPS groups
sellers - they are observers, in the future the product can create possibilities to gain
the money
ecological organizations - due to the fact that electrical outboard propulsion is more
environmental friendly than a combustion engine, different ecological organizations could
be interested in this topic
home universities - they have low influence on the project but they want to monitor
the achievements and be informed about our development
other companies - because of market competition and technological development other
companies are interested about new product on the market to create competitive offer
for customers
fishermen - new products could be interesting for them if it makes their work easier, not only
handling but also maintenance should be easy to give the users satisfaction and pleasure
other users of small boats - similarly like the fishermen
5.1.3 Marketing Mix
In this part the focus should be on satisfying customers’ needs profitably, the answer how to manage
it could deliver marketing mix analysis. Answers to the following questions should be found:
What is the price? Where is the target audience? and How to make the product recognizable
on the market? How to gain the trust of customers? and make a product of good quality?
Products – It is a material good, physical object - an outboard electric propulsion for small boats.
3 main components of product:
1. Core product
A system which allows to manoeuvre the small boats out of their ports safely and with great
precision.
83 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
2. Formal product
Product attributes
- high efficiency system
- safety
- advanced electronic propulsion
- environmental friendly
- sustainable technology
- good quality
Branding
The technology based company – Innovanautic – try to used the most efficient system based
on renewable and conventional sources of energy. As the company name indicated company
is focused on innovation and development.
Logo:
Packaging
The system should be protected for damage during delivery it to customer, ensuring that
the product will reach the buyers in perfectly good condition without any failures.
Labeling
The product should have also the label contains all necessary information about product
and the brand name, logo.
3. Augmented product
To complete the total product offer it should be mentioned that with product the company
deliver after-sales service like warranty.
Price- (not possible to make a correct estimate yet, the price should be profitable for the company
but not too high)
Place – The assumption was made that product will be delivered mainly to the Catalonian region
but it is appropriate for all swallow see with waves approximately 1m high.
Company location
Business is located in the target market region, what provides customers the quick access
to the product.
84 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Channel of distribution
It is really important to choose the right channel of distribution.
Distribution option include for instance:
Direct channel – manufacturer -> consumer
Multiple channels:
- sell products to wholesaler
- shop selling
- using website to sell products
- have agents or distributors selling the products
Promotion - the way to reach a target audience. The method to encourage the customers
to buy the product is promotion. When clients became familiar with the product they are willing
to make purchase.
Firstly, it should be kept in mind why the promotion is needed. The purpose of promotion
is to increase the profit by increasing the sales. Funds spent on promotion strategy should return
with the surplus in the future from purchases.
Advertisement should be catchy, make that the name of the business stay in mind of the customers.
Aim of advertisement is to give clear and direct information and cannot hurt anyone feelings.
Also important is to build a favourable image of company, to give a necessary information about
product, to attract customers to buy the goods and to arouses interest about brand. Everything using
in promotion have to be accordance with the law.
5.1.4 PESTEL analysis
The purpose of this analysis is to assess the macro-environment of company.
Political forces
political system - parliamentary monarchy4, political system based on constitution of 1978;
constitutional laws have influence on the action made by company by for instance equal
rights for all citizens and allowed to work. It permits also to the possession private property.
political stability - according to the Political Instability Index5 Spain is located on 104 position
in 165 considered countries. Although the economic distress is quite high (8.0 in 1-10 scale),
index score indicates the moderate risk. For company it means that it should not be expected
dramatic change in politics and what is more in statutes.
membership of international groups and trade blocs - Spain is a member of few trade blocs
like The European Union, European Free Trade Association and Free Trade and Warehousing
4 First article. Cortes Generales (27 December 1978). "Spanish Constitution". Tribunal Constitucional de España.
Retrieved 28 January 2012. 5 http://viewswire.eiu.com/site_info.asp?info_name=social_unrest_table&page=noads
85 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Zones6. Such memberships give a company an opportunity to import and export the goods
and services among the members of partnerships.
the level of trade protectionism - the level of protectionism in Spain is quite high7, Spain
is on the list of the top 10 biggest targets of protectionism8. This is good condition
for the project because the focus is on the Catalonia region.
Economic forces
unemployment rate – the unemployment rate in Spain is one of the highest in European
Union (26.7 %)9; the company will have no problem to find a future employees.
income – the Gross Domestic Product per capita in Purchasing Power Standards is equal 9810,
what means that it is almost equal to the EU average GDP (100); it means that Spanish
economy is still one of the biggest economy in the Europe, what gives company
the opportunity for development.
inflation rate – annual average rate of change in Spain is equal 2.4%11, this gives
the information that prices increase so probably the company expenses increase as well.
currency exchange rates - Spain’s currency is the Euro, and the exchange rate
is approximately €0.77= $112. The trend of Euro Exchange Rate is downward (2009-2013)13.
The high euro exchange rate could reduce the competitiveness of European economies, what
might be a problem for company if decide to deliver the products and services
at international market.
availability of loans - Spain is one of the top countries for granting loans to firms when scaled
by GDP14, what is means that company will have possibility to take a loan if needed.
taxes - in Spain the income taxes vary from 24.75% to 52%. Spain's corporate tax rate
is 30%15. Company should be aware of the taxes which have to pay. This economic force have
a noticeable impact on company.
interest rates - the benchmark interest rate in Spain is equal 0.50 percent and is lower than
last year16. The decrease of interest rate could bring increase in business activity what is good
forecast for the company.
6 http://www.fedex.com/us/international/irc/profiles/irc_es_profile.html#C02
7 http://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp110.pdf
8 http://www.globaltradealert.org/sites/default/files/GTA11_section1.pdf
9 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics
10 http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114
11http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tec00118&tableSelection=1
&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1 12
http://www.xe.com/?r=10 13
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/currency 14
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/finance/data/enterprise-finance-index/access-to-finance-indicators/loans/index_en.htm 15
http://www.worldwide-tax.com/spain/spain_taxes.asp 16
http://www.tradingeconomics.com/spain/interest-rate
86 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Social forces
tradition and national values - this social force have weakly impact of the company however
it should be respected tradition and national values as a part of the culture.
labour standards - the standard work week in Spain consist of 40 work hours17, the company
should respect this.
the level of education – “Education in Spain is compulsory, and free from 6 to 16 years
of age, supported by the Government in each Region. About 70% of Spain's student
population attends public schools or universities.”18 97.7% of population of Spain is able
to write and read (male: 98.5%, female: 97%)19, the level of education gives the employer
the information about training needed for employees and also defines the salary.
business ethics - taking care of the good name of the company business ethics should
be respected according to high competition on the market.
openness to international products and new technologies - according to the Peterson's
frameworks dimensions Spain rather try to avoid risk and what is connected
to this it is not so open for using new technologies and international products, it gives the
chance to company to deliver the products and services to domestic market but on the other
hand it is a threat for company that customers will be afraid of using the new technology
applied in the products.
demographics of population - the age structure in Spain is as follows:
0-14 years: 15.3% (male 3,698,174/female 3,483,844)
15-24 years: 9.9% (male 2,401,814/female 2,232,342)
25-54 years: 46.5% (male 11,127,110/female 10,751,806)
55-64 years: 11.1% (male 2,546,319/female 2,684,463)
65 years and over: 17.3% (male 3,444,027/female 4,673,085)
According to sex ratio it turns out that in Spain is more women than men. Urban population is equal
77% of total population with the annual rate of change equal 1%.20 This information is important
to establish the target group by the company.
17
http://www.recruitmentspain.com/labourlawsinspain.php 18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Spain 19
http://www.indexmundi.com/spain/demographics_profile.html 20
http://www.indexmundi.com/spain/demographics_profile.html
87 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Technological forces
the quality of scientific research background – the team used the secondary research method
to gather the information needed to the project, it means that all assumption based
on already existing materials.
ecological technologies - nowadays sustainability and ecological technologies are really
important, electric outboard propulsion is more environmental friendly what build positive
image of company.
production technologies - the production technologies are well-developed what gives
a company a lot of possibilities.
level of engineering and technical staff - the project team consist of six members from
different countries and with different knowledge background, international students team
could deliver fresh ideas to complete the project.
Environmental forces
change of climate - a higher incidence of heat waves and droughts21, it could cause decrease
of level of water in long term forecast, and it might be positive factor for production
an outboard electric propulsion for small boats appropriate for shallow water.
Legal forces
financial-banking system - in times of crisis in Spain it is observed difficult situation of public
finance and increasing public debt22, subsequently could be for instance rise of taxes that
company have to pay.
the range of state interventionism - in times of crisis the government have the influence
of the economy, companies have to follow certain regulations but are not totally dependent
on government.
contract law - all prepared contracts by company should follow the contract law.
tax law – company is obligated to pay the taxes according to tax law.
consumer law - company should respect consumer law to satisfy the customers.
protection against unfair competition - this protection gives the company possibilities
for develop safely and under the same conditions as other companies, reduce the threat
of unfair competition.
health and safety protection - the company should provide safety environment in work
for the employees as well as health insurance.
regulations - during preparing new product company should be aware of certain regulation
to follow, like for instance the patent law.
21
http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/problems/rising_temperatures/hotspot_map/spain.cfm 22
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2012/cr12137.pdf
88 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
5.1.5 SWOT analysis
SWOT analysis is a commonly known marketing tool to evaluate the positive and negative influences
on the project. Internal factors like strengths and weaknesses as well as external factors like
opportunities and threats will help to create an overview of the products market position.
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
Environmental friendly
High efficiency system
Sustainable technology
User friendly
Portable
Quiet system
Low operational cost
Relatively light weight
Location: company located in the target region
High initial price
Run time (approximately 3,5 hour)
Battery life
Max speed (just 5 knots)
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
Spanish government encourage domestic business
Lack of the competitors in the target region
Strengthen the company name among the target group and potential buyers
Possibility of acquire the European Fishers Found for the project
Improve the local economy
Growing the competitors pressure (especially from USA)
Opposition to change
Figure 75 Swot analysis
89 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Conclusion:
Innovanautic is a small, technology based company focused on the innovation and development
of the sustainable technology, located in Tarragona. The new product is prepared by international
team of student from different countries and with different background of knowledge.
To be successful in introducing a new product on the market it has to be establish the strengths
and weaknesses as well as opportunities and threats. The next step is to focus what it can be done
to improve the weaknesses of product, although it still should be also consider how maintain
the strong points. The company should keep in mind the possibilities created by the external
environment to take advantage of them. Another challenge for the company is to diminish
the negative influence on the project posed by threats.
5.1.6 Competitor analysis23
A lot different of companies exist on the market who offer similar products. Keeping in mind that
the goal is to present the product in Catalonia it was checked that in this region does not exist
company which could deliver an entire electric outboard propulsion system. It creates
the opportunity of introducing the product successfully on market, but nowadays products
and services can be freely distributed all over the world so external companies became competitors.
Below there are listed some of them.
1. Ray Electric Outboards, Inc.
Country – USA
2. Reservoir Runner
Country – USA
3. Minn Kota
Country – USA
4. Torqeedo
Country – Germany
5. Parsun Marine Electric Outboard
Country – China
6. Seven Marine
Country – USA
7. Parsun Marine Electric Outboard
Country – China
8. eCycle Marine
Country – USA
9. MotorGuide
Country – USA
10. Electric Launch Company / ELCO
Country – USA
23 http://www.rbbi.com/links/outboard.htm#ob
90 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Picture Company name Type Country Dealers Price*Motor's Weight
(in kg)Power Horsepower Amp Voltage Max Thrust Shaft Length Number of Batteries Warranty ( in years)
Electric Propulsion
Innovation CorporationWhisper XT USA USA
3479.58
EUR
($4,495)
32 N/A N/A 75 72 V 1.18 kN 0.84m N/A 2
Parsun Marine Electric
Outboard
F4ERS 4 HP
Remote Control
Short Shaft
China
USA
Canada
Switzerland
Netherlands
1974.21
EUR
($2,550)
34 3.0 kW 4 HP 90 48 V 0.58 kN 0.38 m N/A 2
Reyelectric outboard
Reyelectric
outboard system
200
USAUSA
Canada
4017.06
EUR
($5,190)
33 1.9 kW 2.5 HP N/A 36 V 0.60 kN N/A 6 N/A
Reservoir Runner Reservoir
Runner 500-TUSA USA
3092.53
EUR
($3,995)
N/A N/A 4 HP 75 48 V N/A N/A 1 1
Minn Kota e-Drive USAAll over the
world**
3466.75
EUR
($4,479)
47 N/A 2 HP N/A 48 V2 hp / 1.49
kW0.51 m N/A 2
? Innovanautic EPS Project Spain Spain 30 2.2kW 3 HP 6 48 V 1 kN 1 2
Figure 76 Products specifications
91 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
*exchange rate: 1.00 USD ⇒ 0.7741 EUR
exchange rate: 1.00 GBP ⇒ 1.1701 EUR
** USA, Australia, Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Austria, Poland, Netherlands, Basil, Indonesia, Chile,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, United Kingdom, Italy,
Japan, Russia, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, South Africa, Norway, Singapore, Serbia
& Montenegro, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine
Figure 77 Price comparison
Figure 78 Motors’ Weight comparison
92 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 79 Voltage comparison
5.2 Strategy
5.2.1 Promotion Strategy
During preparing promotion strategy the following considerations was taken into account:
resource availability and costs of promotional tools
market size and concentration
customer information needs
product characteristics
The product is an electric outboard propulsion for small boats, for fishing industry, to daily use,
in Catalonia region.
Nowadays a lot of promotional tools are available. In this project the most suitable are:
advertising - to focus the customers attention on the product, increase an awareness
of the product and company name, create a desire for the product and to convince clients
that the product fulfils their needs.
posters - to communicate with the audience by visual message, poster should
be eye-catching and also informative to gain the customers' interest.
advertisement in local radio - clear and short information in local radio station
is good way to reach to the target group.
advertisement in local papers and special magazines - information about new
product should be attached in the papers and magazines which are the most likely
93 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
read by the target group, thus local papers and magazines about boats and fishing
are the most suitable in this case.
direct marketing – to communicate with potential customers directly by providing straight
message, without any intermediaries.
direct mail – email contained a short promotional information about product send
to the companies and potential customers.
telemarketing – the method of promotion based on giving the information
and explanation about product by phone call.
catalogue – the company should provide an easy access to the catalogue with short
description and picture of products. It could be printed version as well as the on-line
one.
public relations - is used for crafting and maintaining the good corporation's image.
presentation for companies – in order to present company product as a business
investment.
panel – contain the based information about product like product specification, short
offer for companies.
personal selling - persuasive message based on face-to-face meeting in order to convince
customer to purchase a goods
Internet and online marketing – advertising which use an Internet as a source
of communication with customer.
website advertisement - nowadays an Internet became easy to reach source
of information due to this fact the information about new product should
be available on the Internet. It could be created website, catalogue on-line, advertise
on the other websites, forums or community walls.
5.2.2 Social Media Marketing
Social media marketing is a process of gaining customer attention through social media sites. Access
to the social media platform have everyone who have an Internet connection. Social platforms
increase awareness of the brand and create an opportunity to share information among users
and companies with the social network. Due to such an interaction it is build relationship with client.
Social media performs several function such as shearing the information, discuss about products
or services, involve the customer and promote products and services.
96 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 1 Shaft adapter and motor connection ...................................................................................... 10
Figure 2 Engine fitted in outer tube ...................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3 Elastic clutch ............................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 4 Axel to propeller connection ................................................................................................... 12
Figure 5 Bearing fit ................................................................................................................................ 12
Figure 6 Shaft adapter force scheme .................................................................................................... 13
Figure 7 Shaft adapter calculations ....................................................................................................... 13
Figure 8 Bearing details ......................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 9 Bracketing system screw ......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10 Steering system ..................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 11 Steering system force scheme............................................................................................... 20
Figure 12 Axel force scheme ................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 13 Axel momentum line ............................................................................................................. 21
Figure 14 Bearing parameters ............................................................................................................... 22
Figure 15 Total system scheme ............................................................................................................. 25
Figure 16 Ebox-100 battery ................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 17 Ebox 100 batery parameters ................................................................................................. 26
Figure 18 Converter parameters ........................................................................................................... 27
Figure 19 Converter ............................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 20 VFD connection scheme ACS 355 .......................................................................................... 28
Figure 21 Input and output of the ACS 355 ........................................................................................... 29
Figure 22 The Softpot potentiometer ................................................................................................... 30
Figure 23 Engine parameters ................................................................................................................ 30
Figure 24 Cable section table ................................................................................................................ 31
Figure 25 Torqeedo travel 1003 ............................................................................................................ 35
Figure 26 HSXW6.0 6HP .................................................................................................................... 35
Figure 27 Torqeedo Deep blue .............................................................................................................. 35
Figure 28 Torqeedo Ultralight 403 ........................................................................................................ 35
Figure 29 Fishing motor ......................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 30 Torqeedo Cruise .................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 31 Ecycle Outboard 9.9 .............................................................................................................. 36
Figure 32 Seven Marine 557 .................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 33 Brushless outboard ................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 34 JSM Model ............................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 35 Hand dimensions ................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 36 Diferent arm dimensions ....................................................................................................... 44
Figure 37 Hand flexion, extension and desviation ................................................................................ 45
Figure 38 Hand grips .............................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 39 Finger abduction, opposition and flexion .............................................................................. 45
Figure 40 Arm Abduction and Elevation................................................................................................ 46
Figure 41 Arm flexion, pronation and supination ................................................................................. 46
Figure 42 Arm neutral rotation, hyperextension, flexion and rotation in abduction ........................... 46
Figure 43 Head rotation, Hyperextension, Flexion and lateral inclination ........................................... 47
Figure 44 Back Lateral inclination, Rotation, Flexion and Hyperextension ........................................... 47
Figure 45 Innovanautic colour scheme ................................................................................................. 48
97 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Figure 46 colour scheme combinations ................................................................................................ 48
Figure 47 Colours and fonts combined ................................................................................................. 49
Figure 48 Overview ................................................................................................................................ 53
Figure 49 Proposition A ......................................................................................................................... 53
Figure 50 Proposition B ......................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 51 Proposition C ......................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 52 Cover design overview .......................................................................................................... 55
Figure 53 Cover design .......................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 54 Cover handle .......................................................................................................................... 58
Figure 55 Handle system 1 .................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 56 Handle system 2 .................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 57 closing system ....................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 58 Handle movements ............................................................................................................... 63
Figure 59 Folding handle ....................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 60 Opening cover system ........................................................................................................... 65
Figure 61 Removing battery .................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 62 User commands ..................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 63 Controls: speed ...................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 64 Controls: battery level ........................................................................................................... 69
Figure 65 Controls: battery warning ..................................................................................................... 69
Figure 66 Storyboard: starting............................................................................................................... 70
Figure 67 Storyboard: touch .................................................................................................................. 70
Figure 68 Storyboard: press on/off button ........................................................................................... 71
Figure 69 Storyboard: turning off .......................................................................................................... 71
Figure 70 The biggest boat manufacturing countries in 2010 .............................................................. 77
Figure 71 Boating industry in numbers (Kleinitz, 2012) ........................................................................ 78
Figure 72 Boat park (units) (Kleinitz, 2012) ........................................................................................... 79
Figure 73 Domestic boat production (units) (Kleinitz, 2012) ................................................................ 80
Figure 74 Communication strategies .................................................................................................... 81
Figure 75 Swot analysis ......................................................................................................................... 88
Figure 76 Products specifications .......................................................................................................... 90
Figure 77 Price comparison ................................................................................................................... 91
Figure 78 Motors’ Weight comparison ................................................................................................. 91
Figure 79 Voltage comparison ............................................................................................................... 92
Figure 80 Social Media examples .......................................................................................................... 94
98 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Acknowledgment The entire team has put a lot of time and effort into creating this project. However, it would not have
been possible without the support and help of many individuals and organizations. We would like to
take this opportunity to extend our thanks to all of them.
First of all we would like to thank our supervisors, Mr. Xavi Prats of the company Innovanautic and
Mr. Vicenç Parisi from UPC for their constant supervision as well as for providing the necessary
information regarding the project and also for their support in completing this project.
Furthermore, we would like to thank Ms. Elesabet Arno From UPC for the help in how to structure
and present a project like this, during the English Communication classes.
The team wants to thank the people working in the international office for always being there if we
needed them for basically anything.
Finally, special thank go out to all our friends and colleagues in the EPS group for the helping
comments and in general for the fantastic semester we had here.
102 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Appendix D Sustainability report
Eco Audit Report
Product Name
Product
Product Life (years)
10
Energy and CO2 Footprint Summary:
103 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Phase Energy (MJ) Energy (%) CO2 (kg) CO2 (%)
Material 1.94e+04 6.0 1.16e+03 6.3
Manufacture 166 0.1 12.6 0.1
Transport 8.5 0.0 0.604 0.0
Use 3.04e+05 93.9 1.73e+04 93.6
Disposal 23.1 0.0 1.62 0.0
Total (for first life) 3.24e+05 100 1.84e+04 100
End of life potential 0 0
104 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Eco Audit Report
Energy and CO2 Summary
Energy Analysis
Energy (MJ)/year
Equivalent annual environmental burden (averaged over 10 year product life): 3.24e+04
Material:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Component Material Recycled
content*
(%)
Part
mass
(kg) Qty. Total mass Energy
(MJ) %
Liftingsystem Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2.3 1 2.3 4.8e+02 2.5
Vertical profile Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 12 1 12 2.5e+03 12.7
Cover Polyethylene (PE) Virgin (0%) 4 1 4 3.2e+02 1.7
control screen LCD panel (liquid crystal
display) Virgin (0%) 0.13 1 0.13 32 0.2
handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 1.6 1 1.6 3.3e+02 1.7
battery Li-Ion battery (for scooters) Virgin (0%) 4 2 8 2.6e+03 13.3
inverter Transformer Virgin (0%) 7.2 1 7.2 6.1e+02 3.2
converter Transistors Virgin (0%) 1.2 1 1.2 3.5e+03 17.8
engine Desktop computer (without
screen) Virgin (0%) 20 1 20 8.3e+03 42.6
cover pipe Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.97 1 0.97 2e+02 1.0
shaft adapter casing Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.3 2 0.6 1.2e+02 0.6
shaft adapter bearings Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.32 1 0.32 27 0.1
105 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
shaft Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.3 1 0.3 25 0.1
adapter disk Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.22 1 0.22 46 0.2
handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.05 1 0.05 10 0.1
propeller Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2 1 2 4.2e+02 2.1
Total 18 61 1.9e+04 100
*Typical: Includes 'recycle fraction in current supply'
Manufacture:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Component Process Amount processed Energy
(MJ) %
Liftingsystem Rough rolling, forging 2.3 kg 13 7.6
Vertical profile Rough rolling, forging 12 kg 66 39.5
Cover Polymer extrusion 4 kg 25 15.0
handle Extrusion, foil rolling 1.6 kg 17 10.4
cover pipe Rough rolling, forging 0.97 kg 5.3 3.2
shaft adapter casing Metal powder forming 0.6 kg 13 7.9
shaft adapter bearings Metal powder forming 0.32 kg 12 7.5
shaft Rough rolling, forging 0.3 kg 2.4 1.4
adapter disk Rough rolling, forging 0.22 kg 1.2 0.7
handle Rough rolling, forging 0.05 kg 0.28 0.2
propeller Rough rolling, forging 2 kg 11 6.6
Total 1.7e+02 100
106 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Transport:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Breakdown by transport stage
Total product mass = 61 kg
Stage name Transport type Distance (km) Energy (MJ) %
wholesale Light goods vehicle 1e+02 8.5 100.0
Total 1e+02 8.5 100
Breakdown by components
Component Component mass (kg) Energy (MJ) %
Liftingsystem 2.3 0.32 3.8
Vertical profile 12 1.7 19.6
Cover 4 0.56 6.6
control screen 0.13 0.018 0.2
handle 1.6 0.22 2.6
battery 8 1.1 13.2
inverter 7.2 1 11.8
converter 1.2 0.17 2.0
engine 20 2.8 32.9
cover pipe 0.97 0.14 1.6
shaft adapter casing 0.6 0.084 1.0
shaft adapter bearings 0.32 0.045 0.5
shaft 0.3 0.042 0.5
adapter disk 0.22 0.031 0.4
handle 0.05 0.007 0.1
107 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
propeller 2 0.28 3.3
Total 61 8.5 100
Use:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Static mode
Energy input and output type Electric to
mechanical (electric
motors)
Use location Spain
Power rating (hp) 5
Usage (hours per day) 4
Usage (days per year) 2.6e+02
Product life (years) 10
Relative contribution of static and mobile modes
Mode Energy (MJ) %
Static 3e+05 100.0
Mobile 0
Total 3e+05 100
Disposal:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Component End of life
option Energy
(MJ) %
Liftingsystem Landfill 0.46 2.0
Vertical profile Landfill 2.4 10.3
Cover Landfill 0.8 3.5
108 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
control screen Downcycle 0.065 0.3
handle Landfill 0.32 1.4
battery Downcycle 4 17.3
inverter Downcycle 3.6 15.5
converter Downcycle 0.6 2.6
engine Downcycle 10 43.3
cover pipe Landfill 0.19 0.8
shaft adapter casing Landfill 0.12 0.5
shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0.064 0.3
shaft Landfill 0.06 0.3
adapter disk Landfill 0.044 0.2
handle Landfill 0.01 0.0
propeller Landfill 0.4 1.7
Total 23 100
EoL potential:
Component End of life
option Energy
(MJ) %
Liftingsystem Landfill 0
Vertical profile Landfill 0
Cover Landfill 0
control screen Downcycle 0
handle Landfill 0
109 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
battery Downcycle 0
inverter Downcycle 0
converter Downcycle 0
engine Downcycle 0
cover pipe Landfill 0
shaft adapter casing Landfill 0
shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0
shaft Landfill 0
adapter disk Landfill 0
handle Landfill 0
propeller Landfill 0
Total 0 100
110 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Eco Audit Report
Energy and CO2 Summary
CO2 Footprint Analysis
CO2 (kg)/year
Equivalent annual environmental burden (averaged over 10 year product life): 1.84e+03
Detailed breakdown of individual life phases
Material:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Component Material Recycled
content*
(%)
Part
mass
(kg) Qty. Total mass
CO2
footprint
(kg) %
Liftingsystem Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2.3 1 2.3 29 2.5
Vertical profile Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 12 1 12 1.5e+02 13.1
Cover Polyethylene (PE) Virgin (0%) 4 1 4 11 1.0
control screen LCD panel (liquid crystal
display) Virgin (0%) 0.13 1 0.13 2.4 0.2
handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 1.6 1 1.6 20 1.8
battery Li-Ion battery (for scooters) Virgin (0%) 4 2 8 1.9e+02 16.7
inverter Transformer Virgin (0%) 7.2 1 7.2 46 4.0
converter Transistors Virgin (0%) 1.2 1 1.2 1.7e+02 15.0
engine Desktop computer (without
screen) Virgin (0%) 20 1 20 4.8e+02 41.3
cover pipe Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.97 1 0.97 12 1.1
shaft adapter casing Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.3 2 0.6 7.7 0.7
shaft adapter bearings Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.32 1 0.32 1.6 0.1
111 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
shaft Stainless steel Virgin (0%) 0.3 1 0.3 1.5 0.1
adapter disk Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.22 1 0.22 2.8 0.2
handle Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 0.05 1 0.05 0.64 0.1
propeller Aluminum alloys Virgin (0%) 2 1 2 26 2.2
Total 18 61 1.2e+03 100
*Typical: Includes 'recycle fraction in current supply'
Manufacture:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Component Process Amount processed CO2
footprint
(kg) %
Liftingsystem Rough rolling, forging 2.3 kg 0.95 7.6
Vertical profile Rough rolling, forging 12 kg 4.9 39.1
Cover Polymer extrusion 4 kg 1.9 14.8
handle Extrusion, foil rolling 1.6 kg 1.3 10.2
cover pipe Rough rolling, forging 0.97 kg 0.4 3.2
shaft adapter casing Metal powder forming 0.6 kg 1.1 8.4
shaft adapter bearings Metal powder forming 0.32 kg 0.99 7.9
shaft Rough rolling, forging 0.3 kg 0.18 1.4
adapter disk Rough rolling, forging 0.22 kg 0.091 0.7
handle Rough rolling, forging 0.05 kg 0.021 0.2
propeller Rough rolling, forging 2 kg 0.83 6.6
Total 13 100
112 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Transport:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Breakdown by transport stage
Total product mass = 61 kg
Stage name Transport type Distance (km) CO2 footprint
(kg) %
wholesale Light goods vehicle 1e+02 0.6 100.0
Total 1e+02 0.6 100
Breakdown by components
Component Component mass (kg) CO2 footprint
(kg) %
Liftingsystem 2.3 0.023 3.8
Vertical profile 12 0.12 19.6
Cover 4 0.04 6.6
control screen 0.13 0.0013 0.2
handle 1.6 0.016 2.6
battery 8 0.08 13.2
inverter 7.2 0.071 11.8
converter 1.2 0.012 2.0
engine 20 0.2 32.9
cover pipe 0.97 0.0096 1.6
shaft adapter casing 0.6 0.006 1.0
shaft adapter bearings 0.32 0.0032 0.5
shaft 0.3 0.003 0.5
adapter disk 0.22 0.0022 0.4
113 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
handle 0.05 0.0005 0.1
propeller 2 0.02 3.3
Total 61 0.6 100
Use:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Static mode
Energy input and output type Electric to
mechanical (electric
motors)
Use location Spain
Power rating (hp) 5
Usage (hours per day) 4
Usage (days per year) 2.6e+02
Product life (years) 10
Relative contribution of static and mobile modes
Mode CO2 footprint (kg) %
Static 1.7e+04 100.0
Mobile 0
Total 1.7e+04 100
Disposal:
Energy and CO2 Summary
Component End of life
option
CO2
footprint
(kg) %
Liftingsystem Landfill 0.032 2.0
Vertical profile Landfill 0.17 10.3
114 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
Cover Landfill 0.056 3.5
control screen Downcycle 0.0046 0.3
handle Landfill 0.022 1.4
battery Downcycle 0.28 17.3
inverter Downcycle 0.25 15.5
converter Downcycle 0.042 2.6
engine Downcycle 0.7 43.3
cover pipe Landfill 0.014 0.8
shaft adapter casing Landfill 0.0084 0.5
shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0.0045 0.3
shaft Landfill 0.0042 0.3
adapter disk Landfill 0.0031 0.2
handle Landfill 0.0007 0.0
propeller Landfill 0.028 1.7
Total 1.6 100
EoL potential:
Component End of life
option
CO2
footprint
(kg) %
Liftingsystem Landfill 0
Vertical profile Landfill 0
Cover Landfill 0
control screen Downcycle 0
115 Electric Outboard Propulsion System
handle Landfill 0
battery Downcycle 0
inverter Downcycle 0
converter Downcycle 0
engine Downcycle 0
cover pipe Landfill 0
shaft adapter casing Landfill 0
shaft adapter bearings Landfill 0
shaft Landfill 0
adapter disk Landfill 0
handle Landfill 0
propeller Landfill 0
Total 0 100