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Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan
Asim Zaheer1, Dr. Rameez KhalidDepartment of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering,
NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
1corresponding author: [email protected]
Topics To be Discussed
I. INTRODUCTION
II. CONTEXT
III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
IV. RESULTS
V. ERGONOMICS AWARENESS PROGRAM
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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I. INTRODUCTION
What is Ergonomics?
• Ergonomics, is derived from the Greek word ‘ergon’ which means work and ‘nomos’ means law [1-3]
• The Science of Work or the Study of Work
• Designing the job to fit the worker
• Improve the human well-being
• Optimize overall system’s performance
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Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
I. INTRODUCTION(Cont..)
•Focus on worker
•Physical and psychological capabilities
•Keep an eye on human limitations
•Harmonious relationship
•Enhancement of productivity and efficiency [2]
This guy needs more than a new chair!!!!
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II. CONTEXT In Pakistan, knowledge of ergonomics is in its infancy
• Ignorance among employer & employee
Ergonomics include different scientific disciplines: [6, 7]
Physical stresses and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)
MSDs are also referred interchangeably as CTDs: [10, 11]
• Repeated trauma, Repetitive Stress Injuries (RSIs) and • Occupational overexertion syndrome
Physiology Biomechanics Psychology
Anthropometry Industrial hygiene Kinesiology
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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II. CONTEXT(Cont..)
According to Cohen [8], MSDs result in:• Delays, Absenteeism, Injuries, Illnesses
Risk factors associated with MSDs are: [11, 12]• Repetitive motion• Force-full exertion• Vibration • Mechanical compression• Awkward body postures• High noise • Low lighting• Extreme temperatures
Ergonomics reduce MSDs by more than 50% [9]
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Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
MSDs affect [4] • Upper limb • Neck • Back
Work place common MSDs are CTS and back injury [10]
Prolong working hours
Symptoms of MSDs:[11]• pain• numbness• Tingling• stiff joints• difficulty in moving • muscle loss• paralysis • Disorders
II. CONTEXT(Cont..)
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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Two law enforcing agencies: • NIOSH (National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health)• OSHA (Occupational Safety
and Health Administration)
Human body is divided into three planes: [6,7,13]• Sagittal plane, • Coronal plane and • Transverse plane
II. CONTEXT(Cont..)
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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Wrist movement classified as:• Flexion• Extension• Radial• Ulnar
Hand movements are classified as:[13]
• Abduction • Adduction• Supination• Pronation
II. CONTEXT(Cont..)
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Job analysis tools:• Strain Index (SI), • Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) • Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)• Ovako Work Assessment System (OWAS)
II. CONTEXT(Cont..)
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Strain Index (SI):[14]• Number (score)• Upper extremity disorders. • Tool to evaluate the job, not the worker
SI = (Intensity of Exertion Multiplier)× (Duration of Exertion Multiplier)× (Efforts per Minute Multiplier)× (Posture Multiplier)× (Speed of Work Multiplier)× (Duration per Day Multiplier)
II. CONTEXT(Cont..)
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) [6, 17]• Number (score) • Upper limb disorders
WristForearmsElbowsShouldersNeckTrunk
Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) [18]• Number (score) • Entire body assessment
II. CONTEXT(Cont..)
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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III. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Manufacturing Industry of two wheelers OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) vendor
for famous companies of auto-bikes in Pakistan Products include:
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III. PROBLEM STATEMENT(Cont..)
Analysis Tools and Procedures:
• Strain Index (SI)
• Exclusively focused on wrist and hand
• Recorded videos
• Critical analysis of working postures
• Gathered relevant data
• Taken snaps
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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SI for Posture 1• Rating Criteria Table • Multiplier Table[14]
• SI Calculation
Ergointelligence
Other Postures
IV. RESULTS
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S.NO. SI Parameters Rating Multiplier
1 Intensity of effort 2 3
2 Percentage duration
3 1.5
3 Effort per minute 2 1.0
4 Wrist Posture 3 1.5
5 Speed of work 4 1
6 Duration / day 3 0.75
SI = 5.1
IV. RESULTS (Cont..)
Posture Problems SI Risk TypeAction Needed
Mean Incidence Rate [14]
1
Wrist FlexionAbduction
ForceNeck flexion
Hard grip
5.1 Some RiskCaution required
77 injuries per 100 worker per year
2
Wrist FlexionAbductionGrip force
Neck flexionTrunk flexion
6 Some RiskCaution required
77 injuries per 100 worker per year
3
Wrist extensionAbduction
ForceHard grip
27 HazardousImmediate
action77 injuries per 100
worker per year
4
Wrist flexionAbduction
ForceNeck flexionTrunk flexion
20.25 HazardousImmediate
action77 injuries per 100
worker per year
SI FOR POSTURES
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Posture Problems SI Risk TypeAction Needed
Mean Incidence Rate
[14]
5Wrist flexion
Excessive reaching
2.6 Safe situation No action2 injuries per
100 worker per year
6Extreme bending
Wrist flexion4.5 Uncertain
Caution required
2 injuries per 100 worker per
year
7
Wrist extensionForce
Hard gripNeck flexion
6 Some RiskCaution required
77 injuries per 100 worker per
year
8Wrist flexionNeck flexionTrunk flexion
3 UncertainCaution required
2 injuries per 100 worker per
year
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Wrist flexion/extension
Upper arm abducted
ForceNeck flexion
6 Some RiskCaution required
77 injuries per 100 worker per
year
IV. RESULTS (Cont..)
SI FOR POSTURES
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V. ERGONOMICS AWARENESS PROGRAM
Proposed Ergonomics Awareness program:
• Phase 01: Analysis of work place
• Phase 02: Prevention and control of Hazards
• Phase 03: Personnel training and education
• Phase 04: Medical Management
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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VI. CONCLUSIONS
Findings• Realities in Pakistani Industry• Strain Index (SI)• Worker is at risk; Awkward postures• Poor environment; Injury prone jobs
Perspectives• Awareness program • RULA • REBA
Ergonomics: A work place realities in Pakistan - Asim
Zaheer
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Acknowledgment
THANK YOU for your attentionTHANK YOU for your attentionQuestionsQuestions
Contact: [email protected]; +92 (0)321 2700850
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