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Eric Hobsbawm

Hobsbawm in 2011

Born Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm

9 June 1917

Alexandria, Sultanate of Egypt

Died 1 October 2012 (aged 95)

London, United Kingdom

Occupation Historian, social theorist and author

Citizenship British

Alma

mater

King's College, Cambridge

Genres World history, Western history

Spouse(s) Muriel Seaman (1943–1951);

Marlene Schwartz

Children Joshua Bennathan, Julia and Andy

Hobsbawm

Eric HobsbawmFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Hobsbawm)

Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm, CH, FBA, FRSL(/ˈhɒbz.bɔːm/; 9 June 1917 – 1 October 2012) was a BritishMarxist historian of the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism,and nationalism. His best-known works include his trilogyabout the long 19th century (The Age of Revolution:Europe 1789–1848, The Age of Capital: 1848–1875; TheAge of Empire: 1875–1914), The Age of Extremes on theshort 20th century, and an edited volume which introducedthe influential idea of "invented traditions".

Hobsbawm's household, which was Jewish, was living inEgypt when Hobsbawm was born. They moved to Vienna,Austria, two years later, and from there to Berlin, Germany.Following the death of his parents and the rise to power ofHitler, Hobsbawm moved to London, England, with hisadoptive family and obtained his PhD in History at theUniversity of Cambridge, before serving in World War II.Hobsbawm was President of Birkbeck, University of London

for ten years until his death.[1] In 1998 he was appointed tothe Order of the Companions of Honour, a UK nationalhonour bestowed for outstanding achievement in the arts,

literature, music, science, politics, industry or religion.[2] In2003 he was the recipient of the Balzan Prize for EuropeanHistory since 1900, "For his brilliant analysis of the troubledhistory of twentieth-century Europe and for his ability tocombine in-depth historical research with great literarytalent."

Contents

1 Early life and education

2 Personal life

3 Academia

4 Works

5 Politics5.1 Miscellaneous views

6 Praise and criticism

7 Death

8 Partial publication list

9 Honours and awards

10 See also

Influences

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10 See also

11 Notes

12 References

13 External links

Early life and education

Hobsbawm was born in 1917 in Alexandria, Egypt, to Leopold Percy Hobsbaum (né Obstbaum), a merchant from

the East End of London who was of Polish Jewish descent,[3] and Nelly Hobsbaum (née Grün), who was from amiddle-class Austrian Jewish family background. His early childhood was spent in Vienna, Austria, and Berlin,

Germany. A clerical error at birth altered his surname from Hobsbaum to Hobsbawm.[4] Although the family livedin German-speaking countries, his parents spoke to him and his younger sister Nancy in English.

In 1929, when Hobsbawm was 12, his father died, and he started contributing to his family's support by working asan au pair and English tutor. Upon the death of their mother two years later (in 1931), he and Nancy wereadopted by their maternal aunt, Gretl, and paternal uncle, Sidney, who married and had a son named Peter.Hobsbawm was a student at the Prinz Heinrich-Gymnasium Berlin (today Friedrich-List-School) when Hitler cameto power in 1933; that year the family moved to London, where Hobsbawm enrolled in St Marylebone Grammar

School (now defunct).[4]

Hobsbawm attended King's College, Cambridge from 1936,[5] where he was elected to the Cambridge Apostles.He received a doctorate (PhD) in History from Cambridge University for his dissertation on the Fabian Society.During World War II, he served in the Royal Engineers and the Royal Army Educational Corps.

Personal life

Hobsbawm's first marriage was to Muriel Seaman in 1943. They divorced in 1951.[3] His second marriage was toMarlene Schwarz, with whom he had two children, Julia Hobsbawm and Andy Hobsbawm. Julia is chief executiveof Hobsbawm Media and Marketing and a Visiting Professor of Public Relations at the College of Communication,

University of the Arts London.[6][7] He also had an-out-of-wedlock son, Joshua Bennathan.[3][8]

Academia

In 1947, he became a Lecturer in History at Birkbeck. He became Reader in 1959, Professor between 1970–82

and an Emeritus Professor of History 1982. He was a Fellow between 1949–55 of King's College, Cambridge.[4]

Hobsbawm spoke of the weaker version of McCarthyism that took hold in Britain and affected Marxist academics:

"you didn't get promotion for 10 years, but nobody threw you out".[9] Hobsbawm was also denied a lectureship atCambridge by political enemies, and, given that he was also blocked for a time from a professorship at Birkbeckfor the same reasons, spoke of his good fortune at having got a post at Birkbeck in 1948 before the Cold War

really started to take off.[9] Conservative commentator David Pryce-Jones has questioned the existence of such

career obstacles.[10]

Hobsbawm helped found the academic journal Past & Present in 1952.[9] He was a Visiting Professor at Stanford

Influenced

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Hobsbawm helped found the academic journal Past & Present in 1952.[9] He was a Visiting Professor at Stanfordin the 1960s. In 1970, he was appointed Professor and in 1978 he became a Fellow of the British Academy. Hewas elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971 and a Fellow of

the Royal Society of Literature in 2006.[11]

He retired in 1982 but stayed as Visiting Professor at The New School for Social Research in Manhattan between1984–97. He was, until his death, President of Birkbeck (from 2002) and Professor Emeritus in The New Schoolfor Social Research in the Political Science Department. A polyglot, he spoke German, English, French, Spanish

and Italian fluently, and read Portuguese and Catalan.[4]

Works

Hobsbawm wrote extensively on many subjects as one of Britain's most prominent historians. As a Marxisthistoriographer he has focused on analysis of the "dual revolution" (the political French Revolution and the Britishindustrial revolution). He saw their effect as a driving force behind the predominant trend towards liberal capitalismtoday. Another recurring theme in his work was social banditry, which Hobsbawm placed in a social and historicalcontext, thus countering the traditional view of it being a spontaneous and unpredictable form of primitive

rebellion.[4][12][13][14][15][16][17] He also coined the term "long nineteenth century", which begins with the FrenchRevolution in 1789 and ended with the start of The Great War in 1914.

Outside his academic historical writing, Hobsbawm wrote a regular column (under the pseudonym Francis Newton,taken from the name of Billie Holiday's communist trumpet player, Frankie Newton) for the New Statesman as a

jazz critic, and time to time over popular music such as with his "Beatles and before" article.[18] He publishednumerous essays in various intellectual journals, dealing with subjects such as barbarity in the modern age, thetroubles of labour movements, and the conflict between anarchism and communism. Among his final publicationswere Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism (2007), On Empire (2008), and the collection of essays How toChange the World: Marx and Marxism 1840–2011 (2011).

Politics

Hobsbawm joined the Sozialistischer Schülerbund (Association of Socialist Pupils), an offshoot of the Young

Communist League of Germany, in Berlin in 1931,[9] and the Communist Party in 1936. He was a member of theCommunist Party Historians Group from 1946 until its demise and subsequently President of its successor, TheSocialist History Society until his death. The Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 led most of its members to leavethe British Communist Party – but Hobsbawm, unique among his notable colleagues, remained in the Party. Hesigned a historians' letter of protest against the Soviet invasion of Hungary and was strongly in favour of the Prague

spring.[4]

Hobsbawm was later a leading light of the Eurocommunist faction in the CPGB that began to gather strength after1968, when the CPGB criticised the Soviet crushing of the Prague Spring and the French CP failed to support the

May students in Paris.[19] In "The Forward March of Labour Halted?" (originally a Marx Memorial Lecture, "TheBritish Working Class One Hundred Years after Marx", that was delivered to a small audience of fellow Marxists inMarch 1978 before being published in Marxism Today in September 1978), he argued that the working class wasinevitably losing its central role in society, and that left-wing parties could no longer appeal only to this class; a

controversial viewpoint in a period of trade union militancy.[19][20] Hobsbawm supported Neil Kinnock'stransformation of the British Labour Party from 1983 (the party received just 28% of the vote in that year's

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elections, just 2% more than than the Social Democratic Party/Liberal Alliance), and, though not close to Kinnock,

came to be referred to as "Neil Kinnock's Favourite Marxist".[19] His interventions in Kinnock's remaking of the

Labour Party helped prepare the ground for the Third Way, New Labour, and Tony Blair,[19] whom Hobsbawm

later derisively referred to as "Thatcher in trousers".[21] Until the cessation of publication in 1991, he contributed tothe magazine Marxism Today. A third of the 30 reprints of Marxism Todays feature articles that appeared in TheGuardian during the 1980s were articles or interviews by or with Hobsbawm, making him by far the most popular

of all contributors.[19] From the 1960s, his politics took a more moderate turn, as Hobsbawm came to recognise

that his hopes were unlikely to be realised, and no longer advocated "socialist systems of the Soviet type".[22] Untilthe day of his death, however, he remained firmly entrenched on the Left, maintaining that the long-term outlooks

for humanity were 'bleak'.[23][24][25][26][27]

Miscellaneous views

Regarding the Queen, Hobsbawm stated that constitutional monarchy in general has "proved a reliable framework

for liberal-democratic regimes" and "is likely to remain useful".[28] On the nuclear attacks on Japan in World WarII, he adhered to the view that "there was even less sign of a crack in Japan's determination to fight to the end[compared with that of Nazi Germany], which is why nuclear arms were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to

ensure a rapid Japanese surrender".[29] He also believed there was an ancillary political, non-military reason for thebombings: "perhaps the thought that it would prevent America's ally the USSR from establishing a claim to a major

part in Japan's defeat was not absent from the minds of the US government either."[30] Hobsbawn is also quoted assaying that, next to sex, there is nothing so physically intense as 'participation in a mass demonstration at a time of

great public exhaltation'[31] David Pryce-Jones recalls witnessing the following exchange : “At a dinner to which wewere both invited , Hobsbawm first glorified Castro’s Cuba to another guest, the British ambassador there at thetime, and then went on to say that a nuclear bomb ought to be dropped on Israel, because it was better to kill 5million Jews now than 200 million innocent people in a world war later.” (National Review, October 29, 2012).

Praise and criticism

In 1994, Neal Ascherson said of Hobsbawm: "No historian now writing in English can match his overwhelmingcommand of fact and source. But the key word is 'command'. Hobsbawm's capacity to store and retrieve detail has

now reached a scale normally approached only by large archives with big staffs."[9] In 2002, Hobsbawm wasdescribed by right-leaning magazine The Spectator as "arguably our greatest living historian—not only Britain's, but

the world's",[32] while Niall Ferguson wrote: "That Hobsbawm is one of the great historians of his generation isundeniable. . . . His quartet of books beginning with The Age of Revolution and ending with The Age of Extremesconstitute the best starting point I know for anyone who wishes to begin studying modern history. Nothing else

produced by the British Marxist historians will endure as these books will."[33] In 2003, The New York Timesdescribed him as "one of the great British historians of his age, an unapologetic Communist and a polymath whose

erudite, elegantly written histories are still widely read in schools here and abroad."[34] James Joll wrote in The NewYork Review of Books that "Eric Hobsbawm's nineteenth century trilogy is one of the great achievements of

historical writing in recent decades."[35] Ian Kershaw said that Hobsbawm's take on the twentieth century, his 1994

book, The Age of Extremes, consisted of "masterly analysis".[36] Meanwhile, Tony Judt, while praisingHobsbawm's vast knowledge and graceful prose, cautioned that Hobsbawm's bias in favour of the USSR,communist states and communism in general, and his tendency to disparage any nationalist movement as passing

and irrational, weakened his grasp of parts of the 20th century.[37]

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With regard to the impact of his Marxist outlook and sympathies on his scholarship, Ben Pimlott saw it as "a toolnot a straitjacket; he's not dialectical or following a party line", although Judt argued that it has "prevented hisachieving the analytical distance he does on the 19th century: he isn't as interesting on the Russian revolutionbecause he can't free himself completely from the optimistic vision of earlier years. For the same reason he's not that

good on fascism."[4]

British historian David Pryce-Jones conceded that Hobsbawm was "no doubt intelligent and industrious, and hemight well have made a notable contribution as a historian", but also charged that, as a professional historian whohas "steadily corrupted knowledge into propaganda, and scorns the concept of objective truth", he was "neither a

historian nor professional."[10] Brad DeLong strongly criticised Age of Extremes: "The remains of Hobsbawm'scommitment to the religion of World Communism get in the way of his judgment, and twist his vision. On planetHobsbawm, for example, the fall of the Soviet Union was a disaster, and the Revolutions of 1989 a defeat forhumanity. On planet Hobsbawm, Stalin planned multi-party democracies and mixed economies for Eastern Europe

after World War II, and reconsidered only after the United States launched the Cold War."[13] After reading Ageof Extremes, Kremlinologist Robert Conquest concluded that Hobsbawm suffers from a "massive reality denial"

regarding the USSR,[34] and John Gray, though praising his work on the nineteenth century, has describedHobsbawm's writings on the post-1914 period as "banal in the extreme. They are also highly evasive. A vast silencesurrounds the realities of communism, a refusal to engage which led the late Tony Judt to conclude that Hobsbawm

had 'provincialised himself'. It is a damning judgement".[38]

In an interview with Canadian author and politician Michael Ignatieff on British television, Hobsbawm responded inthe affirmative to the question of whether 20 million deaths may have been justified had the proposed communist

utopia been created.[39][3][40] The following year, when asked the same question on BBC Radio 4's Desert IslandDiscs, that is if "the sacrifice of millions of lives" would have been worth a communist utopia, he replied: "That's

what we felt when we fought the Second World War".[4] Hobsbawm has similarly argued that, "In a period inwhich, as you might imagine, mass murder and mass suffering are absolutely universal, the chance of a new world

being born in great suffering would still have been worth backing".[41]

Tony Judt opined that Hobsbawm "clings to a pernicious illusion of the late Enlightenment: that if one can promise abenevolent outcome it would be worth the human cost. But one of the great lessons of the 20th century is that it'snot true. For such a clear-headed writer, he appears blind to the sheer scale of the price paid. I find it tragic, rather

than disgraceful."[4] Neil Ascherson believes that, "Eric is not a man for apologising or feeling guilty. He does feelbad about the appalling waste of lives in Soviet communism. But he refuses to acknowledge that he regrets

anything. He's not that kind of person."[4] Hobsbawm himself, in his autobiography, wrote that he desires "historical

understanding . . . not agreement, approval or sympathy".[42]

Hobsbawm stressed that since the utopia had not been created, the sacrifices were in fact not justified—a point heemphasised in Age of Extremes:

Still, whatever assumptions are made, the number of direct and indirect victims must be measured in

eight rather than seven digits. In these circumstances it does not much matter whether we opt for a"conservative" estimate nearer to ten than to twenty million or a larger figure: none can be anything but

shameful and beyond palliation, let alone justification. I add, without comment, that the total population

of the USSR in 1937 was said to have been 164 millions, or 16.7 millions less than the demographic

forecasts of the Second Five-Year Plan (1933–38).[43]

Elsewhere he has insisted:

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I have never tried to diminish the appalling things that happened in Russia, though the sheer extent of

the massacres we didn't realise. . . . In the early days we knew a new world was being born amid

blood and tears and horror: revolution, civil war, famine—we knew of the Volga famine of the early'20s, if not the early '30s. Thanks to the breakdown of the west, we had the illusion that even this

brutal, experimental, system was going to work better than the west. It was that or nothing.[4]

With regard to the 1930s, he has written that

It is impossible to understand the reluctance of men and women on the left to criticise, or even often toadmit to themselves, what was happening in the USSR in those years, or the isolation of the USSR's

critics on the left, without this sense that in the fight against fascism, communism and liberalism were, in

a profound sense, fighting for the same cause. Not to mention the more obvious fact . . . that, in theconditions of the 1930s, what Stalin did was a Russian problem, however shocking, whereas what

Hitler did was a threat everywhere.[44]

Gina Herrmann, in her 2010 study of Spanish communists' memoirs,[45] claimed that "of the many myths thatWestern Communists lived by, perhaps the most abiding is that of Communist anti-Fascism of the 1930s and 1940s—one that was consolidated in Spain's Civil War of 1936–1939." However, the profound fascist/anti-fascistschism of the period described by Hobsbawm was real enough, as Yale historian Timothy Snyder notes:

For many Europeans and Americans, the show trials were simply trials, and confessions were reliable

evidence of guilt. Some observers who were sympathetic to the Soviet Union saw them as a positive

development: the British socialist Beatrice Webb, for example, was pleased that Stalin had "cut out the

dead wood." Other Soviet sympathizers no doubt suppressed their suspicions, on the logic that theUSSR was the enemy of Nazi Germany and thus the hope of civilization. European public opinion was

so polarized by 1936 that it was indeed difficult to criticize the Soviet regime without seeming to

endorse fascism and Hitler.[46]

Nevertheless, Snyder also claimed that "The Spanish Civil War revealed that Stalin was determined, despite thePopular Front rhetoric of pluralism, to eliminate opposition to his version of socialism", and that his determinationwas knowable and known even contemporaneously (Snyder cites George Orwell's analysis of, and dismay at,

communist actions in Spain).[47] On the communist role in Spain, Hobsbawm writes simply that "its pros and cons

continue to be discussed in the political and historical literature",[48] and refers to Orwell, not by his literary name,

but as "an upper-class Englishman called Eric Blair".[10][49] He also claimed that the demise of the USSR was

"traumatic not only for communists but for socialists everywhere",[50] a statement that led journalist Francis Wheento retort: "Speak for yourself, comrade. I, like many other socialists, greeted the fall of the Soviet model withunqualified rejoicing; and I don't doubt that Karl Marx would have been celebrating. His favourite motto, deomnibus disputandum ('everything should be questioned'), was not one that had any currency in the realm of

'actually existing socialism'—a hideous hybrid of mendacity, thuggery and incompetence."[51]

The 1930s aside, Hobsbawm was criticised for never relinquishing his Communist Party membership. Whereaspeople like Arthur Koestler left the Party after seeing the friendly reception of Nazi foreign minister Joachim von

Ribbentrop in Moscow during the years of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939–1941),[52] Hobsbawm stood firm

even after the Soviet invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia, though he was against them both.[4][34] In hisreview of Hobsbawm's 2002 memoirs, Interesting Times, Niall Ferguson wrote:

The essence of Communism is the abnegation of individual freedom, as Hobsbawm admits in a chilling

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passage: "The Party . . . had the first, or more precisely the only real claim on our lives. Its demandshad absolute priority. We accepted its discipline and hierarchy. We accepted the absolute obligation

to follow 'the lines' it proposed to us, even when we disagreed with it . . . We did what it ordered us

to do . . . Whatever it had ordered, we would have obeyed . . . If the Party ordered you to abandon

your lover or spouse, you did so."

Consider some of the "lines" our historian dutifully toed. He accepted the order to side with the Nazisagainst the Weimar-supporting Social Democrats in the great Berlin transport strike of 1932. Heaccepted the order to side with the Nazis against Britain and France following the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact of 1939. He accepted the excommunication of Tito. He condoned the show trials ofmen like Laszlo Rajk in Hungary.

In 1954, just after Stalin's death, he visited Moscow as one of the honoured members of the

Historians' Group of the British Communist Party. He admits to having been dismayed when, twoyears later, Khrushchev denounced Stalin's crimes at the Twentieth Congress of the Soviet

Communist Party. When Khrushchev himself ordered the tanks into Budapest, Hobsbawm finally

spoke up, publishing a letter of protest. But he did not leave the Party.[33]

Hobsbawm let his membership lapse not long before the party's dissolution in 1991.[4] In his review ofHobsbawm's memoirs, David Pryce-Jones accuses him of actually supporting the invasion of Hungary:

[H]e carefully makes sure not to quote the letter he published on 9 November 1956 in the Communist

Daily Worker defending the Soviet onslaught on Hungary: "While approving, with a heavy heart, of

what is now happening in Hungary, we should therefore also say frankly that we think the USSR

should withdraw its troops from the country as soon as this is possible." Which is more deceitful, the

spirit of this letter, or the omission of any reference to it [in his memoirs]?[10]

In those memoirs, Hobsbawn wrote: "The dream of the October Revolution is still there somewhere inside me . . .I have abandoned, nay, rejected it, but it has not been obliterated. To this day, I notice myself treating the memory

and tradition of the USSR with an indulgence and tenderness."[53] Reviewing the book, David Caute wrote: "Onekeeps asking of Hobsbawm: didn't you know what Deutscher and Orwell knew? Didn't you know about theinduced famine, the horrors of collectivisation, the false confessions, the terror within the Party, the massive forcedlabour of the gulag? As Orwell himself documented, a great deal of evidence was reliably knowable even before1939, but Hobsbawm pleads that much of it was not reliably knowable until Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin in

1956."[32]

Reviewing Hobsbawm's 2011 How to Change the World in The Wall Street Journal, Michael Moynihan argued:

When the bloody history of 20th-century communism intrudes upon Mr. Hobsbawm's disquisitions,

it's quickly dismissed. Of the countries occupied by the Soviet Union after World War II—"the

Second World War," he says with characteristic slipperiness, "led communist parties to power" in

Eastern and Central Europe—he explains that a "possible critique of the new [postwar] socialist

regimes does not concern us here." Why did communist regimes share the characteristics of stateterror, oppression and murder? "To answer this question is not part of the present chapter." Regarding

the execrable pact between Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia, which shocked many former

communist sympathizers into lives of anticommunism, Mr. Hobsbawm dismisses the "zig-zags and

turns of Comintern and Soviet policy," specifically the "about-turn of 1939–41," which "need not

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detain us here." In one sense, Mr. Hobsbawm's admirers are right about his erudition: He possessesan encyclopedic knowledge of Marxist thought, specifically Italian communism and pre-Soviet

socialist movements. But that knowledge is wasted when used to write untrustworthy history.[34]

Reviewing the same book, Francis Wheen argued in a similar vein: "When writing about how the anti-fascistcampaigns of the 1930s brought new recruits to the communist cause, he cannot even bring himself to mention theHitler-Stalin pact, referring only to 'temporary episodes such as 1939–41'. The Soviet invasion of Hungary and the

crushing of the Prague Spring are skipped over."[51]

David Evanier, in an article published in the American conservative magazine The Weekly Standard, calledHobsbawm "Stalin's cheerleader," writing: "One can learn almost nothing about the history of communism fromHobsbawm's Interesting Times—nothing about the show trials, the torture and execution of millions, the

Communist betrayal of Spain."[54]

In 2008, the historian Tony Judt summed up Hobsbawm's career this way:

Eric J. Hobsbawm was a brilliant historian in the great English tradition of narrative history. Oneverything he touched he wrote much better, had usually read much more, and had a broader andsubtler understanding than his more fashionable emulators. If he had not been a lifelong Communist he

would be remembered simply as one of the great historians of the 20th century.[3]

Death

In the early hours of 1 October 2012 Hobsbawm died at the Royal Free Hospital, London.[55] His daughter Juliaconfirmed that he died of pneumonia, while suffering complications of his leukemia. She said,

He'd been quietly fighting leukemia for a number of years without fuss or fanfare. Right up until the endhe was keeping up what he did best, he was keeping up with current affairs, there was a stack of

newspapers by his bed.[56]

Following Hobsbawm's death reactions included praise for his "sheer academic productivity and prowess" and

"tough reasoning" in The Guardian.[57] Reacting to news of Hobsbawm's death, Ed Miliband called him "anextraordinary historian, a man passionate about his politics [...] He brought history out of the ivory tower and into

people's lives."[58] He was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and his ashes were interred in Highgatecemetery

Partial publication list

Book Date Publisher ISBN Notes Cites

Labour's Turning Point:

Extracts from Contemporary

Sources

1948Lawrence &

Wishart

ISBN 0-

901759-

65-1

Primitive Rebels: Studies in

Archaic Forms of SocialMovement in the 19th and 20th

centuries

1959,

1963,

1971

Manchester

University

Press

ISBN 0-

7190-

0493-4

in the US: Social Bandits and

Primitive Rebels, Free Press,

1960

[59][60]

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centuries 1971 Press 0493-4 1960

The Jazz Scene 1959Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-297-

79568-6

as Francis Newton [3]

The Age of Revolution: Europe

1789-18481962

Abacus

(UK)

VintageBooks (U.S.)

ISBN 0-

679-

77253-7

Labouring Men: studies in the

history of labour1964

Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-

297-

76402-0

[60]

Pre-Capitalist Economic

Formations1965

Lawrence &

Wishart

ISBN 0-

7178-

0165-9

editor; essays by Karl Marx

Industry and Empire: From

1750 to the Present Day1968 Pelican

ISBN 0-14-

013749-

1

Bandits 1969Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-

394-74850-6

Captain Swing 1969Lawrence &

Wishart

ISBN 0-

85315-

175-X

with George Rudé

Revolutionaries: Contemporary

Essays1973

Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-

297-

76549-3

The Age of Capital: 1848-1875 1975Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-297-

76992-8

[60]

Italian Road to Socialism: An

Interview by Eric Hobsbawm

with Giorgio Napolitano

1977Lawrence

Hill and Co

ISBN 0-

88208-

082-2

The History of Marxism:Marxism in Marx's day, Vol. 1

1982HarvesterPress

ISBN 0-

253-

32812-8

editor

The Invention of Tradition 1983

Cambridge

University

Press

ISBN 0-

521-

43773-3

editor, with Terence Ranger [60]

Worlds of Labour: further

studies in the history of labour 1984

Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-

297-

in the US as Workers: Worlds

of Labor, Pantheon Books, [60]

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studies in the history of labour 1984 & Nicolson 297-78509-5

of Labor, Pantheon Books,1984

[60]

The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 1987

Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

(First

Edition)

ISBN 0-

521-

43773-3

[60]

Politics for a Rational Left:

political writing, 1977–1988 1989 VersoISBN 0-86091-

958-7

Echoes of the Marseillaise: two

centuries look back on the

French Revolution

1990 Verso

ISBN 0-

86091-

937-4

Nations and Nationalism Since1780: programme, myth, reality

1991

Cambridge

University

Press

ISBN 0-

521-

43961-2

[60]

The Age of Extremes: the short

twentieth century, 1914–19911994

Michael

Joseph (UK)

Vintage

Books (U.S.)

ISBN 0-

679-

73005-2

along with its three prequels:

The Making of the Modern

World, The Folio Society,

London, 2005

Art and Power: Europe Underthe Dictators exhibition

catalogue[61]1995

Hayward

Gallery

ISBN 0-

500-

23719-0

editor, with Dawn Ades, David

Elliott, Boyd Whyte Iain and

Tim Benton

On History 1997Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-

349-

11050-6

[60]

1968 Magnum Throughout the

World1998 Hazan

ISBN 2-

85025-588-2

editor, with Marc Weitzmann

Behind the Times: decline and

fall of the twentieth-century

avant-gardes

1998Thames and

Hudson

ISBN 0-

500-

55031-

X

Uncommon People: resistance,

rebellion and jazz1998

Weidenfeld

& Nicolson

ISBN 0-

297-

81916-

X

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,

The Communist Manifesto: a

modern edition

1998 Verso

ISBN 1-

85984-

898-2

editor

The New Century: inConversation with Antonio

Polito

2000 Little, BrownISBN 0-316-

85429-8

in the US: On the Edge of theNew Century, The New Press,

2001

6/18/13 Eric Hobsbawm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobsbawm 11/16

Insignia of C.H.

Polito 85429-8 2001

Interesting Times: a twentieth-Century life

2002 Allen Lane

ISBN 0-

7139-

9581-5

autobiography

Globalisation, Democracy and

Terrorism2007 Little, Brown

ISBN 0-

316-

02782-0

a part of it in the US: OnEmpire: America, war, and

global supremacy, Pantheon,

2008

How to Change the World: Talesof Marx and Marxism

2011 Little, Brown

ISBN 1-

4087-

0287-8

[62]

Honours and awards

1973: Honorary Fellow, King's College, Cambridge

1978: Fellow of the British Academy

1995: Deutscher Memorial Prize; Lionel Gelber Prize1996: Wolfson History Oeuvre Prize

1998: Companion of Honour, Order of the Companions of Honour

1999: Buchpreis zur Europäischen Verständigung Leipziger Buchpreis zur

Europäischen Verständigung (Hauptpreis)

1999: Honorary degree from Universidad de la República Montevideo, Uruguay

2000: Ernst Bloch Prize

2003: Balzan Prize recipient

2006: Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature[63]

2008: Honorary citizenship from Vienna

2008: Honorary degree from University of Vienna

2008: Honorary degree from Charles University in Prague2008: Bochum History Prize

See also

Independent Jewish Voices

Notes

1. ^ "Officers of the College" (http://www.bbk.ac.uk/about-us/governance/officers). Birkbeck. Retrieved 11 January2012.

2. ^ "Companions of Honour" (http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/CompanionsofHonour.aspx). TheOfficial Website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

3. ̂a b c d e f William Grimes (1 October 2012). "Eric J. Hobsbawm, Marxist Historian, Dies at 95"(http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/02/arts/eric-hobsbawm-british-historian-dies-at-95.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0). The New York Times. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

4. ̂a b c d e f g h i j k l m Maya Jaggi (14 September 2002). "A question of faith"

6/18/13 Eric Hobsbawm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobsbawm 12/16

4. ̂a b c d e f g h i j k l m Maya Jaggi (14 September 2002). "A question of faith"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/sep/14/biography.history). The Guardian. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

5. ^ Economist magazine, 6th October 2012, page 108

6. ^ Julia Hobsbawm (4 April 2005). "My Life In Media" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/my-life-in-media-julia-hobsbawm-6149024.html). The Independent. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

7. ^ "Author profile: Julia Hobsbawm" (http://www.atlantic-books.co.uk/our_writers/browse_authors.asp?css=1&id=4454). Atlantic Books. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

8. ^ Interview: Joss Bennathan, The Jewish Chronicle Online, John Nathan, January 14, 2010(http://www.thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/26016/interview-joss-bennathan), retrieved 2013-06-02

9. ̂a b c d e Ascherson, Neil (2 October 1994). "Profile: The age of Hobsbawm"(http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/profile-the-age-of-hobsbawm-the-peoples-historian-is-turning-his-long-gaze-to-a-short-century-says-neal-ascherson-1440380.html). The Independent on Sunday. Retrieved 24 May 2012.

10. ̂a b c d Pryce-Jones, David (2003). "Eric Hobsbawm: lying to the credulous"

(http://www.newcriterion.com/articles.cfm/hobsbawm-prycejones-1824). The New Criterion 21 (5). Retrieved 24May 2012.

11. ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2011: Chapter H"(http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterH.pdf). American Academy of Arts and Sciences.p. 277. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

12. ^ "Eric Hobsbawm (1990): Nations and Nationalism since 1780 (excerpt)"(http://www.nationalismproject.org/what/hobsbawm.htm). The Nationalism Project. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

13. ̂a b Brad DeLong (9 March 2007) [1995]. "Low Marx: A Review of Eric Hobsbawm's Age of Extremes"(http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2007/03/hobsbawms_age_o.html). DeLong's personal blog. Retrieved 11 January2012.

14. ^ "Eric Hobsbawm Speaks on His New Memoir" (http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=7315).UCLA International Institute. 29 January 2004. Retrieved 9 January 2012.

15. ^ Perry Anderson (3 October 2002). "The Age of EJH" (http://www.lrb.co.uk/v24/n19/ande01_.html). London

Review of Books 24 (19). Retrieved 11 January 2012.

16. ^ Danny Yee. "Book Reviews: Eric Hobsbawm" (http://dannyreviews.com/a/Eric_Hobsbawm.html).DannyReviews.com. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

17. ^ "Author profile: Eric Hobsbawm" (http://www.randomhouse.com/author/results.pperl?authorid=13171). RandomHouse. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

18. ^ Eric Hobsbawm (8 November 1963). "Beatles and before"(http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2007/06/beatles-music-blues-1963). New Statesman. Retrieved 11 January2012.

19. ̂a b c d e Pimlott, Herbert (2005). "From "Old Left" to "New Labour"? Eric Hobsbawm and the rhetoric of

"realistic Marxism"" (http://www.lltjournal.ca/index.php/llt/article/view/5384/6253). Labour/Le Travail 56: 175–197. Retrieved 24 May 2012.

20. ^ Hobsbawm, Eric. "The Forward March of Labour Halted?"(http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/mt/pdf/78_09_hobsbawm.pdf). Marxism Today (September1978). Retrieved 11 January 2012.

21. ^ Hunt, Tristram (22 September 2002). "Man of the extreme century"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/sep/22/history.politicalbooks). The Observer. Retrieved 24 May 2012.

22. ^ Eric Hobsbawm (10 April 2009). "Socialism has failed. Now capitalism is bankrupt. So what comes next?"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/apr/10/financial-crisis-capitalism-socialism-alternatives). TheGuardian. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

23. ^ John Crace (Summer 2007). "Interview with Eric Hobsbawm on his 90th birthday"(http://cms1.its.bbk.ac.uk/about_us/bbk/bbk22/history). BBK Magazine. Birkbeck. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

24. ^ "Eric Hobsbawm: Observer special" (http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/page/0,11915,796418,00.html).The Observer. 22 September 2002. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

25. ^ Carlin, Norah; Birchall, Ian (Autumn 1983). "Eric Hobsbawm and the working class"

(http://www.marxists.de/workmvmt/birchcarl/hobsbawm.htm). International Socialism Journal 2 (21): 88–116.Retrieved 11 January 2012.

26. ^ Tim Adams (21 January 2001). "The lion of the Left"

6/18/13 Eric Hobsbawm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobsbawm 13/16

26. ^ Tim Adams (21 January 2001). "The lion of the Left"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/jan/21/comment.news). The Observer. Retrieved 11 January 2012.

27. ^ Eric Hobsbawm (24 January 2008). "Diary" (http://www.lrb.co.uk/v30/n02/eric-hobsbawm/diary). London

Review of Books 30 (2). Retrieved 11 January 2012.

28. ^ "Long live the Queen?" (http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/2011/03/prospect-monarchy-special/). Prospect(181). 23 March 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2012.

29. ^ The Age of Extremes, p. 42.

30. ^ The Age of Extremes, p. 27.

31. ^ Economist magazine, 6th October, 2012, page 108

32. ̂a b David Caute (19 October 2002). "Great helmsman or mad wrecker"(http://www.spectator.co.uk/print/books/20259/great-helmsman-or-mad-wrecker.thtml). The Spectator. Retrieved9 January 2012.

33. ̂a b Ferguson, Niall (22 September 2002), "What a swell party it was . . . for him"(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/4728809/What-a-swell-party-it-was.-.-.-for-him.html), The Daily Telegraph,retrieved 24 May 2012

34. ̂a b c d Michael Moynihan (20 August 2011). "How a True Believer Keeps the Faith"(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111903480904576512722707621288.html). The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved 9 January 2012.

35. ^ Quoted on the dust jacket of The Age of Extremes.

36. ^ Kershaw 2001, p. 597, note 1.

37. ^ Tony Judt (20 November 2003). "The Last Romantic"

(http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2003/nov/20/the-last-romantic/). The New York Review of Books 50(18). Retrieved 9 January 2012.

38. ^ John Gray (20 January 2011). "The piety and provincialism of Eric Hobsbawm: Following a false prophet"(http://www.newstatesman.com/books/2011/01/marx-hobsbawm-russia-world). New Statesman. Retrieved 10January 2012.

39. ^ "Michael Ignatieff interviews Eric Hobsbawm" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nnd2Pu9NNPw&t=10m57s). BBC. 24 October 1994 The Late Show. Retrieved 5 June 2013.The exchange in question occurs at 10:57 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nnd2Pu9NNPw&t=10m57s).

40. ^ Oliver Kamm (23 July 2004). "It takes an intellectual to find excuses for Stalinism"(http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/thunderer/article460555.ece). The Times. Retrieved 8 January 2012.

41. ^ Arnold Beichman (31 March 2003). "The Invitational at Columbia"(http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=18999). The Washington Times. Retrieved 10 January2012.

42. ^ Interesting Times. p. xii.

43. ^ The Age of Extremes. p. 393.

44. ^ How to Change the World. p. 268.

45. ^ Herrmann 2010, p. ix (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qfL06dTmHyYC&pg=PR9&dq=%22of+the+many+myths+that+western+communists+lived+by+perhaps+the+most+abiding+is+that+of+communist+anti-fascism+of+the+1930s+and+1940s%22+%22one+that+was+consolidated+in+Spain's+civil+war%22).

46. ^ Snyder 2010, p. 74.

47. ^ Snyder 2010, p. 75.

48. ^ The Age of Extremes. p. 76.

49. ^ Interesting Times. p. 86 (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VBQqAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22an+upper-class+englishman+called+eric+blair%22).

50. ^ How to Change the World. p. 386.

51. ̂a b Wheen, Francis (21 January 2011). "Review: How to Change the World"(http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/adcd8c44-24e9-11e0-895d-00144feab49a.html). Financial Times. Retrieved 24 May2012.

52. ^ Snyder 2010, p. 116 (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BQ1HKmG9xZ8C&pg=PA116).

53. ^ Interesting Times. p. 56 (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VBQqAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22the+dream+of+the+october+revolution+is+still+there+somewhere+inside+me%22+

6/18/13 Eric Hobsbawm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobsbawm 14/16

id=VBQqAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22the+dream+of+the+october+revolution+is+still+there+somewhere+inside+me%22+%22i+have+abandoned+nay+rejected+it+but+it+has+not+been+obliterated%22+%22to+this+day+I+notice+myself+treating+the+memory+and+tradition+of+the+USSR+with+an+indulgence+and+tenderness%22).

54. ^ David Evanier (19 May 2003). "Stalin's cheerleader". The Weekly Standard.

55. ^ "Historian Eric Hobsbawm dies, aged 95" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19786929). BBC News. 1 October2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

56. ^ "Historian Eric Hobsbawm dies at 95" (http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/historian-eric-hobsbawm-dies-at-95/article3954900.ece?homepage=true). The Hindu. 1 October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.

57. ^ "Eric Hobsbawm 1917–2012: not the end of history"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/oct/01/eric-hobsbawm-end-of-history-editorial). The Guardian. 1October 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.

58. ^ "Historian Eric Hobsbawm dies, aged 95" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19786929). BBC News. 1 October2012. Retrieved 3 October 2012.

59. ^ Primitive rebels; studies in archaic forms of social movement in the 19th and 20th centuries(http://books.google.com/books?id=sCK8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=&f=false)

60. ̂a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia of historians and historical writing, Volume 14, Issue 1(http://books.google.com/books?id=JBqWbDmFsfEC&source=gbs_navlinks_s) page 547 by Kelly Boyd

61. ^ "Art and Power: Europe Under the Dictators (1930–1945)"(http://www.dhm.de/ENGLISH/ausstellungen/artpow/). Deutsches Historisches Museum. 1996. Retrieved 26January 2012.

62. ^ Terry Eagleton (3 March 2011). "Indomitable" (http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n05/terry-eagleton/indomitable).

London Review of Books 33 (5). Retrieved 11 January 2012.

63. ^ "Royal Society of Literature All Fellows" (http://www.rslit.org/content/fellows). Royal Society of Literature.Retrieved 9 August 2010.

References

BLACKLEDGE, PAUL (2012). "Eric Hobsbawm (1917-2012)" (http://www.socialistreview.org.uk/article.php?articlenumber=12143). Socialist Review 374 (London).

Bounds, Philip, "From Folk to Jazz: Eric Hobsbawm, British Communism and Cultural Studies", Critique:Journal of Socialist Theory, Vol. 40 No. 4, 2012, pp. 575–593.

Campbell, J. "Towards the Great Decision: review of the The Age of Empire" from Times LiterarySupplement, Volume 4428, 12 February 1988, p. 153.

Carlin, Norah & Birchall, Ian, "Eric Hobsbawm and the working class"(http://www.marxists.de/workmvmt/birchcarl/hobsbawm.htm), from International Socialism, No.2:21,Autumn 1983.

Cronin, J. "Creating a Marxist Historiography: the contribution of Hobsbawm" from Radical HistoryReview, Volume 19, 1979, pp. 87–109.

Elliott, Gregory, Hobsbawm: History and Politics, London: Pluto Press, 2010.Genovese, Eugene "The Squandered Century: review of The Age of Extremes" from The New Republic,

Volume 212, 17 April 1995, pp. 38–43Hampson, Norman. "All for the Better? review of Echoes of the Marseillaise" from Times LiterarySupplement, Volume 4550, 15 June 1990, p. 637.

Herrmann, Gina (2010). Written in Red: The Communist Memoir in Spain. Champaign, IL: IllinoisUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03469-5.

Judt, Tony. "Downhill All the Way: review of The Age of Extremes" from New York Review of Books, 25May 1995, Volume 49, Issue # 9, pp. 20–25.

6/18/13 Eric Hobsbawm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobsbawm 15/16

Kershaw, Ian (2001) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-013363-9.Landes, David "The Ubiquitous Bourgeoisie: review of The Age of Capital" from Times Literary

Supplement, Volume 3873, 4 June 1976, pp. 662–664.McKibblin, R. "Capitalism out of Control: review of The Age of Extremes"from Times LiterarySupplement, Volume 4778, 28 October 1994, p. 406.

Mingay, G. E. "Review of Captain Swing" from English Historical Review, Volume 85 (337), 1970,p. 810.

Samuel, Raphael & Jones, Gareth Stedman (editors) Culture, Ideology and Politics: essays for EricHobsbawm, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.

Seton-Watson, H. "Manufactured Mythologies: review of The Invention of Tradition" from TimesLiterary Supplement, Volume 4207, 18 November 1983, p. 1270.Smith, P. "No Vulgar Marxist: review of On History"from Times Literary Supplement, Volume 4917, 27

June 1997, p. 31.Snowman, Daniel. "Eric Hobsbawm" from History Today, Volume 49, Issue 1, January 1999, page 16–18.

Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. London: The Bodley Head.ISBN 978-0-224-08141-2.

Thane, P.; Crossick, G. & Floud, R. (editors) The Power of the Past: essays for Eric Hobsbawm,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Thane, P. & Lunbeck, E. "Interview with Eric Hobsbawm", in: Visions of History, edited by H. Abelove, et

al., Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983; pp. 29–46.Weber, Eugen. "What Rough Beast?" from Critical Review, Volume 10, Issue # 2, 1996, pp. 285–298.

Wrigley, Chris. "Eric Hobsbawm: an appreciation" from Bulletin of the Society for the Study of LabourHistory, Volume 38, Issue No. 1, 1984, p. 2.

External links

Eric Hobsbawm (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1402399/) at the Internet Movie Databasehttp://www.davidhigham.co.uk/clients/Eric_Hobsbawm.htm

Profile (http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/eric-hobsbawm) in the London Review of Bookshttp://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2002/sep/14/biography.historyhttp://www.ncsu.edu/acontracorriente/spring_04/Slatta.pdf

http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=7315Interview with Eric Hobsbawm and Donald Sassoon: European Identity and Diversity in Dialogue

(http://www.barcelonametropolis.cat/en/page.asp?id=21&ui=38), Barcelona Metropolis, Spring 2008.Eric Hobsbawm interviewed by (http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/ancestors/hobsbawm.htm) Alan

Macfarlane 13 September 2009 (film)Where have the rebels gone? An interview with Eric Hobsbawm (http://www.booksandideas.net/Where-

have-the-rebels-gone.html) (video), Books & Ideas, 21 January 2010.World Distempers: interview with Eric Hobsbawm (http://newleftreview.org/?page=article&view=2824),New Left Review 61, January–February 2010.

Brief bio and links to articles (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/HIShobsbawm.htm),Spartacus.SchoolNet.co.uk

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Hobsbawm&oldid=559743869"Categories: 1917 births 2012 deaths Academics of Birkbeck, University of London

6/18/13 Eric Hobsbawm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobsbawm 16/16

Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Austrian Jews Communist Party of Great Britain members

British Army personnel of World War II British historians British Jews British Marxists

British people of Austrian descent English people of Polish-Jewish descent Deaths from pneumonia

Egyptian Jews Fellows of the British Academy Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature Honorary Fellows of King's College, Cambridge Jewish historians

Labor historians Cremations at Golders Green Crematorium

Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour British Marxist historians Marxist writers

People educated at St Marylebone Grammar School People from Alexandria Polish Jews

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