E.Q. Was the Peter I (Great) truly an “absolute” monarch?

Aim: What is Westernization, and how did it affect/influence Russia and its people?

Do Now:1.Please hand in your HW.

2.Copy the Aim & E.Q.

Any clarifying questions &/or comments surrounding Louis XIV’s reign?

Major themes to keep in mind:

1.Absolute Monarchy

2.Divine Rights of Kings

3.Mercantilism = created very rich & powerful kings.

4.Versailles [pronounced: ver ~ sy]– His massive palace

5.Endless wars with other European countries for land & power – one of the most famous was, War of Spanish Succession, in which Louis fought to have his nephew placed on the Spanish throne.

Assignment #1

1. Students are asked to define the word, westernization in his/her own words. Afterwards, how does one/region/country become westernization? Analyze thoroughly.

• West = Modernization/advancements/futuristic, technological innovations, fine arts, theater, Versailles/grand palaces, great clothing, lots of bullion ($$), open markets, trade, etc.

• Total opposite of Russia prior to Peter I

• Would gradually revolutionize Russia – Progressively move forward.

• For Peter, Westernization = Modernization = industrialization, new tech, great economy, government/political system, educational, etc = TRUE POWER for now and the future as a whole.

• Wanted to rid Russia of its slow/backward, traditional ways (culture, economy, infrastructure, government, dress/attire for more modern and advanced western ways).

Westernization through

Commerce

More Commerce

Take a look of a map of Russia (p.) : (geographical analysis) Asian or European? Explain.

The Globe

The Globe

The Mongols Invade The Mongols Invade RussiaRussia

Russia Under Peter IRussia Under Peter I

RussiaRussia’’s Time Zoness Time Zones

Today’s Focus:

• The entrance of Russia into Western European politics.

• The impact (cause & effect) of Peter the Great and  westernization on Russia.

• Was Peter I truly an absolute monarch? PROVE IT!!!!

• Students can work with their neighbors) or alone. I will be “floating” [walking] assisting and making sure ALL are on task… no excuses.

Westernization• Peter realized country needed to modernize to catch up with rest of Europe• Wanted westernization; to bring elements of Western culture to Russia• 1697, journeyed to western Europe to see what Russia needed to modernize

Rebellion • Trip cut short by rebellion of streltsy, military corps with political influence• Thought streltsy wanted sister on throne; had members tortured, executed• Disbanded streltsy, organized more modern army

New Skills• Peter traveled in disguise, was sometimes recognized anyway

• Learned hands-on skills, especially shipbuilding

• Recruited European experts to bring skills to Russia

Modernization and Reform

• In addition to modernizing army, Peter made many other reforms

• Brought church under state control

• Built up Russian industry

• Started first newspaper in Russia

• Sponsored new schools

• Modernized calendar, promoted officials on service, not social status

• Supported education; believed Russians needed to learn more about science from West

• Wanted Russians to adopt European-style clothing, grooming

• Cut off boyars’ traditional long coats, beards to look European

Cues from West• Through these, other reforms Peter

tried to impose will on Russians• Goal was to make Russia more

modern country• Not always successful, but

considered founder of modern Russia for efforts

Modern Russia

Reforms

Peter Cuts the Beards of His Peter Cuts the Beards of His Boyars [nobles]Boyars [nobles]

St. Petersburg

Peter also founded a new city

• Early 1700s, fought Sweden to acquire warm-water port

– Other ports choked by ice much of year

– Port farther south on Baltic Sea to keep Russia open to western trade all year, connect Russia to west

• On land won from Sweden, Peter built new capital, St. Petersburg

– Russia’s government moved to new city

– Featured Western-style architecture

Recall

Name three ways in which Peter the Great attempted to westernize Russia.

Answer(s): by encouraging men to shave off their beards, encouraging people to adopt European styles of dress, building a new capital with Western-style architecture

Russia

Russia: Location and Size• Russia is the world’s largest country –

17,075,000 sq. km (6,592,819 sq. mi.).• It is almost twice as large as Canada, the

second largest country.• Russia has a tremendous east-west extent –

from the westernmost point near Kaliningrad (formerly Königsberg, 20º31’E) in the Baltic Sea; to the easternmost point at Cape Dezhnev (170º W) on the Bering Straits.

• These points are separated by approximately 170º of longitude, nearly halfway around the world, and crossing 11 time zones.

Russia: 11 Time Zones!

• At the same moment it is:– 6:00 AM in Kaliningrad– 9:00 AM in the Ural Mountains– 1:30 PM in Vladivostok– A little after 5:00 PM at Cape Dezhnev

• The time difference between Kaliningrad and Cape Dezhnev is more than twice the difference between New York and London (five hours) and nearly four times the difference between New York and San Francisco (three hours).

Russia: Location and Size

• The maximum latitudinal extent of Russia, exclusive of islands in the Arctic Ocean, is about 35º.

• The northernmost point is Cape Chelyuskin (77º 44’N); the southernmost is Derbent, on the Caspian sea (42º N), about the same latitude as Cleveland.

• Russia is the northernmost large and populous country in the world.

• More than 75% of Russia lies polewards of the 49th parallel (north of the U.S.-Canadian boundary).

• Moscow is farther north than Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

• Moscow to Vladivostok is 9,332 km (5000 mi.) and it would take seven days and nights on the Trans-Siberian Railway to make the trip.

Russia: Land Frontiers • Russia shares boundaries with twelve countries:

– Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Norway, Mongolia, North Korea, China, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

• A boundary that measures 12,880 km (8000 mi.) stretches between the Black Sea and the Pacific ocean.

• In the Far East, Sakhalin Island is separated from the northernmost main island of Japan by a 40 km. (25 mi.) strait; even narrower straits separate Japan from the Russian held Kuril Islands

Russia: Physical Geography• The Russian Plain• The Ural Mountains• West Siberian Plain• Central Siberian Plain• The Yakutsk Basin• Eastern Highlands• Central Asiatic Ranges• The Caucasus Mountains• The Caspian Sea – 370,842 sq. km (143,244 sq.

mi)• The Aral Sea – 64,472 sq. km. (24,904 sq. mi.)

– Lake Erie – 25,655 sq. km. (9,910 sq. mi.)

Russia: Climate

1. Tundra (ET)

2. Subarctic (Dwc and Dwd)

3. Humid Continental (Dfa and Dfb)

4. Steppe (BSk)

5. Desert (BWk)

6. Mediterranean or dry summer subtropical (Csa)

Russia: Vegetation and Soils

• Tundra – extensive, treeless plains; inceptisols.

• Taiga -- coniferous forest; spodosols, alfisols.• Mixed Forest – coniferous and deciduous

trees• Broadleaf Forest – Southern Far East Russia,

mostly deciduous trees.• Steppe – Short grass prairie; mollisols,

(chernozem –black earth)• Desert – Clump grasses and xerophytic

plants; aridisols

Russia: Resources

• Russia has a rich resource base.• One of the most important mineral producing

countries with widely scattered deposits.• Russia leads the world in the production of

natural gas and lead.• Russia also leads the world in iron ore

reserves and natural gas reserves.• Russia is second in the production of

platinum, tungsten, aluminum and vanadium.

Russia: Resource Regions• The Ural Mountains:

– Iron, ferro alloys, copper, aluminum, potash, asbestos, magnesium, low-grade coal

• The Volga-Urals and West Siberian Plain:– Petroleum and natural gas

• The Caucasus-Caspian Region:– Petroleum, natural gas,nonferrous metals

• Middle Asia:– Coal, copper,iron, natural gas, oil, sulfur, lead,

zinc, aluminum, uranium, ferro alloys, phosphate, asbestos, mercury, sodium sulfate. More than 90% of Russia’s coal reserves are found in Asiatic CIS.