Era Of Colonization 1585-1763

JamestownDate Established: 1607Location: Virginia, on the James River near the Chesapeake BayReason for Settlement: Economic opportunitiesLeaders: John Smith; Lord De La WarrObstacles to Settlement: Availability of food; Needed strong leadership; Conflict with Native Americans; Disease; Reluctance of colonist to work

PlymouthDate: 1620Location: Massachusetts, near Cape CodReason for Settlement: Religious freedomLeader: William BradfordObstacles to Settlement: Availability of food; disease

Massachusetts BayDate: 1630Location: Massachusetts, BostonReason for Settlement: Religious freedomLeader: John Winthrop

13 Original Colonies

New England Colonies•Massachusetts•Rhode Island•Connecticut•New Hampshire

Middle Colonies•New York•New Jersey•Pennsylvania•Delaware

Southern Colonies•Virginia•Maryland•North Carolina•South Carolina•Georgia

New England ColoniesReligious dissent a reason for settlement

Small farmsFishing

Shipbuilding

Massachusetts

•Puritan settlers

•No separation of church and state

Rhode Island

•Roger Williams

•Anne Hutchinson

•Religious Freedom

•Separation of church and state

Connecticut

•Thomas Hooker

•Religious Freedom

New Hampshire

•Not settled by anyone religious group

Middle ColoniesFarmers

ShipbuildingSettlers from many colonies outside the British Isles

New York

•Former Dutch Colony

•North was slow to be settled

New Jersey

•Settled quickly because of low land prices

Pennsylvania

•Quakers

•William Penn

•Religious Freedom

Delaware

•Once a part of Pennsylvania

Southern ColoniesPlantation Farming

Enslaved Labor

Virginia

•Tobacco

Maryland

•Lord Baltimore

•Tobacco

North Carolina

•Small Farms

•Few Seaports

•Few navigable rivers

South Carolina

•Rice

•Indigo

Georgia

•Debtors haven

•James Olgethorpe

•Rice

•Indigo

Triangular Trade

• This was the name given to the trading route used by European merchants who exchanged goods with Africans for slaves, shipped the slaves to the Americas, sold them and brought goods from the Americas back to Europe.

• It was called the triangular trade because of the triangular shape that the three legs of the journey made.

– The first leg was the journey from Europe to Africa where goods were exchanged for slaves.

– The second, or middle, leg of the journey was the transportation of slaves to the Americas. It was nicknamed the 'middle passage.'

– The third and final leg of the journey, was the transport of goods from the Americas back to Europe.

Timeline of Carolina Colony 1620s-1740s

• 1629 Robert Heath receives land grant

• 1649 Charles I beheaded• 1663 Charles II regains his

throne• 1663 Lord Proprietors receive

land• 1672 Culpeper’s Rebellion• 1689 Ludwell becomes

governor• 1689 Gibbs Rebellion• 1694 French Huguenots arrive

• 1712 Cary’s Rebellion• 1712 Carolina Colony divides• 1712 Tuscarora War• 1715 Assembly of 1715

passes new laws• 1718 Blackbeard beheaded• 1729 North Carolina

becomes a royal colony• 1733 Wilmington

established.

Settlers from the North

• The need for more land brought Virginians to the area North of the Albemarle Sound

• Nathaniel Batts: The first permanent white settler in NC

Carolana and The Lords Proprietors• Carolana was the land between Florida and

the Albemarle Sound named after King Charles I

• Carolina Charter of 1663 — Royal charter authorized by Charles II granting the Eight Lords Proprietors control over Carolina territory.

 • Eight Lords Proprietors — Group of

powerful English nobles who controlled the Carolina territory, all supporters of Charles II.

 • Carolina Charter of 1665 — Royal

charter issued by Charles II expanding the territory of the Eight Lords Proprietors.

 

Settlement of North Carolina

Groups Time Period Settled Area Settled

English Late 1500s, 1600s, 1700s Coastal Plain, Piedmont

Scots-Irish Starting in about 1740s Backcountry (includingCharlotte, Fayetteville)

Germans(Moravians)

1750s Backcountry (Salisbury,Forsyth County)

Quakers 1750s Guilford County

Africans 1600s Coastal Plain, Piedmont

AmericanIndians

Prior to European settlement

Entire state

North Carolina’s First Towns

• In 1706, John Lawson founded Bath, the first town in NC

• New Bern was found in 1710 by a group of German and Swiss Protestants, led by Christoph von Graffenried, who wanted to escape religious persecution in Europe

Settling the Cape Fear Region

• The area around the Cape Fear River became the last area of coastal NC to be permanently settled

Problems for the Proprietors• Culpepper’s Rebellion

• Began when the Proprietors tried to enforce the Navigation Acts of 1651, 1660 and 1673

• These acts stated that the colonies could only use English vessels for their trade shipments

• These trade laws denied the colonists a free market outside England and placed heavy duties on commodities

• Gibbs’ Rebellion

• A rebellion over who had the right to be governor

• John Gibbs challenged the Proprietors for this position

• This along with Culpeper’s Rebellion showed colonist unhappiness with the Proprietor’s Policy’s

Problems for the Proprietors• Cary’s Rebellion

• The armed rebellion in 1712, led by former governor Thomas Cary against Governor Edward Hyde.

• The Vestry Act was a law passed by Governor Henderson Walker in 1701 ordering the creation of Anglican churches in Carolina and establishing new taxes to support Anglican clergy. It called for the removal of Quakers and other non-Church of England members from having positions of power.

• The rebellion ended with Cary’s humiliating retreat.

• Tuscarora War

• In 1710, a group of Germans and Swiss established a settlement on the Neuse River in an ancestral area of the Tuscarora people.

• New Bern rapidly became a prosperous community, but the natives became enraged by encroachment on their lands as well as frequent unfair trading practices.

• Many Tuscarora were killed or enslaved while others left Carolina to settle in New York and Canada.

• The colony suffered severe damage and was deeply in debt. However, Tuscarora land was left open for settlement

Golden Age of Piracy 1689 and 1718

• Throughout the late 1600s and early 1700s, pirates used the Outer Banks as a central base of operations.

• They intercepted Spanish and British ships carrying gold, silver, and other New World riches, and they used the barrier islands as cover and to store plunder.

• One of the most famous and feared pirates was Blackbeard (Edward Teach) who made Ocracoke his home.

• When the British Royal Navy finally captured Blackbeard, it thereby ended the Golden Age of Pirates in the Outer Banks.

The Carolinas Become Two• From 1708 to 1710, due to attempts to establish

the Anglican church in the province, the people

were unable to agree on a slate of elected

officials; consequently, there was no recognized

and legal government for more than two years.

• This circumstance, coupled with the Tuscarora

War and the inability of the Lords Proprietors to

act decisively, led to separate governments for

North and South Carolina.

• The establishment of two separate colonies, did

not officially occur until 1729, when seven of

the Lords Proprietors sold their interests in

Carolina to The Crown, and both North

Carolina and South Carolina became royal

colonies.

North Carolina in the 1700sEconomy

•Corn, Wheat, Tobacco, Rice and Indigo•Livestock•Naval Stores•Lumber

Social Organization•Gentry•Farmers•Artisans•Apprentices/Indentured servants

Areas Settled•Upper Cape Fear•Backcountry/Piedmont

Population/Immigration•Highland Scots•Scots- Irish•Pennsylvania Dutch•Moravians•Lutherans

Trade•Ties to England•Ties to Scotland•Ties to other colonies•Tobacco and growth of towns in the 1700s•Corduroy roads•Poor transportation: barrier to trade

Reasons for Population Growth•Cheap Land•Recruitment of immigrants by North Carolina officials•Political or religious persecution in Europe•Chance for religious and political freedom

Division in North Carolina

The Granville District

• Originally this land belonged to John Carteret, Earl Granville, one of the eight Proprietors. When the Crown bought back the colony from the Proprietors, Granville’s heirs, the Carteret family, refused to sell their shares.

• To settle their claim, King George II created the Granville District, a 60-mile-wide strip of land across northern North Carolina.

Conflict Over Taxes

• Tax collection caused conflict because the North Carolina government had difficulty collecting quitrents and taxes from the squatters in the district and because settlers in other parts of the colony felt Granville settlers did not contribute their fair share to the upkeep of the colony.

Unequal Representation

• Northern counties gained control of government through greater representation in the colonial legislature.

• The five old Albemarle counties had five representatives each in the colonial Assembly, while only allowing two apiece for the newer Cape Fear regions.

• People of Cape Fear wanted the number of representatives in Albemarle reduced to two per county, so that all counties would have equal representation.

Assembly of 1746

• Colonists in the Albemarle region were angered by laws passed at a meeting of the Assembly that Albemarle representatives could not attend because of bad weather.

• At this meeting, delegates from southern counties passed laws favorable to themselves. These laws reduced the political power of the northern counties and increased their quitrents.

• In response, Albemarle withdrew from the Assembly, ignored laws passed by the Assembly, and did not participate in colonial government for seven years.

East vs West

• Eastern North Carolina had most of the planters and other members of the gentry. Farms were large and work was done by enslaved laborers or indentured servants.

• Easterners generally lived in comfortable homes with fine furniture. Their clothing reflected their lifestyle.

• In western North Carolina, most farms were small and worked by the families who owned them.

• Most people had few belongings and preferred simple dress and life-style.

Divisions Within North Carolina

Sectional Divisions Issues that Divided Colonist Ways Issues Resolved, If Known

North

(Albemarle/Granville District) and South (Cape Fear)

1. Collection of quitrents and taxes

2. Unequal representation in Assembly

1. Johnston passes new laws, 1746

2. Dobbs sets aside laws, 1754

South

East (Coastal Plain) and West (Backcountry and Piedmont

1. Unequal representation in Assembly

2. Cost of governor’s house/method of collecting taxes to pay for house.

3. Differences in economies, social class, life styles, national origins

4. Corruption and bribery by public officials in the colonial government

1. No issues resolved

2. Regulator movement ended by defeat at the Battle of Alamance.

Tryon’s Palace

• Political inequality resulting from the west’s underrepresentation in the Assembly was one issue that separated east and west.

• Eastern counties kept control of the legislature by creating more counties in the east whenever new counties were created in the west.

• Western colonists were also angered over the poll tax levied to pay for Governor Tryon’s palace, and they resented the abuses in the royal system of collecting fees for government officials.

The Regulators• The Regulators were backcountry

pioneers who organized in the mid-1760s to protest corruption in the royal system of collecting fees.

• Abuses exemplified by two incidents in 1765 prompted action by the Regulators.

– First, squatters in Mecklenburg County attacked surveyors sent to survey land for public sale. This incident was known as the War on Sugar Creek.

– Second, George Simms was arrested for not repaying a small debt. His arrest was viewed as an abuse of government power.

Conflict 1768

• Conflict began when provincial officials tried to collect new taxes to pay for the governor’s palace. Many pioneers refused, calling such fees extortion.

• A Hillsborough sheriff seized a

Regulator’s property for nonpayment of taxes.

• The Regulators recovered the property and fired shots into the home of a corrupt royal official Edmund Fanning.

• Two Regulator leaders were arrested and sent to jail.

• At a trial later that year, three Regulators were convicted on charges of rioting but were pardoned.

• Fanning was charged with extortion and convicted, but he was excused by the court and governor from punishment, angering the Regulators.

The Hillsborough Riot and the Battle of Alamance

• In 1770, a mob of Regulators broke into the Hillsborough courthouse and drove the judge from his bench.

• Next the mob turned on royal official Fanning, whipping him and looting his home.

• The mob then smashed windows throughout Hillsborough.

• The Assembly felt it could not ignore this lawlessness and proclaimed the rioters outlaws.

• The Battle of Alamance took place on May 16, 1771.

• Governor Tryon sent a militia force of 1,450 to restore order. This force was met by 2,000 Regulators, who refused the governor’s demand to lay down their arms.

• The Regulators were defeated by Governor Tryon’s militia which was made up mostly of Highland Scots from the Cape Fear River region.

• They had better weapons, training and more experienced leaders over the Regulators. The Battle of Alamance, ended the Regulator movement but not the tensions between east and west.

Significance

• The Regulator Movement and the Battle of Alamance were significant because they were one of the first protests that showed dissatisfaction with British authority in the American colonies.

• It was outside the province of North Carolina, however, that the Regulator movement had one of its greatest effects. In Pennsylvania and Massachusetts where the people were on the verge of revolution the press gave lurid pictures of the struggles of oppressed North Carolinians. Sympathy was aroused and feelings were stirred up, all of which added to the growing movement which soon led to the American Revolution.

• The real significance of the Regulators’ struggle and the Battle of Alamance lies in the fact that it stood as a grand object lesson to the people of the whole country. It set them to thinking of armed resistance and showed they how weak might be the British effort to suppress a full-scale revolution.