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ERD Primer

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ERD Primer
23
Graph no. 1. Title + short description Table no.1. Title + short description Figure no.1. Garlic slice preparation and weighing.
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Page 1: ERD Primer

Graph no. 1. Title + short description

Table no.1. Title + short description

Figure no.1. Garlic slice preparation and weighing.

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LA SALLE GREEN HILLSHigh School Department

Ortigas Avenue, Mandaluyong City

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

DESIGN

THE STUDENT PRIMER

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Appendices – includes list of graphs, tables, supporting pictures, etc., (should be in chronological order)

May also contain any of the following:1. answered survey forms2. pictures3. transcriptions of interviews4. letters of request and approval5. flowchart of procedure

OTHER REMINDERS:

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1”

1.5”

1”

1”

1”

1. Since this is a formal report, only white, 8.5” x 11” bond paper should be used. But in the submission of the draft, clean, recycled paper may do.

2. Do not use fancy fonts and margins.3. Stick to the margins of a right-bound report.4. All figures, graphs, tables, charts, pictures and the

like should be properly labeled and described.

objectives, this is so because we believe that we are supposed to get something good out of any research endeavors.

a. Recommendations

At this point, the researchers should enumerate suggestions that may improve the over – all approach of conducting the “follow - up” investigation to you ERD. You should assume that there are students who would end up making an offshoot of you ERD, thus, you will need to enlist all beneficial suggestions there is.

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Bibliography/ References List all the references used in the investigation and writing of your research, alphabetically under each type of source. Follow the APA format. Below are samples of how to enumerate your references. The first two samples: from internet website; no.3: from a CD – ROM collection; no. 4: Poster & TV Advertisement, and the last one is the format for book and magazine/ journal resources.

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AN OVERVIEW

An Experimental Research Design (ERD) is a year long project in science classes. An ERD is/ will:

A scientific investigationEmploy the Scientific MethodRequire you to design a procedure that would serve as the backbone of the whole investigation Familiarize you in writing a scientific paper

STEPS IN MAKING AN ERD REPORT

1. CHOOSING A TOPIC

Selecting a topic is possibly the most difficult part of doing research. Is it going to be too deep or serious for a high school paper? Is it too simple that my science teacher would not give me a good grade? Is it going to be too ambitious compared to my classmates’ topic? Since you are going to work on your ERD for quite sometime (and it is 10% of your Class Standing), you really need to come up with a “workable” topic. The list below is a simple category of types of researches.

Can be a “comparative study” (ex: you will compare the effects of Brand A vs. Brand B)Can be a “confirmatory/ follow – up” experiment (ex: you will repeat an existing experiment and confirm if the results are the same with the original experiment) Can be a “modified” version of an earlier research project (ex: you are going to enhance an existing procedure by deleting or adding a detail)Can be a creation of a “new product”Can be a “modification/ enhancement” of an existing product

2. CREATING A TITLE – After choosing a topic, follow the general rules in creating a scientific title for your ERD.

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CREATING A TITLE:Should be simple (concise) but still scientific Preferably: 10 wordsShould be self – explanatory (it can stand on its own), it is supposed to somehow state a general idea of your research (informative).

Ex: Garlic: An Herbal Wonder

The Antibacterial Properties of GarlicThe Feasibility of Garlic as an Antibacterial Agent

The Effect of Garlic on Acne Causing Bacteria

Which title offers a better “overview” of the research paper?

If organisms are included in the title, the common name & scientific name (in a parenthesis & italicized) are to be included.

Ex: The Effect of Garlic (Allium cepa) onAcne Causing Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus)

Why are scientific names important in conducting researches?

A title can be in Declarative (statement) form.Ex: The Feasibility of Garlic as a Cure for Acne

It can also be in Interrogative (question) form.Ex: Can Garlic be a Cure for Acne?

3. SETTING UP THE EXPERIMENT – The following rules will help you organize an experiment.

SETTING UP THE EXPERIMENT:

A. Materials

Equipments and materials should be listed materials (liquids, etc.,) should be given an exact measurement

Ex: 5 mL of distilled water, 5 g of salt

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CHAPTER IVDATA AND RESULTS

a. Presentation of Data and Results – After a short introduction, the data gathered from the whole experiment are to be presented in tabulated and graph form. Make sure that all the figures (tables and graphs) are to be numbered and with captions (short description).

b. Discussion and Analysis of Data – You will give a “commentary” on the characteristics/ pattern of the observations (data). You are going to connect your commentaries with the hypothesis/ objectives that you have presented in Chapter I. Discuss if the observations/ data are “supporting” or “not supporting” your hypothesis. These data can have a “word” or “number” based description. More researchers employ both.

Qualitative Analysis – word – based description of the characteristics of the data. It is used to describe observations that CANNOT be measured, ex: color, texture, appearance of smoke, formation of precipitate, etc.,

Quantitative Analysis – involves numerical description (CAN be measured) and scrutiny.

CHAPTER V: SUMMARY / CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

b. Summary and Conclusion

Discusses the implications of your results to the objectives mentioned in Chapter I. States the final findings you were able to gather. The practical applications of the findings should be included regardless of whether they are part of the original

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From the collection, decide on the 3 most important related literatures to use. Having a string of related articles for every part of the outline, the writers should connect them with brevity.

Articles lifted from the internet should be from reputable websites and properly cited.

CHAPTER IIIMETHODOLOGY

After giving a very short introduction to this chapter, the writers should present the following:

a. Materials – a complete list according to a particular category. All materials that are needed to be in specific amount are to be listed with a corresponding measurement.

b. Procedure – Can be in paragraph or numbered form. The description of each step should be clear and as simple as possible. Should be written in such a way that anyone who is completely unfamiliar with topic or methods will know exactly what the researchers did. State the number of trials, time frame and clearly identify the experimental variables (independent / IV, dependent/ DV and constant variables/ CV).

c. Record Keeping – Describe how you are going to perform the “reading” (observations or measurements). State what statistical technique/s you are going to employ (ex: if you want to know the mean for the many measurements, then compute for the Mean). Jot everything down in your ERD Log Book.

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SETTING UP THE EXPERIMENT:All organisms’ name should be accompanied by its Scientific Name (SN) in the list of materials.

Ex: .. 5 g of rice (Oryza sativa)

The list of materials should be in a particular group. All glasswares are listed together, chemicals (chemical formula included), dry ingredients, gadgets, etc.,

B. The Procedure

For the PROPOSAL PAPER: All sentences are in future tense

Ex: …5 g of garlic shall be macerated in….

For the FINAL DRAFT: Everything should be in past tense

Ex: …5 g of garlic was macerated in…

If the sentence is to start with a specific amount/ measurement, you need to spell out the words.

Ex: Five grams of garlic shall be macerated in….

Label the items in the set – up that needs labeling. It is advisable to use durable labeling materials (permanent markers) and to have it waterproofed if needed.

C. TestingShould be repeated several times (ensures the “repeatability” of the procedure & strengthen your research results). As a standard, perform 3 trials.Different trials can be performed simultaneously (all at the same time!) in order to save time (you need not wait for Trial 1 to be finished before proceeding to Trial 2).Time frame for the whole experiment should accommodate all the trials.Time allotment for each “reading” should be fixed (if you are to observe/ measure the set – up for Trial 1 every 5 days, then you’ll also have the readings for Trial 2 & 3 every 5 days)

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4. LOG BOOK – Since an ERD is a year long major project. It is wise to keep records of all the events pertaining to your ERD.

KEEPING A LOG BOOK:

Make a checklist of all the things you are supposed to accomplish for the whole experimentation proper.Jot down any modifications or mistakes that may take place during the experimentation.Record all your observations (whether they are supporting your hypothesis or not!) and include the date when you made the observation.Record “additional” observations (not connected with your main topic), these can be studied next time in succeeding researches.For measurements, choose a specific unit and stick with it throughout the experimentation.For picture documentation, make a list of the set – up, procedure or trial that you have taken a picture of. This will help you when labeling the pictures later on.

5. PROGRESS REPORT – Since an ERD is a year long major project, you would be required to submit evidences that you really are conducting a research project.

SUBMITTING A PROGRESS REPORT:

An ERD is a year – long project. You would be required to submit a particular part of your ERD on a specific date (to be assigned by your science teacher).Your Log Book is the best proof that you are conducting an ERD. Your teacher may also require you to submit additional items aside from the ERD Log Book.

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CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

This part helps inform the reader of the previous studies made on your chosen topic. The basic features of this part are:

a. Related Studies – These are published and unpublished research studies which are related to your topic and are categorized into foreign and local studies.

b. Related Literature – Includes related articles from books, journals and magazines.

Related studies & literatures are to be presented in chronological order: from past to present or vise versa.

Internet resources should come from reliable websites. It is wise to compare website contents as a means of double checking.

There should be a connection between the past studies and your topic to support its objectiveness and necessity.

While you may copy ideas from previous studies, you are to paraphrase or summarize them. Proper citation (include the original author of the ideas you are copying. The last name(s) of the author(s) followed by the year of publication should appear after the cited statement and should be enclosed in parenthesis.

As a rule, the writers of a research paper should make a 3 to 4 part outline of the related topics that will help support the investigation. For each part of the outline, the writers collect:

5 or more primary sources (abstracts of “not more than 5-yr old” researches)

3 or more secondary sources (“not more than 5-yr old” professional magazines, articles from the web or books)

a. Statement of the Problem

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The main problem in this study is to ……………………………………………..Specifically attempts to answer the following questions:

1…………………………………………………..2…...................................................................

b. Objectives of the StudyThe main purpose of this study is to accomplish the following objectives:

1…………………………………………………..2…………………………………………………..

A. Significance of the Study

State why the study or project is worth making and how it can contribute to you as an individual, to your community or to your country. Explain why your topic is “relevant” and definitely is NOT a waste of time and other resources.

B. Scope and Limitation

Explains the extent or coverage of your investigation. It states the “restrictions” you are to face while conducting the whole research. And in case a panelist would ask (during a defense) you something that is “outside” your scope of investigation, you can just politely point this out or decline to answer the said question.

C. Definition of Terms

Technical terms are to be given “operational” definitions (based on observable characteristics & how it is used in the research). Acronyms are to be included. The terms are enumerated in alphabetical order.

6. THE COMPLETE ERD PAPER

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PARTS OF AN E.R.D. :

Title pageTable of contentsAbstract

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY CHAPTER IV: DATA AND RESULTS CHAPTER V: SUMMARY/ CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

BibliographyAppendices

7. THE ERD REQUIREMENTS

ERD YEAR LEVEL REQUIREMENTS Level: Term: ERD Requirement:

First Year 1st Term: Chapters I2nd Term: Chapter II3rd Term: Chapter III and Final ERD

ProposalOral Defense for Honors Class

Second Year 1st Term: Chapters I, II & III (Proposal)2nd Term: Chapters IV & V3rd Term: Final Paper (All chapters)

Oral Defense for Honors ClassThird Year 1st Term: Chapters I, II & III (Proposal)

2nd Term: Chapters IV & V3rd Term: Final Paper (All chapters) and

Oral Defense Fourth Year 1st Term: Chapters I, II & III (Proposal)

2nd Term: Chapters IV and Product Presentation

3rd Term: Final Paper (All chapters) and Oral Defense

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GENERAL PARTS AND FORMAT OF THE ERD REPORT

1. Title page – serves as the front page

This page includes the title of the ERD, authors’ names, teacher and date of submission. All information in the title page is “page-centered”.

This should be at least Font 15, Times New Roman. If it requires two or three lines, it should be typed like an inverted triangle.

Authors’ names should be listed in alphabetical order and in font 12. Teacher’s name and date in font 12.

2. Table of contents – accomplished only after the whole paper is finished.

3. Abstract – states the summary of procedure, findings/ conclusion/ product of your research. Included only in the final draft.

The word ABSTRACT is centered, written in upper-case and font 15 on the first line of the page. Because this is the summary of the study made, this should be presented descriptively and informatively.

This page should be enough for the reader to understand the “entirety” of the experiment even without flipping through all the pages. The first sentence of the first paragraph should explain why your research is relevant, followed by a summary of the objectives that you have enlisted.

The second paragraph summarizes the methodology or procedure used. The third paragraph gives the final

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“findings”, including the “statistics” and mentions the importance and implications of the said findings.

The abstract should not be more than 250 words and on a single page only. This is also typed in single space. Also, from here then on, only 3rd person pronouns may be used to refer to the investigators or authors of the study.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

The phrase CHAPTER I and the word INTRODUCTION are centered and written in upper-case (capital letters) on the first line of the page. Both are in font 15. From here then on, the research paper should be double spaced.

D. Background of the Study

This presents the reasons that led/ inspired you (the authors) to choose your topic. A short historical background or a “getting – to – know” information of your topic is to be stated. This should not be more than two paragraphs.

E. Statement of the Problem

This part states the research topic (“statement of the problem”) and what the authors aim (“objectives of the study”) to accomplish. These statements should be brief, accurate and measurable. It is required to have a general objective (enlightens the readers of the main outcome/ final output/ creation of your research) and a series of specific objectives (inform the readers of the smaller and secondary requirements to achieve the final output).


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