Equity and Education

Equity and Education

The State of Education Series

March 2013

A Global Report

IndicatorsThis presentation includes analysis of

gender/income/location disparities in: Net Enrollment Rates (NER) for primary and secondary Net Attendance Rates (NAR) for primary and secondary Out of School Children (OOS) Repetition Rates Primary/Secondary Completion Rates Learning Outcomes Gross Enrollment/Attendance Rates (GER/GAR) for

tertiary Youth and Adult Literacy Rates

Acronym GuideAcronym Name

EAP East Asia and Pacific

ECA Europe and Central Asia

LAC Latin American and the Caribbean

MNA Middle East and North Africa

SAS South AsiaSSA Sub-Saharan AfricaWLD World (Global Aggregate)GER Gross Enrollment RateNER Net Enrollment Rate

OOS Out of School

NAR Net Attendance Rate

GAR Gross Attendance RatioGPI Gender Parity Index (female value/male value)

Pre-Primary Education

Do gender disparities exist in pre-primary enrollment rates?

Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females.

Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .98 in 2000 to perfect gender parity (1.0) in 2010.

Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.02) in 2010. Only MNA lags behind.

4 of 6 regions have a slight female bias.

Gender parity in pre-primary enrolments (1.0) has been achieved globally and in most regions.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

0.98

0.990.99 0.99 0.99

1.00

WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Pre

-Prim

ary Female Bias

Male Bias

Do rural/urban disparities exist in pre-primary attendance rates in ECA?

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

% of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program

Do income disparities exist in pre-primary attendance rates in SSA?


% of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program

Primary Education

Are more females out-of-school than males? In 1999, there were

almost 62 million females out-of-school compared to 45.5 million males. 58% of the world’s out-of-school children were female.

In 2010, around 32 million girls were out of school compared to 28.6 million boys. 52.5% of out-of-school children were female.

The gap between male and female totals decreased from 16.5 million to 3.6 million between 1999 and 2010.

More Females are Out of Primary School than Males

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

Males Out-of-School Females Out-of-SchoolSource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012

Out

-of-S

choo

l Chi

ldre

n. P

rimar

y (in

mill

ions

)

Where are more females out-of-school? Over half of the

world’s out of school girls are in SSA, and just under 1/4 are in South Asia.

South Asia has decreased its total number of females out-of-school by 17.7 million since 1999. The region’s total dropped from 25 million to 7 million.

SSA has also decreased its total from 24.3 million in 1999 to 17.5 million in 2010.

3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

40,000,000

45,000,000

50,000,000

55,000,000

60,000,000

65,000,000

LAC ECA MNA EAP SAS SSASource: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012

Out

-of-S

choo

l Chi

ldre

n. P

rimar

y. F

emal

e (in

mill

ions

)

Which countries have the most females out-of-school?

Around half of the world’s out-of-school females live in these 10 countries.

36% of the world’s out-of-school females live in the Top 4 countries.

Nigeria, Pakistan, and India all have more our-of-school females that the sum of all females out-of-school in LAC and ECA.

Half of the countries are in SSA and three are in South Asia.

10 Countries with the Most Female Out-of School Children

(2008-2011)

1 Nigeria 5,487,901

2 Pakistan 3,241,203

3 India 1,407,495

4 Ethiopia 1,367,141

5 Cote d'Ivoire 663,809

6 Philippines 661,551

7 Bangladesh 591,325

8 Niger 568,884

9 Yemen, Rep. 567,702

10 Burkina Faso 530,731Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October, 2012; Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Orange is

2008;Blue is 2009; Blue is 2010; Black is 2011; Data were not available for 61 of 213 countries.

Are there gender, income, or location disparities in the % of children OOS?

In all regions, more low income students are OOS than high income students. SAS has the largest income disparity at 29 percentage points difference between the top and bottom quintiles. SSA follows closely behind with 24 points.

A higher % of boys are OOS in EAP, ECA, and LAC, but a higher % of girls are OOS in SAS and SSA.

In all regions except for ECA, a higher % of rural students are OOS. This disparity is highest in SSA at 15 percentage points.2

Low income is the greatest source of disparity in percentages of OOS children across regions.

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA-30

-28

-26

-24

-22

-20

-18

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparity

Perc

enta

ge P

oint

Diff

eren

ce in

the

% o

f Chi

ldre

n O

ut-o

f-Sch

ool (

Mal

e-Fe

mal

e, U

rban

-Rur

al, a

nd Q

uint

ile 1

-Qui

ntile

5)

Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health Sur-veys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards

Measurement Studies for 1985-2007

Which regions have reached gender parity in primary enrollments?

Gender parity indices (GPIs) are calculated by dividing the female value for an indicator by the male value, so perfect gender parity equals 1. A value below 1 indicates a bias toward males. A value above 1 indicates a bias toward females.

Globally, the GPI has been increasing from .93 in 1999 to .98 in 2010.

Most regions are very close to gender parity (+/- 0.03). Only MNA and SSA lag behind.

EAP, ECA, and LAC have achieved gender parity in primary (+/- 0.02).

All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of gender parity in primary enrollments.

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20100.80

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.90

0.92

0.94

0.96

0.98

1.00

1.02

0.93

0.930.94 0.94

0.96 0.970.97 0.97 0.97

0.98 0.98


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or A

djus

ted

Net E

nrol

men

t Rat

e.

Prim

ary

Female Bias

Male Bias

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September, 2012 Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-

2011)

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Prim

ary

Have most countries reached gender parity in primary enrollments? Half of countries with

data have already achieved gender parity (+/- .02).

78% of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity.

Many more countries have a bias toward males in primary enrolments (GPI<1).

Afghanistan has the largest male bias at .69 followed by Central African Rep. and Chad at .73.

San Marino has the highest female bias at 1.134.

78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in primary enrollments.

Female Bias

Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in primary enrolment rates?

The male primary gross enrolment rate in these countries is much higher than the female gross enrolment rate.

7 of 10 countries are in SSA. 2 are in South Asia and 1 is in MNA.

Of the 20 countries with the lowest GPIs (GPI<0.9),14 are in SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2 are in EAP (Togo and PNG), and 1 is in LAC (Dominican Republic).

10 Countries with the Largest Gender Disparities in Primary Enrollment Rates

(2008-2011)

1 Afghanistan 0.694

2 Central African Republic 0.725

3 Chad 0.729

4 Angola 0.813

5 Yemen, Rep. 0.817

6 Pakistan 0.818

7 Cote d'Ivoire 0.833

8 Niger 0.837

9 Guinea 0.838

10 Eritrea 0.838Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012;

Notes: Data is GPI for Primary Gross Enrolment Rate; Black figures are 2011 data; Blue=2010; Data were not available for 71 of 214 countries.

Which countries have decreased gender disparity in primary the most? These countries have

moved from 0.14 to 0.25 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) between 2000/2001 and the most recent data year.

6 of the 10 countries are in SSA; 2 are in MNA and 2 in South Asia.

Senegal now has higher female enrollment rates than male enrollment rates (1.06).

Burundi and India have reached gender parity.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender Parity in Primary

EnrollmentsPercentage

Points Improved

2000 or 2001 GPI

Most current

GPI

% Improved

1 Sierra Leone 0.25 0.67 0.93 37.53

2 Ethiopia 0.22 0.69 0.91 32.73

3 Burkina Faso 0.20 0.73 0.93 27.50

4 Benin 0.20 0.67 0.87 29.66

5 Yemen, Rep. 0.19 0.63 0.82 30.55

6 Burundi 0.19 0.80 0.99 23.64

7 Senegal 0.17 0.89 1.06 19.31

8 India 0.15 0.85 1.00 17.61

9 Pakistan 0.15 0.67 0.82 21.79

10 Djibouti 0.14 0.76 0.90 18.84

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Sept. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI is the most recent data point for 2008-2011;

Data were not available for 54 of 213 countries.

Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in primary attendance rates? EAP, ECA, LAC, and

MNA do not have large disparities in primary net attendance rates (NAR) between genders, rural/urban locations, or top/bottom income quintiles.

The largest disparities in most regions are associated with income. In SSA and SAS, there is a 20 percentage point difference between the top/bottom income quintiles.

Rural students in SSA also have NARs that are 12 percentage points lower than urban students.2

Gender, income and location disparities are small in all regions except except SAS and SSA.


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20Gender disparityLocation disparityIncome disparity

Perc

enta

ge P

oint

Diff

eren

ce in

Net

Atte

ndan

ce R

ate.

Prim

ary

(Mal

e-Fe

mal

e, U

rban

-Rur

al, a

nd Q

uint

ile 1

-Qui

ntile

5)



Do rural/urban disparities in educational access exist in SSA?


Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.

Do income disparities exist in educational access in SAS and EAP?

South Asia (SAS)

East Asia and the Pacific (EAP)


Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.

Do females repeat more than males in primary schools?

Globally, there is less than half a percentage point difference between male/female repetition rates. Males repeat slightly more than females.

Males also repeat more than females in all regions except for ECA.

The greatest gender disparity is in MNA at 2.5 percentage points.

In SSA, there is almost no difference in repetition rates between males and females.

Males repeat more than females in all regions except ECA.

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Male Female

Perc

enta

ge o

f rep

eate

rs in

prim

ary.

All

grad

es

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013Notes: SAS data is 2009; All other data is for 2011.

Are more boys completing primary school than girls?

Globally, more males are completing primary school than females. The difference between male/female PCRs has shrunk from 6 percentage points in 1999 to 1.8 in 2011.

In most regions, more males complete primary than females, but in LAC and EAP, the reverse is true.

EAP's female PCR was 2.4 percentage points higher than the male PCR. LAC’s was 0.7 percentage points higher for females.

(continued on next slide)

Globally and in most regions, more males complete primary school than females.


65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

Male Female

Prim

ary

com

plet

ion

rate

. Fem

ale

or M

ale

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010).

Are more boys completing primary school than girls? (continued)

SSA has the largest gender disparity in PCRs with 74% of boys completing vs. 67% of girls in 2011.

MNA also has a large gender disparity at 6 percentage points difference between the genders.

SAS had a large gender disparity in 1999 (15 percentage points) but decreased the difference to 2.7 percentage points in 2010.

Globally and in most regions, more males complete primary school than females.


65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

Male Female

Prim

ary

com

plet

ion

rate

. Fem

ale

or M

ale

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013Note: All data are for 2011 except EAP and SAS (2010).

Primary Completion Rate. Female (2006-2012)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year

The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The maps are for reference only.

Gender Parity Index for Primary Completion Rate

(2006-2012)



Gender Parity

Female Bias

Male Bias

Are there gender, income or location disparities in primary completion rates? Gender disparities exist

in all regions in PCRs, but they are surpassed by income disparities in all regions except for ECA.

The greatest disparities exist in SSA, where there is a 55 percentage point difference between the PCRs of top and bottom quintile students. This compares to a 33 point difference between urban and rural, and 9 point between genders.

In EAP and ECA, more rural students complete primary school than urban students.2

Low income is the greatest source of disparity in primary completion rates in all regions except ECA.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55


Perc

enta

ge P

oint

Diff

eren

ce in

Prim

ary

Com

plet

ion

Rat

e

(Mal

e-Fe

mal

e, U

rban

-Rur

al, a

nd Q

uint

ile 1

-Qui

ntile

5)



El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Peru, Guatemala, and Colombia are within 5 percentage points of gender parity. Female scores are higher than male scores in these countries.

Uruguay has the largest difference between male/female reading scores with a 19.6 percentage point male bias.

Panama (15.9), Brazil (15.7), Cuba (15.2), and the Dominican Rep. (15.1) also have large male biases.

Source: Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE SERCE) in StatPlanet, August 2011

Have LAC countries reached gender parity in reading levels?

Difference between Male/Female Mean Scores on the 6th Grade Reading Assessment (2006)

In all countries, mean scores for rural students are lower than for urban students.

The greatest location disparity is in Peru (79) followed by Mexico (58).

Cuba has the smallest disparity between rural/urban areas (13) followed by Nicaragua (21).

The scale of disparity between urban/rural scores is much higher than the disparity between male/female scores.

Source: Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE SERCE) in StatPlanet, August 2011

Does rural/urban residence impact 6th grade reading levels in LAC?

Difference between Urban/Rural Mean Scores on the 6th Grade Reading Assessment (2006)

How do reading scores vary between income groups in African countries? In all SACMEQ

countries, students from the lowest income quintile have lower reading scores than students in the highest income quintile, but the scale of income disparity varies greatly.

South Africa has the largest disparity between richest and poorest followed by Namibia.

Lesotho, Mozambique, and Malawi seem to have the less of a disparity between income groups in reading scores.

400

425

450

475

500

525

550

575

600

625

Average score

Source: Filmer using Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) 2000 database

Mea

n Sc

ore

on R

eadi

ng A

sses

smen

t

Poorer students have lower mean reading scores in all Anglophone African countries.

Tanzania, Seychelles, and Mauritius had the highest reading scores in 2007.

Mauritius and Tanzania both improved their scores, but Seychelles’ score was lower than in 2000.

Some countries have large disparities between genders, but in these cases, females have higher scores than males (Seychelles, Mauritius and Botswana).

Malawi and Zambia have had the lowest scores over time.

Mean reading scores of 6th grade students vary greatly between Anglophone African countries.

How do reading levels vary between African countries?

Botswan

aKen

ya

Leso

tho

Malawi

Mauriti

us

Mozam

bique

Namibi

a

Seych

elles

South

Africa

Swazila

nd

Tanza

nia

Ugand

a

Zambia

Zimba

bwe

420

440

460

480

500

520

540

560

580

600

620

2000 Total Total 2007

Mea

n pe

rform

ance

on

the

read

ing

scal

e (2

000

& 20

07)

Source: Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) in EdStats, August 2011; Note: Zimbabwe 2000 is 1995 figure.

Secondary Education

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

0.920.94

0.950.96 0.96 0.96


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; No data available for SSA and MNA for 2010. SSA 2008 data is from 2007.

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or N

et E

nrol

men

t Rat

e. S

econ

dary

Which regions have reached gender parity in secondary enrollments?

Globally, the gender parity index (GPI) for secondary net enrollment rate (NER) has been increasing from 0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in 2010.

ECA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity (1.0).

LAC has consistently had higher female NERs.

EAP has reversed from a male bias (0.96) in 2000 to a female bias (1.06) in 2010.

SAS has greatly decreased gender disparity over time.

SSA has maintained a male bias 0.80 since 2000.

Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary greatly across regions.

Female Bias

Male Bias

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Sec

onda

ry

Does gender parity exist in secondary enrollments in most countries? Just over half (52%) of

countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity in secondary enrollments.

Unlike primary enrollments, more countries have a female bias in secondary enrolments. 85 countries have GPIs higher than 1 while 71 countries have GPIs less than 1.

6 countries have perfect gender parity (1.0): Slovenia, Mauritius, Swaziland, Japan, Indonesia, and Cyprus.

More countries have higher female secondary GERs than male secondary GERs.

Female Bias

Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in secondary enrolments?

In 9 of 10 countries, the male GER is much higher than the female GER. In Lesotho – the female GER is higher than the male rate.

8 of 10 countries are in SSA. 1 is in South Asia and 1 is in MNA.

Of the 20 countries with the greatest gender disparity, 5 have a female bias.

14 of the top 20 are in SSA.

10 Countries with the Largest Gender Disparities in Secondary Enrolments

(2008-2011)

GPI Absolute value from 1

1 Chad 0.42 0.58

2 Afghanistan 0.51 0.49

3 Central African Republic 0.55 0.45

4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.58 0.42

5 Guinea 0.59 0.41

6 Lesotho 1.38 0.38

7 Yemen, Rep. 0.62 0.38

8 Niger 0.66 0.34

9 Angola 0.69 0.31

10 Mali 0.71 0.29

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012; Notes: Data are 2010 GPIs for Secondary Gross Enrolment Rates except Guinea (2009), CAR (2011), and Mali

(2011); Data were not available for 52 of 213 countries.

Which countries have decreased gender disparity in secondary the most? These countries have

moved from 0.19 to 0.34 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) over time.

Sweden and St. Lucia improved from a large female bias (1.26) toward gender parity.

The other countries have improved from a male bias (0.40 to 0.85) toward gender parity.

3 of 10 countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in the most recent year.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement Toward Gender

Parity in Secondary EnrollmentsPercentage

Points Improved

2000/2001 GPI

Most current GPI

1 Cambodia 0.34 0.57 0.90

2 Sweden 0.27 1.26 0.99

3 St. Lucia 0.27 1.26 0.99

4 Mozambique 0.23 0.64 0.87

5 Senegal 0.21 0.66 0.88

6 Yemen, Rep. 0.21 0.41 0.62

7 India 0.20 0.72 0.92

8 Bhutan 0.19 0.85 1.04

9 Guinea 0.19 0.40 0.59

10 Turkey 0.19 0.73 0.91

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October. 2012; Notes: Most current GPI data for most countries is from 2010;

Guinea and Turkey are 2009; Mozambique data is 2011.

Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in secondary attendance rates? Large gender disparities

in secondary attendance rates do not exist in any region except SAS. In LAC, ECA, and MNA, slightly more females attend secondary than males.

Rural/urban location disparities exist in most regions. In LAC and SSA, location disparities are 20/23 percentage points.

The largest disparities in all regions are associated with income: There is a 35+ percentage point difference between the top/bottom quintiles in LAC, SAS, and SSA.2

The largest disparities in net secondary attendance rates are associated with income.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35


Perc

enta

ge P

oint

Diff

eren

ce in

Net

Atte

ndan

ce R

ate.

Sec

onda

ry

(Mal

e-Fe

mal

e, U

rban

-Rur

al, a

nd Q

uint

ile 1

-Qui

ntile

5)



Are there gender, income or location disparities in secondary completion rates? Low income is the

greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions. The disparity is greatest in SAS (60 percentage points), LAC (44), and SSA (40).

Rural residence is a source of disparity in SAS (29 percentage point disparity), LAC (25), and SSA (22).

A slightly higher percentage of females complete secondary in ECA and LAC, but the opposite is true in other regions.2

Income is the greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions.


-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55


Perc

enta

ge P

oint

Diff

eren

ce in

Sec

onda

ry C

ompl

etio

n R

ate

(Mal

e-Fe

mal

e, U

rban

-Rur

al, a

nd Q

uint

ile 1

-Qui

ntile

5)



Do income disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in SAS and MNA?


South Asia (SAS)

Middle East and North Africa (MNA)

% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Do rural/urban disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in LAC?


Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school


Do regional disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in Asia?



Where are the greatest income disparities in PISA math scores?

Icel

and

Nor

way

Aze

rbai

jan

Qat

arM

onte

negr

oM

acao

-Chi

naS

love

nia

Fin

land

Aus

tral

iaC

anad

aC

hine

se T

aipe

iS

wed

enJa

pan

Sw

itzer

land

Den

mar

kE

ston

iaR

ussi

aIr

elan

dU

nite

d K

ingd

omN

ethe

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sG

reec

eH

ong

Kon

g-C

hina

Spa

inIta

lyA

ustr

iaK

yrgy

zsta

nS

erbi

aLi

echt

enst

ein

Slo

vak

Rep

ublic

Luxe

mbo

urg

Latv

iaP

olan

dG

erm

any

Cze

ch R

epub

licK

orea

New

Zea

land

Hun

gary

Fra

nce

Lith

uani

aJo

rdan

Rom

ania

Bel

gium

Indo

nesi

aB

ulga

riaU

nite

d S

tate

sT

unis

iaT

haila

ndM

exic

oP

ortu

gal

Tur

key

Col

ombi

aU

rugu

ayC

hile

Arg

entin

aB

razi

l

-30

-10

10

30

50

70

90

110

Source: Porta and Mcdonald based on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009) data, 2010

Poin

ts D

iffer

ence

bet

wee

n Q

uint

ile 5

and

1 o

n PI

SA M

ath

Scal

e Richer students have higher scores in all but 3 countries – Iceland, Norway, and Azerbaijan. The greatest income disparities are in 5 Latin American countries – Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Colombia.

Tertiary Education

Which regions have reached gender parity in tertiary enrollments?

In 2000, the world gender parity index (GPI) for tertiary enrollments was 1.0 – perfect gender parity. Since then, female GERs have been higher than male GERs, and the GPI has been moving above 1.0.

MNA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity in 2010. LAC and ECA have consistently had higher female GERs, and EAP has reversed from a male bias to a female bias.

SAS and SSA have maintained a strong male bias in tertiary enrolments over time.

Gender disparities in tertiary enrolment rates vary greatly across regions.

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 20100.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

1.10

1.15

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.00

1.02 1.041.06 1.07 1.08


Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012

Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

ate.

Ter

tiary

Female Bias

Male Bias

Does gender parity exist in tertiary enrollments in most countries? Only 9 countries are

within +/-0.05 of gender parity in tertiary enrollments.

63% of countries have a female bias in tertiary enrolments vs. 37% with higher male enrolment rates.

One country – Vietnam – has perfect gender parity (1.0).

In 10 countries, the female GER more than doubles the male GER. These countries are island nations in LAC and Qatar (see next slide).

The majority of countries have higher female enrolment rates than male enrolment rates in tertiary education.

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

4.00

4.50

5.00

5.50

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)

Gen

der

Par

ity In

dex

(GP

I) fo

r G

ross

Enr

olm

ent R

atio

. Ter

tiary

Female Bias

Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in tertiary enrolments?

10 Countries with the Largest Male Bias in Tertiary Enrolments

(2008-2011)

1 Chad 0.17

2 Congo, Rep. 0.21

3 Afghanistan 0.24

4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.31


6 Eritrea 0.33

7 Guinea 0.33

8 Ethiopia 0.36

9 Benin 0.38

10 Niger 0.38

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; Notes: Maroon=2011; Black = 2010; Purple = 2009; Blue = 2008; Data were not

available for 73 of 213 countries.

10 Countries with the Largest Female Bias in Tertiary Enrolments

(2008-2011)

1 Qatar 5.38

2 Dominica 3.35

3 Antigua and Barbuda 2.58

4 St. Lucia 2.57

5 Guyana 2.52

6 Barbados 2.38

7 Jamaica 2.28

8 Cayman Islands 2.24

9 Bermuda 2.12

10 St. Kitts and Nevis 2.10

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012;Notes: Black = 2010; Blue = 2008; Data were not available for 73 of

213 countries.

Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in post-secondary attendance ratios?

Levels of gender disparity in post-secondary attendance are much lower than levels of location and income disparity. More girls than boys attend post-secondary schools in EAP, ECA, and LAC.

Rural areas have between 5 (SSA) and 15 (LAC) percent lower attendance ratios than urban areas.

Income is the largest source of disparity across regions. Income disparities range from 8 percentage points in SSA to 34 in LAC.2

Income is the largest source of disparity in post-secondary gross attendance ratios in all regions.


0

5

10

15

20

25

30


Perc

enta

ge P

oint

Diff

eren

ce in

Gro

ss A

ttend

ance

Rat

io. P

ost-S

ec.

(Mal

e-Fe

mal

e, U

rban

-Rur

al, a

nd Q

uint

ile 1

-Qui

ntile

5)



Youth Literacy

Is there disparity between genders in youth literacy rates?

Globally, there is still a gender gap in youth literacy rates, though the gap has been shrinking over time.

There was a 8.6% difference between male and female youth literacy rates during 1985-1994.

The gender gap shrunk by 41.5% to 5.0% during 2005-2010. 92% of males were literate compared to 87% of females.

Fewer females emerge from education systems with basic literacy skills than males.

1985-1994 1995-2004 2005-201070

75

80

85

90

95

87.6

90.4

92.2

79.0

83.9

87.1

Male Female

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013

Yout

h Li

tera

cy R

ate

(%)

Are gender disparities in youth literacy rates decreasing?

Gender disparities between male and female youth literacy rates have decreased in all regions.

EAP, ECA, and LAC have achieved almost perfect gender parity (1.0), while MNA, SAS, and SSA lag behind.

SAS and MNA have improved greatly over time: They moved 0.17 and 0.14 closer to gender parity.

Progress in SSA has been slower with only 0.09 improvement.

Gender disparities in youth literacy rates have decreased over time in all regions.

1985-1994 1995-2004 2005-20100.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

0.90

0.930.95

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD


Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or Y

outh

Lite

racy

Rat

e

Gender Parity Index for Youth Literacy Rate

(2006-2010)



Male Bias

Male Bias

Male Bias

Gender Parity

Which countries have the lowest female literacy rates? The 20 lowest female

youth literacy rates were all found in Sub-Saharan African countries except for Pakistan.

Only 1/3 of female youth are literate in Burkina Faso and Mali.

Less than half of female youth are literate in the top 5 countries.

10 Countries with the Lowest Female Youth Literacy Rates

(2006-2010)

1 Burkina Faso 33.1

2 Mali 33.9

3 Chad 40.6

4 Benin 44.6

5 Ethiopia 47.0

6 Sierra Leone 50.1

7 Senegal 56.2

8 Guinea 57.0


10 Pakistan 61.5Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013; Note:

Data points are the most recent year available: Green = 2009; Blue = 2007; Black = 2010; Data were not available for 71 countries.

Which countries have increased female youth literacy rates the most over time? These countries have

increased their female youth literacy rates by 14 to 23 percentage points over time.

8 of 10 countries are in SSA and 2 are in SAS.

Despite great improvement, only 4 of 10 countries have female youth literacy rates higher than 75%.

Haiti’s female youth literacy rate worsened over the period by 10 percentage points.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement in

Female Youth Literacy RatesPercentage

Points Improved

1999-2004 Rate

2006-2010Rate

% Improved

1 Guinea 22.9 34.1 57.0 67.2

2 Gambia, The 20.3 41.4 61.7 49.1

3 Guinea-Bissau 19.4 45.9 65.3 42.3

4 Nepal 18.2 60.1 78.4 30.3

5 Bangladesh 18.2 60.3 78.5 30.3

6 Chad 17.3 23.2 40.6 74.6

7 Eritrea 17.2 69.5 86.7 24.7

8 Senegal 15.2 41.0 56.2 37.2

9 Mozambique 15.0 50.0 65.1 30.0

10 Ghana 14.4 65.5 79.9 22.0

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Notes: Data are most current available year within the time period;


Youth Literacy Rate. Female (2006-2010)



Adult Literacy

Is there disparity between genders in adult literacy rates?

Globally, there is still a gender gap in adult literacy rates, though the gap has been shrinking over time.

There was a 12.6% difference between male (82%) and female (69.4%) adult literacy rates during 1985-1994.

The gender gap shrunk by 29% to 8.9% during 2005-2010. 88.6% of males were literate compared to 79.7% of females.

Fewer adult females have basic literacy skills, but the gender gap has decreased over time.

1985-1994 1995-2004 2005-20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

82.086.9 88.6

69.4

76.979.7

Male Female

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Mar. 2013

Adul

t Lite

racy

Rat

e (%

)

Have gender disparities in adult literacy rates decreased over time?

Gender disparities in adult literacy rates have decreased over time in all regions.

ECA and LAC have achieved gender parity with GPIs at 0.98.

MNA, SAS, and EAP have made the most progress by moving 0.16, 0.13, and 0.13 closer to 1.0 (gender parity) respectively.

Progress in SSA has been slower with only 0.09 improvement.

SAS, SSA, and MNA are furthest from gender parity in adult literacy.

All regions are moving closer to gender parity in adult literacy rates.

1985-1994 1995-2004 2005-20100.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

1.00

1.05

0.85 0.88 0.90

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD


Gen

der P

arity

Inde

x (G

PI) f

or A

dult

Lite

racy

Rat

e

Which countries have the lowest female literacy rates? Less than one quarter

of females are literate in the top 3 countries – Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad. Less than one third of females are literate in the top 7 countries.

All the countries on the list are in SSA except Pakistan.

Of the 144 countries with data, 19 countries have female adult literacy rates less than 50% and 70 countries have rates higher than 90%.

10 Countries with the Lowest Female Adult Literacy Rates

(2006-2010)

1 Mali 20.3

2 Burkina Faso 21.6

3 Chad 24.2

4 Ethiopia 28.9

5 Guinea 30.0

6 Benin 30.3

7 Sierra Leone 31.4

8 Senegal 38.7

9 Pakistan 40.3

10 Gambia, The 40.4Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013

Note: Data were not available for 71 countries. Data are for the most recent available year. Blue = 2007; Green = 2009; Black = 2010.

Which countries have increased female adult literacy rates the most over time? These countries have

increased their female adult literacy rates by 11 to 23 percentage points over time.

Six of the countries are in SSA; 2 are in SAS.

Despite great improvement, more than 1/3 of women are illiterate in all of these countries except Saudi Arabia.

Haiti’s rate worsened by 10.3 percentage points over time.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement in

Female Adult Literacy RatesPercentage

Points Improved

1999-2004Rate

2006-2010Rate

% Improved

1 Timor-Leste 23.0 30.0 53.0 76.5

2 Eritrea 17.3 40.2 57.5 43.1

3 Gambia, The 15.4 25.1 40.4 61.4

4 Nepal 13.5 34.9 48.3 38.6

5 Guinea-Bissau 13.1 27.5 40.6 47.7

6 Saudi Arabia 12.1 69.3 81.3 17.4

7 Guinea 11.8 18.2 30.0 64.7

8 Ghana 11.4 49.8 61.2 22.9

9 Bangladesh 11.4 40.8 52.2 27.9

10 Chad 11.4 12.8 24.2 89.0

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013 Notes: Data are most current available year within the time period;


Adult Literacy Rate. Female (2006-2010)



This presentation utilizes the following data sources:1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query

The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators/countries.

Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the EdStats Query.

2) Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu (2011)

3) Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in the World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE)

4) Learning Outcome Data from the EdStats Query: Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality

(SACMEQ) Latin American Laboratory for Assessment of the Quality of Education (LLECE

SERCE) Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

Data Sources

http://go.worldbank.org/0PX550GYX0

http://www.education-inequalities.org/

The State of Education SeriesThe following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website:

Educational Levels: Pre-Primary Education Primary Education Secondary Education Tertiary Education

Topics: Access Quality Expenditures Gender Literacy Equity

http://go.worldbank.org/WBYFTX6CM0

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/Pre-PrimaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/PrimaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/SecondaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/TertiaryEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/access.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/quality.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/expenditure.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/GenderEd.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/AdultLiteracy.zip

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDSTATS/Resources/3232763-1194387694925/EquityEd.zip

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