cotiaP Department ofthe Environment

©

Cop

yrig

ht.

Pro

vinc

e

of Nov

a

Sco

tia,

Pub

lishe

d

by the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

ironm

ent,

Env

ironm

enta

l

Ass

essm

ent

Div

isio

n.

Prin

ted in C

anad

a.

Pro

duce

d

by the

Pub

lishi

ng

Sec

tion

of the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of Gov

ernm

ent

Ser

vice

s

Info

rmat

ion

Ser

vice

s

Div

isio

n.

ISB

N

0-88

871-

116-

6

Can

adia

n

Cat

alog

uing

in Pub

licat

ion

Dat

a

Mai

n

entr

y

unde

r

title

:

Ero

sion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

Incl

udes

biog

raph

ical

refe

renc

es.

ISB

N

0-88

871-

116-

6

1. Con

stru

ctio

n

indu

stry

—

Env

ironm

enta

l

aspe

cts.

2. Soi

l

stab

iliza

tion. I. N

ova

Sco

tia.

Dep

t.

of

Gov

ernm

ent

Ser

vice

s.

1A71

0.

E76

1988

624.

1513

63

C88

-099

702-

8

CO

NT

EN

TS

1. INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

1.1

Bac

kgro

und la

1.2

Phy

sica

l

Pro

cess

es

and

Cau

ses

of Ero

sion

2a

1.3

Effe

ctiv

enes

s

of Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

tatio

n

Con

trol

s

4a

2. ER

OS

ION

AN

D

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

CO

NT

RO

L

ON

CO

NS

TR

UC

TIO

N

PR

OJE

CT

S

2.1

Acc

epte

d

Prin

cipl

es

and

Pra

ctic

es

for

Red

ucin

g

Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

tatio

n

5a

2.2

Gui

delin

es

for

Pre

parin

g

Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

tatio

n

Con

trol

Pla

ns Ba

2.3

Fac

tshe

ets

13a

Cat

egor

y

Con

trol

Mea

sure

Sur

face

Gra

ding

Pra

ctic

es

1.0

Sta

biliz

atio

n

Rip

rap

Lini

ng

1.1

Gab

ion

Bas

ket

Lini

ng

1.2

Geo

text

ile

Filt

er

Fab

ric

1.3

Tem

pora

ry

Mat

ting

1.4

Veg

etat

ive

Lini

ngs

&

Buf

ferS

trip

s

1.5

Dra

inag

e

Div

ersi

on

Ditc

h

2.1

Con

trol

Dis

pers

ion

Ditc

h

2.2

Gra

ssed

Wat

erw

ay

2.3

Sto

rm

Dra

in

Out

let

Pro

tect

ion

2.4

Chu

tes & D

ownd

rain

s

(Dro

p

Str

uctu

res)

2.5

See

page

Dra

ins

2.6

Che

ck

Dam

s

-

Gen

eral

2.7

Bru

sh

Dam 2.

74

Roc

k

Dam 2.7B

Gab

ion

Bas

ket

Dam 2.7C

Pla

nk

Dam 2.7D

Sod

ded

Ear

th

Fill

Dam 2.7E

San

dbag

Dam 2.7F

Str

aw

Bar

rier

2.8

Filt

er

Fab

ric

Bar

rier

2.9

Silt

atio

n

Pon

ds

2.10

GLO

SS

AR

Y

lb

AP

PE

ND

ICE

S:

A.

Effe

cts

of Sed

imen

tatio

n

on the

Env

ironm

ent

7b

B.

Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

tatio

n

Pro

cess

es

llb

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

18b

AC

KN

OW

LED

GE

ME

NT

S

22b

Cap

tions

for

cove

r

phot

os,

from top to bo

ttom

Hyd

rose

edin

g

of a maj

or

high

way

.

A Tem

pora

ry

sedi

men

tatio

n

basi

n

— refe

r

to

Fac

tshe

et

2.10

.

Ber

m

cons

istin

g

of stra

w

bale

s

and

crus

hed

rock

plac

ed in fron

t

of drai

nage

wor

ks

durin

g

maj

or

high

way

cons

truc

tion.

Clo

se-u

p

of a new

ly-s

odde

d

gras

sed

wat

erw

ay

—

refe

r

to Fac

tshe

et

2.3.

All

phot

os in this

hand

book

wer

e

take

n

in the

prov

ince

of Nov

a

Sco

tia.

PA

RT I

INT

RO

DU

CT

ION

1.1

BACKGROUND

Soil is su

bjec

t

to natu

ral

wea

ther

ing

and

eros

ion.

Nat

ural

,

or

geol

ogic

,

eros

ion

by wat

er,

win

d

and

ice

has

been

occu

rrin

g

at a

rela

tivel

y

slow rate

sinc

e

the

Ear

th

was

form

ed.

Exc

eptin

g

som

e

case

s of shor

e

and

stre

am

chan

nel

eros

ion,

natu

ral

eros

ion

occu

rs

slow

ly,

shap

ing

the

land

scap

e

cent

ury

by cent

ury,

mai

ntai

ning

an

envi

ronm

enta

l

bala

nce.

Con

stru

ctio

n

activ

ities

and

larg

e

eart

h-m

ovin

g

proj

ects

acce

lera

te

eros

ion

dram

atic

ally

,

mai

nly

by expo

sing

larg

e

area

s of soil

to rain

and

runn

ing

wat

er. If th

is

runo

ff

is not

prop

erly

trea

ted,

the

resu

lt is

ofte

n

serio

us

silta

tion

of near

by

wat

erco

urse

s.

The

cons

eque

nces

are

degr

adat

ion

or dest

ruct

ion

of fish

and

wild

life

habi

tat,

and

wat

er

bein

g

less

usef

ul

for

fres

h

wat

er

supp

lies,

navi

gatio

n

and

recr

eatio

n.

For a m

ore

deta

iled

expl

anat

ion,

see

App

endi

x

A.

Bec

ause

all

Nov

a

Sco

tia

wat

erco

urse

s,

incl

udin

g

river

s,

lake

s,

pond

s,

and

mar

shes

,

are

prot

ecte

d

by law for

publ

ic

use

and

enjo

ymen

t,

the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

ironm

ent

reco

gniz

ed

the

need to

prep

are

an eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

hand

book

as part of its ed

ucat

iona

l

prog

ram to pr

omot

e

prot

ectio

n

of

the

envi

ronm

ent.

Thi

s

hand

book is in

tend

ed

to aid in the

desi

gn

and

cons

truc

tion

of

appr

opria

te

eros

ion

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

to prev

ent

sedi

men

tatio

n

of loca

l

wat

erco

urse

s. It shou

ld

be used by

pers

ons

with

prac

tical

expe

rienc

e

and

tech

nica

l

trai

ning in this

area

.

As

each

site and

proj

ect

diffe

rs in soil,

topo

grap

hic

and

clim

atic

cond

ition

s,

this

hand

book is not

desi

gned

to prov

ide

prec

ise

inst

ruct

ions

for

ever

y

cons

truc

tion

scen

ario

.

la

1.2

PH

YS

ICA

L

PR

OC

ES

SE

S

AN

D

CA

US

ES

OF

ER

OS

ION

Bec

ause

natu

ral

orgeol

ogic

eros

ion

ofthe

Ear

th's

crus

t

take

s

plac

e

grad

ually

over

thou

sand

s

ofyear

s,

the

proc

essisnot

read

ily

obvi

ous.

How

ever

,

geol

ogic

norm

soferos

ion

prov

ide

guid

elin

es

for

limitsof

prac

tical

eros

ion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

andaba

sis

for

mea

surin

g

the

acce

lera

tion

ofsoil

eros

ion.

Man

's

activ

ities

can

spee

d

upthe

natu

ral

eros

ion

proc

ess

cons

ider

ably

thro

ugh

the

rem

oval

ofsoilinam

atte

r

ofdaysorw

eeks

.

Inev

itabl

y,

this

affe

cts

the

natu

ral

envi

ronm

ent

arou

nd

the

site

.

For

exam

ple,ane

arby

river

thatisno

rmal

ly

clea

r

may

sudd

enly

turnam

uddy

-bro

wn

colo

ur

soon

afte

r

arain

stor

m

pass

es

overaco

nstr

uctio

n

area

,

astonn

esofsoil

are

erod

ed

bythe

rain

and

was

hed

into

the

river

.

Fig

ure

1:

Sed

imen

t-la

den

wat

er

flow

ing

intoariver

froma

cons

truc

tion

site

durin

g

aheav

y

rain

fall.

Ero

sionispr

imar

ily

influ

ence

d

byfour

fact

ors:

clim

ate,

soil

type

,

topo

grap

hy,

and

vege

tatio

n.

Soi

l

eros

ion

prob

lem

s

can

diffe

r

from

plac

etoplac

e

beca

use

ofthe

varia

bilit

yofeach

fact

or,

and

the

rela

tions

hip

ofone

fact

or

with

anot

her.

Con

trol

ling

eros

ion

canbe

acco

mpl

ishe

d

thro

ugh

unde

rsta

ndin

g

the

natu

reofthe

rela

tions

hips

.

Clim

ate

and

soil

cond

ition

s

obvi

ousl

y

cann

ot

becont

rolle

d

byman

;

how

ever

,

prop

er

plan

ning

can

som

etim

es

perm

it

avoi

danc

e

of

cons

truc

tion

onhigh

ly

erod

ible

soils

and

unde

r

adve

rse

wea

ther

cond

ition

s.Itiseasi

er

and

mor

e

effe

ctiv

e

to

man

ipul

ate

vege

tativ

e

cove

r

and

topo

grap

hic

cond

ition

s

thro

ugh

eros

ion

cont

rol

prac

tices

like

the

ones

pres

ente

d

inthis

hand

book

.

Foram

ore

deta

iled

disc

ussi

on

onthe

proc

esse

s

and

caus

esoferos

ion,

refe

r

to

App

endi

x

B.

3a

Fig

ure

2:

Ahous

ing

deve

lopm

ent

whe

re

vege

tatio

n

has

been

com

plet

ely

strip

ped,

expo

sing

bare

soil

torain

fall

eros

ion

onalong

,

stee

p

slop

e.

4a

1.3

EF

FE

CT

IVE

NE

SS

OF

ER

OS

ION

AN

D

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

CO

NT

RO

LS

Ext

ensi

ve

use of m

athe

mat

ical

soil

loss

pred

ictio

n

mod

els

thro

ugho

ut

Nor

th

Am

eric

a

has

resu

lted in re

cogn

ized

valu

es

assi

gned

to rain

fall,

soil

erod

ibili

ty

and

topo

grap

hic

fact

ors,

for

diffe

rent

area

s

and

soils

.

Whe

n

mul

tiplie

d,

thes

e

fact

or

valu

es

prov

ide

an estim

ate

of the

annu

al

soil

loss

from a site

,

and

whe

n

com

bine

d

with

an eros

ion

cont

rol

fact

or,

they

can

pred

ict

the

rela

tive

redu

ctio

n

in the

estim

ated

annu

al

soil

loss

.

An

eros

ion

cont

rol

fact

or of 1 .0 mea

ns

no eros

ion

cont

rols

are

used

,

such

as whe

n

clea

ring

or grub

bing a si

te

resu

lts in

rem

oval

of all

vege

tatio

n

and

the

root

zone

,

leav

ing

the

soil

with

out

prot

ectio

n

agai

nst

rain

fall

and

runo

ff.

Mea

sure

s

such

as the

use of

cert

ain

type

s

and

rate

s of mul

ches

,

and

met

hods

of reve

geta

tion

are

assi

gned

fact

or

valu

es

less

than 1 .0.

For

exam

ple, if an er

osio

n

cont

rol

fact

or of 0.01

was

assi

gned

to

the

base

line,

or com

plet

ely

undi

stur

bed,

cond

ition

of a cons

truc

tion

site

,

and a fa

ctor of 1 .0 w

as

assi

gned

to the

dist

urbe

d

cons

truc

tion

Site

cond

ition

,

the

pred

icte

d

annu

al

eros

ion

loss

es

wou

ld

be 100

times

grea

ter

from th

e

cons

truc

tion

site

.

How

ever

,

the

pred

icte

d

loss

es

coul

d

be decr

ease

d

to an acce

ptab

le

leve

l

by impl

emen

ting

com

mon

eros

ion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

Thi

s

exam

ple,

alth

ough

mor

e

sim

plifi

ed

than

actu

al

soil

loss

pred

ictio

n

tech

niqu

es,

none

thel

ess

illus

trat

es

the

rela

tive

mer

its

that

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rols

impl

emen

ted

on cons

truc

tion

site

s

coul

d

achi

eve.

The

fact

or

valu

es

have

not

been

rate

d

to Nov

a

Sco

tian

cond

ition

s.

)

PA

RT 2

ER

OS

ION

AN

D

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

CO

NT

RO

L

ON

CO

NS

TR

UC

TIO

N

PR

OJE

CT

S

A very

impo

rtan

t

first

step in re

duci

ng

sedi

men

tatio

n

of rece

ivin

g

wat

er

bodi

es is to deve

lop

a plan

for

cont

rolli

ng

eros

ion

befo

re

any

eart

h-m

ovin

g

equi

pmen

t

dist

urbs a co

nstr

uctio

n

site

.

Thi

s

plan is an

inte

gral

part of the

tota

l

site

deve

lopm

ent

plan

and

pres

crib

es

all

the

step

s

nece

ssar

y,

incl

udin

g

sche

dulin

g,

to assu

re

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

t

cont

rol

durin

g

all

phas

es

of cons

truc

tion.

A

know

ledg

e

of fact

ors

affe

ctin

g

eros

ion,

as expl

aine

d

in App

endi

x

B,

prov

ides

the

basi

s

for

tech

nica

l

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

t

cont

rol

prin

cipl

es.

The

se

prin

cipl

es

can be ut

ilize

d

by the

proj

ect

plan

ner

in

the

desi

gn

stag

e

or read

ily

impl

emen

ted

by a cons

truc

tion

fore

man in

the

field

.

Pra

ctic

al

com

bina

tions

of the

five

prin

cipl

es

outli

ned

on the

follo

win

g

page

s

shou

ld

be utili

zed

to the

max

imum

exte

nt

poss

ible

on

all

cons

truc

tion

proj

ects

.

2.1

AC

CE

PT

ED

PR

INC

IPLE

S

AN

D

PR

AC

TIC

ES

FO

R

RE

DU

CIN

G

ER

OS

ION

AN

D

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

1. FIT

TH

E

AC

TIV

ITY

TO

TH

E

TO

PO

GR

AP

HY

,

SO

ILS

,

WA

TE

RW

AY

S,

AN

D

NA

TU

RA

L

VE

GE

TA

TIO

N

OF

A

SIT

E.

a) Cos

ts

for

eros

ion

cont

rol

and

mai

nten

ance

can be m

inim

ized if a

site is se

lect

ed

for a sp

ecifi

c

activ

ity

rath

er

than

atte

mpt

ing

to

mod

ify

the

site to co

nfor

m

to the

prop

osed

activ

ity.

b) Det

aile

d

plan

ning

will

assu

re

that

road

way

s,

build

ings

and

othe

r

perm

anen

t

feat

ures

rela

ted

to the

activ

ity

conf

orm

to the

natu

ral

char

acte

ristic

s

of the

site

.

•

Loca

te

larg

e

grad

ed

area

s

on the

mos

t

leve

l

port

ion

of the

site

.

•

Avo

id

area

s

subj

ect

to flood

ing

and

mak

e

ever

y

effo

rt

to

pres

erve all

feat

ures

of natu

ral

chan

nels

.

Not

e

that

any

chan

nel

alte

ratio

ns

requ

ire a perm

it

from the

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

ironm

ent.

•

Are

as of stee

p

slop

es,

erod

ible

soils

and

soils

with

seve

re

limita

tions

for

the

inte

nded

uses

shou

ld

not

be utili

zed

with

out

first

over

com

ing

the

limita

tions

thro

ugh

soun

d

engi

neer

ing

prac

tices

.

• Lim

it

the

leng

th

and

stee

pnes

s

of the

desi

gned

slop

es

to

redu

ce

runo

ff

volu

mes

and

velo

citie

s.

Long

,

stee

p

slop

es

shou

ld

be brok

en

by benc

hing

,

terr

acin

g

or cons

truc

ting

dive

rsio

n

stru

ctur

es.

5a

6a

2. EX

PO

SE

TH

E

SM

ALL

ES

T

PR

AC

TIC

AL

AR

EA

OF

LAN

D

FO

R

TH

E

SH

OR

TE

ST

PO

SS

IBLE

TIM

E.

a) Ear

th

chan

ges

and

the

rem

oval

of natu

ral

vege

tatio

n

leav

e

an

area

susc

eptib

le

to eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n;

the

larg

er

the

dist

urbe

d

area and

the

long

er it is left

unst

abili

zed,

the

mor

e

serio

us

the

prob

lem

beco

mes

.

• Pla

n

the

phas

es

or stag

es of deve

lopm

ent

so that

only

the

area

s

whi

ch

are

activ

ely

bein

g

deve

lope

d

are

expo

sed.

All

othe

r

area

s

shou

ld

have a good

cove

r of tem

pora

ry

or

perm

anen

t

vege

tatio

n

or mul

ch.

b) Com

plet

e

grad

ing

as soon

as poss

ible

afte

r it is begu

n.

The

n,

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

grad

ing

is com

plet

e,

esta

blis

h

perm

anen

t

vege

tatio

n

and

surf

ace

cove

r

such

as grav

el,

and

eros

ion

cont

rols

in the

area

.

•

Rev

eget

ate

the

slop

es

as wor

k

prog

ress

es

— for

exam

ple,

as

cut

slop

es

are

mad

e,

or as fill

slop

es

are

brou

ght

up to grad

e.

Thi

s

proc

ess is kn

own

as stag

ed

seed

ing.

•

Min

imiz

e

grad

ing

of larg

e

or criti

cal

area

s

durin

g

the

seas

on

of max

imum

eros

ion

pote

ntia

l.

3. AP

PLY

"SO

IL

ER

OS

ION

"

CO

NT

RO

L

PR

AC

TIC

ES

AS A F

IRS

T

LIN

E

OF

DE

FE

NS

E

AG

AIN

ST

ON

-SIT

E

DA

MA

GE

.

a) App

lyin

g

eros

ion

cont

rol

prac

tices

on a site

will

prev

ent

exce

ssiv

e

sedi

men

t

from be

ing

prod

uced

.

• Kee

p

soil

cove

red

as muc

h

as poss

ible

with

tem

pora

ry

or

perm

anen

t

vege

tatio

n

or with

vario

us

mul

ch

mat

eria

ls.

Eve

n

proj

ect

mat

eria

ls

such

as brus

h,

logs

and

chip

ping

s

can

serv

e

as mul

ch

and

help to co

ntro

l

eros

ion.

• Use

spec

ial

grad

ing

met

hods

such

as roug

heni

ng a slop

e

on

the

cont

our

or trac

king

with a cl

eate

d

doze

r.

• Rol

l

and

com

pact

soil

to mak

e it less

erod

ible

.

•

Inco

rpor

ate

othe

r

prac

tices

such

as dive

rsio

n

stru

ctur

es

to

dive

rt

surf

ace

runo

ff

from

expo

sed

soils

,

and

grad

e

stab

iliza

-

tion

stru

ctur

es

to cont

rol

surf

ace

wat

er.

b) Effe

ctiv

e

eros

ion

cont

rol

and

sedi

men

t

redu

ctio

n

depe

nds

upon

judi

ciou

s

sele

ctio

n

of cons

erva

tion

prac

tices

,

adeq

uate

desi

gn,

accu

rate

inst

alla

tion

in a timel

y

fash

ion,

and

suffi

cien

t

mai

nte-

nanc

e to ensu

re

the

inte

nded

resu

lts.

c) Pre

vent

"gro

ss"

eros

ion

in the

form of gulli

es.

d) Whe

n

eros

ion

is not

adeq

uate

ly

cont

rolle

d,

sedi

men

t

cont

rol

is

mor

e

diffi

cult

and

expe

nsiv

e.

)

4. AP

PLY

"SE

DIM

EN

T

CO

NT

RO

L"

PR

AC

TIC

ES

AS A P

ER

IME

TE

R

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N

TO

PR

EV

EN

T

OF

F-S

lTE

DA

MA

GE

.

a) The

seco

nd

line of de

fenc

e

is to cont

rol

runo

ff

and

prev

ent

sedi

men

t

from

getti

ng

off-

site

.

Gen

eral

ly,

this is done

by eith

er

filte

ring

runo

ff

as it flow

s

thro

ugh

an area or im

poun

ding

the

sedi

men

t-la

den

runo

ff

for a pe

riod

of time

so that

the

soil

part

icle

s

settl

e

out.

•

Ber

ms,

sedi

men

tatio

n

basi

ns,

sedi

men

t

trap

s,

and

vege

tativ

e

filte

rs

are

som

e

exam

ples

of prac

tices

used to co

ntro

l

sedi

men

t

and

prot

ect

wat

erco

u

rses

.

•

Veg

etat

ive

and

stru

ctur

al

sedi

men

t

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

can be

clas

sifie

d

as eith

er

tem

pora

ry

or

perm

anen

t

depe

ndin

g

on

whe

ther

or not

they will

rem

ain

in use

afte

r

deve

lopm

ent

is

com

plet

e.

b) The

best

way to cont

rol

sedi

men

t,

how

ever

,

is to prev

ent

eros

ion

at its sour

ce.

5. IMP

LEM

EN

T

A

TH

OR

OU

GH

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

AN

D

FO

LLO

W-U

P

OP

ER

AT

ION

.

Thi

s

fifth

prin

cipl

e is vita

l

to the

succ

ess of the

four

othe

rs.

A site

cann

ot

be effe

ctiv

ely

cont

rolle

d

with

out

thor

ough

,

perio

dic

chec

ks of

the

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

t

cont

rol

prac

tices

.

The

se

prac

tices

mus

t

be

mai

ntai

ned

just

as cons

truc

tion

equi

pmen

t

mus

t

be

mai

ntai

ned,

and

mat

eria

ls

chec

ked

and

inve

ntor

ied.

• Sta

rt

a rout

ine

"end of day

chec

k"

to mak

e

sure

that all

cont

rol

prac

tices

are

wor

king

prop

erly

.

•

Che

ck

the

wea

ther

fore

cast

daily

and

be prep

ared if ra

in is

pred

icte

d.

•

Thr

ough

out

cons

truc

tion

keep

an adeq

uate

inve

ntor

y

on hand of

mat

eria

ls

such

as stra

w

bale

s,

poly

ethy

lene

,

grav

el,

or rock

ripra

p,

and

scou

t

the

area for

othe

r

sour

ces of us

eful

mat

eria

ls

like

hay,

bark

or saw

dust

for

mul

chin

g.

Usu

ally

thes

e

five

prin

cipl

es

are

inte

grat

ed

into

an over

all

plan of

vege

tativ

e

and

stru

ctur

al

mea

sure

s

and

man

agem

ent

tech

niqu

es

aim

ed at prev

entin

g

eros

ion

and

cont

rolli

ng

sedi

men

t,

as dem

on-

stra

ted

by the

flow

char

t,

Fig

ure

3. In mos

t

case

s, a

com

bina

tion

of

limite

d

grad

ing,

limite

d

time of ex

posu

re

and a ju

dici

ous

sele

ctio

n

of

eros

ion

cont

rol

prac

tices

and

sedi

men

t

trap

ping

faci

litie

s

will

prov

e to

be the

mos

t

prac

tical

met

hod

of cont

rolli

ng

eros

ion

and

the

asso

ciat

ed

prod

uctio

n

and

tran

spor

t

of sedi

men

t.

PREPARE EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PLAN

IMPLEMENT TEMPORARY EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROLS DURING

CONSTRUCTION

IMPLEMENT MAINTENANCE PROGRAM THROUGHOUT CONSTRUCTION

PERMANENT EROSION CONTROL

FOR FINISHED SITE

MAINTAIN PERMANENT EROSION CONTROL

SURFACE STABILIZATION

(TEMPORARY)

DRAINAGE CONTROL

(TEMPORARY)

VEGETATIVE (1.5) NON-VEGETATIVE CHANNELS GRADING SEDIMENTATION

BUFFERSTAIPS RIPRAP(1.1) (DITCHES) PRACTICES PONDS

(2.1)(2.2) (1.0) (2.10) (TEMPORARY!

MULCHING GABION BASKETS (1.2) PERMANENT)

HYDROSEEDING GEOTEXTILE FILTER CHECK DAMS FILTER BARRIERS

FABRIC (1.3) BRUSH (2.7A) STRAW (2.8)

MATTING (1.4) MATTING (1.4) ROCK (2.7B) FILTER FABRIC (2.9)

I DAILY ROUTINE CHECKS REPAIRS REPLACEMENTS INVENTORY OF CONTROL MATERIALS

SURFACE STABILIZATION DRAINAGE CONTROL

(PERMANENT) (PERMANENT)

VEGETATIVE (1.5) NON-VEGETATIVE CHANNELS STORM DRAIN CHECK DAMS SEEDING RIPAAP(1.1) (DITCHES) OUTLET ROCK(2.7B)

(2.1)(2.2) PROTECTION

SODDING GABION BASKETS (1.2) (2.4) EARTH SODDED

BEAMS, (2.7E) MATTING (1.4) GRAVELLING TERRACES, SEEPAGE

FINAL GRADING DRAINS GABIONS (2.7C) PAVING (1.0) (2.6)

WOODEN PLANKS

GRASSED CHUTES AND (2.70) WATERWAYS DOWNDRAINS

(2.3) (2.5) SANDBAGS (2.7F)

SEDIMENTATION PONDS (2.10)

I MAINTENANCE PROGRAM

ROUTINE CHECKS REPAIRS REPLACEMENTS INVENTORY OF CONTROL MATERIALS

FIGURE 3

STEPS TO FOLLOW IN PREPARING AN EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.

NOTE: NUMBERS IN BRACKETS REFER TO FACTSHEETS. SECTION 2.3

Consists of a written document and drawings based on accepted principles and practices for reducing erosion and

sedimentation. • Carry out a thorough soils analysis • Fit the activity to the natural site features, particularly waterways • Include a stormwater management plan • Expose the smallest area for the shortest practical time • Plan for erosion control materials and the time to apply them • Plan the location for sedimentation control measures • Prepare for contingencies — maintenance is very important

)

2.2

GU

IDE

LIN

ES

FO

R

PR

EP

AR

ING

ER

OS

ION

AN

D

SE

DIM

EN

-

TA

TIO

N

CO

NT

RO

L

PLA

NS

Und

erta

king

s

invo

lvin

g

land

dist

urba

nce

that

coul

d

resu

lt

in silta

tion

of wat

erco

urse

s

may

requ

ire

envi

ronm

enta

l

asse

ssm

ent

and

be

subj

ect

to the

prov

isio

ns

of the

Env

ironm

enta

l

Ass

essm

ent

Act

and

the

Env

ironm

enta

l

Pro

tect

ion

Act

.

Hig

hway

,

utili

ty,

pipe

line

cons

truc

tion,

and

othe

r

linea

r

deve

lopm

ents

,

resi

dent

ial

subd

ivis

ion

and

indu

stria

l

park

s

deve

lopm

ents

,

and

min

ing

expl

orat

ion

and

deve

lopm

ent

are all

capa

ble

of caus

ing

gros

s

sedi

men

t

pollu

tion if

not

prop

erly

plan

ned

and

cons

truc

ted.

As

such

,

they

are

typi

cal

unde

rtak

ings

asse

ssed

unde

r

the

Act

s

and

requ

ire

an eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

plan in orde

r

to be appr

oved

.

An

acce

ptab

le

plan

usua

lly

cons

ists

of two

part

s:

1. A narr

ativ

e

repo

rt

desc

ribin

g

the

proj

ect

(incl

udin

g

the

sche

dulin

g

or phas

ing

of maj

or

cons

truc

tion

activ

ities

),

and

expl

aini

ng

the

met

hods

,

tech

niqu

es,

and

proc

edur

es

(incl

udin

g

mai

nten

ance

of

cont

rol

mea

sure

s)

to be follo

wed

.

2. A map

(or

seve

ral

map

s of the

sam

e

scal

e)

or a base

map

with

over

lays

,

depi

ctin

g

the

topo

grap

hy

and

natu

ral

feat

ures

of the

area

,

the

limits

for

clea

ring

and

grad

ing,

exis

ting

and

antic

ipat

ed

eros

ion

prob

lem

s,

and

the

loca

tion

of suita

ble

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

The

map

shou

ld

be an inte

gral

part of any

site

plan

,

grad

ing

plan

or

cons

truc

tion

draw

ings

.

Con

serv

atio

n

prac

tices

for

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

t

cont

rol

shou

ld

mee

t

or exce

ed

guid

elin

es

and

spec

ifica

tions

cont

aine

d

in this

hand

book

.

Pra

ctic

es

for

whi

ch

guid

elin

es

and

spec

ifica

tions

are

not

cont

aine

d

in the

hand

book

may be appr

oved

for

incl

usio

n

in the

plan

,

base

d

upon

thei

r

mer

its

as prop

osed

for

use in in

divi

dual

circ

umst

ance

s.

Eve

n

with

in a regi

onal

area

,

the

cons

erva

tion

prac

tices

need

ed

to

cont

rol

acce

lera

ted

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

vary

from site to site

.

The

degr

ee

of slop

e,

natu

re

and

type

s

of soil,

drai

nage

char

acte

ris-

tics,

prox

imity

to prop

erty

boun

darie

s

and

wat

erco

urse

s,

acre

age

dist

urbe

d,

amou

nt of cut

and

fill,

and

othe

r

fact

ors

all

have a di

rect

bear

ing

on wha

t

com

bina

tion

of cons

erva

tion

prac

tices

will

resu

lt

in

an adeq

uate

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

plan

.

Gre

at

care

mus

t

be take

n

in sele

ctin

g

the

right

cont

rol

mea

sure

for

each

eros

ion

site

.

Alth

ough

eros

ion

prob

lem

s

ofte

n

shar

e

sim

ilar

sym

ptom

s,

thei

r

caus

es

may

diffe

r

sign

ifica

ntly

.

For

this

reas

on, it is

wis

e

to avoi

d

a blan

ket

appr

oach

to corr

ectio

n,

but

to unde

rtak

e,

inst

ead,

a thor

ough

site

inve

stig

atio

n.

Thi

s

will

help

to dete

rmin

e

the

exac

t

natu

re of the

prob

lem

and

how

to corr

ect

it. For

exam

ple,

eros

ion

alon

g a drai

nage

ditc

h

may be the

resu

lt of high

stre

am

flow

velo

city

,

unst

able

bank

cond

ition

s,

conc

entr

ated

over

land

runo

ff,

or

9a

lOa

any

com

bina

tion

of thes

e.

Unl

ess

the

actu

al

caus

es of a prob

lem

are

adeq

uate

ly

dete

rmin

ed,

the

appl

ied

rem

edia

l

mea

sure

may fail

to

corr

ect

it, and

may

even

aggr

avat

e

it.

The

sele

ctio

n,

desi

gn

and

impl

emen

tatio

n

of effe

ctiv

e

eros

ion

and/

or sedi

men

t

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

requ

ires a cl

ear

iden

tific

atio

n

of the

exis

ting

prob

lem

s,

as wel

l

as the

obje

ctiv

es of the

cont

rol

effo

rts. It is

impo

rtan

t

to avoi

d

an indi

scrim

inat

e

choi

ce of

mea

sure

s,

but

rath

er

to sele

ct

thos

e

that

appr

opria

tely

mee

t

the

spec

ific

obje

ctiv

es

requ

ired

in corr

ectin

g

the

spec

ific

prob

lem

caus

es.

A broa

d

clas

sific

atio

n

of eros

ion

and

sedi

men

t

prob

lem

s

such

as

that

pres

ente

d

belo

w

prov

ides a ba

sis

for

cons

ider

ing

cate

gorie

s

of

prob

lem

s

and

cont

rol

stra

tegi

es.

Pro

blem

Typ

e

Ero

sion

Pro

blem

Sed

imen

t

Pro

blem

X

II X X

Ill X

An

eros

ion

prob

lem

exis

ts

whe

re

dam

age

attr

ibut

able

to eros

ion

invo

lves

the

dire

ct

loss of soil,

whi

ch in turn

can

mea

n

the

loss of

road

way

s,

the

unde

rmin

ing

of

stru

ctur

es,

and

othe

r

dam

age

nece

ssita

ting

cost

ly

repa

ir.

A sedi

men

t

prob

lem

exis

ts

whe

re

ther

e is dam

age

asso

ciat

ed

with

the

depo

sitio

n

of erod

ed

mat

eria

l

at dow

nstr

eam

loca

tions

;

for

exam

ple,

clog

ging of cu

lver

ts,

fillin

g

of drai

nage

ditc

hes

and

stre

am

chan

nels

,

silti

ng of pond

s

and

rese

rvoi

rs,

and

cont

amin

atio

n

of

dow

nstr

eam

wat

ers

by

sedi

men

t-bo

rne

pollu

tant

s.

Pro

blem

Typ

e I invo

lves

an eros

ion

prob

lem

but

no sedi

men

t

prob

lem

.

Suc

h

a situ

atio

n

may

occu

r

whe

re

loca

lly-e

rode

d

sedi

men

ts,

even in su

bsta

ntia

l

quan

titie

s,

are

tran

spor

ted

and

depo

site

d

rela

tivel

y

shor

t

dist

ance

s

dow

nslo

pe

or with

in

the

cons

truc

tion

boun

darie

s,

but

do not

mov

e

into a w

ater

way

syst

em.

Pro

blem

Typ

e II invo

lves

both

an eros

ion

prob

lem

and a se

dim

ent

prob

lem

.

Thi

s

type of si

tuat

ion

can

resu

lt

from

subs

tant

ial

mat

eria

l

bein

g

erod

ed

and

tran

spor

ted

into

dow

nstr

eam

ditc

hes

and

stre

am

chan

nels

.

Pro

blem

Typ

e Ill invo

lves a se

dim

ent

prob

lem

only

.

Thi

s

type of

situ

atio

n

may

occu

r

whe

n

the

dire

ct

loss of soil is in

suffi

cien

t

to

crea

te

loca

l

dam

age

at the

eros

ion

sour

ce,

but

the

accu

mul

ated

sedi

men

t

tran

spor

ted

dow

nstr

eam

crea

tes

depo

sitio

nal

or wat

er

qual

ity

prob

lem

s.

)

Rec

ogni

zing

the

wid

e

varia

tions

from

one

site to an

othe

r,

the

follo

win

g

elem

ents

shou

ld

be cons

ider

ed

in the

deve

lopm

ent

of plan

docu

men

ts:

1. A gene

ral

stat

emen

t

of the

proj

ect

(incl

uded in the

narr

ativ

e)

• Brie

f

desc

riptio

n

of the

over

all

proj

ect

• Dat

e

that

proj

ect

is to begi

n

and

expe

cted

date

that

final

stab

iliza

tion

will

be com

plet

ed

• The

phas

ing

(or

stag

ing) of la

nd-d

istu

rbin

g

activ

ities

and

site

stab

iliza

tion

to min

imiz

e

the

exte

nt of expo

sed

area

s

•

Brie

f

desc

riptio

n

of eros

ion

cont

rol

prog

ram

• Brie

f

desc

riptio

n

of sedi

men

t

cont

rol

prog

ram

• Brie

f

desc

riptio

n

of stor

mw

ater

man

agem

ent

prog

ram

2. The

topo

grap

hic

feat

ures

(sho

wn

on the

map

,

whi

ch

shou

ld

also

incl

ude

map

scal

e

and

nort

h

arro

w)

• The

loca

tion of th

e

proj

ect

rela

tive

to high

way

s,

prop

erty

boun

darie

s,

build

ings

,

wat

er

supp

lies,

and

othe

r

iden

tifia

ble

land

mar

ks

or sign

ifica

nt

feat

ures

•

Con

tour

s

at an inte

rval

and

scal

e

that

will

adeq

uate

ly

desc

ribe

the

area prio

r

to,

and

follo

win

g,

cons

truc

tion

•

Crit

ical

envi

ronm

enta

l

area

s

loca

ted

with

in,

or in prox

imity

of,

the

proj

ect

area

s,

such

as stre

ams,

lake

s,

pond

s,

wet

land

area

s,

drai

nage

ditc

hes,

flood

plai

ns,

and

wel

ls

•

Nat

ure

and

exte

nt of exis

ting

vege

tatio

n

3.

Info

rmat

ion

on the

soils

(pre

sent

ed in the

narr

ativ

e

and

show

n

on the

map

)

•

Ade

quat

e

desc

riptio

n

of each

soil,

incl

udin

g

type

,

text

ure,

slop

e,

dept

h,

drai

nage

,

and

stru

ctur

e

(as

desc

ribed in the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Soi

l

Sur

vey

Rep

orts

)

•

Sur

face

area of each

soil

Soi

ls

data is re

adily

avai

labl

e

in area

s

for

whi

ch

mod

ern

soil

surv

eys

are

eith

er

com

plet

ed

or in prog

ress

. In the

abse

nce

of a

soil

surv

ey, a m

echa

nica

l

anal

ysis

of the

soil

shou

ld

be mad

e

to

the

dept

h

of the

plan

ned

dist

urba

nce.

Alte

rnat

ivel

y,

an on-s

ite

eval

uatio

n

shou

ld

be mad

e

by a qual

ified

soil

scie

ntis

t.

4. The

stor

mw

ater

man

agem

ent

prog

ram

(des

crib

ed in the

narr

ativ

e

and

the

loca

tion

of faci

litie

s

show

n

on the

map

)

• The

amou

nt of runo

ff

from the

proj

ect

area and

the

upst

ream

wat

ersh

ed;

runo

ff-pr

oduc

ing

fact

ors

cons

ider

ed

and

met

hods

of calc

ulat

ion

• Brie

f

anal

ysis

of prob

lem

s

pose

d

by stor

m

runo

ff

on

dow

nstr

eam

area

s

•

Ana

lysi

s

of loca

l

drai

nage

fact

ors

whi

ch

may

cont

ribut

e

to on-

site or of

f-si

te

prob

lem

s

• Brie

f

desc

riptio

n

of the

perm

anen

t

mea

sure

s

and

faci

litie

s

ha

12a

desi

gned

to cope

with

the

prob

lem

(s)

(Ref

eren

ces

such

as the

Pro

vinc

e

of Nov

a

Sco

tia

—

Mun

icip

ality

of the

Cou

nty

of

Hal

ifax

Sto

rm

Dra

inag

e

Des

ign

Crit

eria

Man

ual

(Mar

ch

1982

)

may be used for

desi

gn

purp

oses

, in addi

tion

to the

fact

shee

ts

in this

hand

book

.)

5. The

prop

osed

alte

ratio

n

of the

area

(sho

wn

on the

map

)

•

Bou

ndar

y

limits

and

acre

age of the

proj

ect

•

Lim

its of clea

ring

and

grad

ing

•

Are

as of cuts

and

fills

and

prop

osed

side

slop

es

•

Loca

tion

for

road

s

(incl

udin

g

stre

am

cros

sing

s),

build

ings

,

stor

m

sew

ers,

and

othe

r

stru

ctur

es

•

Loca

tion

and

prot

ectio

n

of stoc

kpile

s

of exce

ss fill

or tops

oil

6. The

tem

pora

ry

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

(veg

etat

ive

and

mec

hani

cal)

to be used

durin

g

activ

e

cons

truc

-

tion

(incl

uded in the

narr

ativ

e

and

show

n

on the

map

)

•

Pur

pose

•

Typ

es of mea

sure

s

and

faci

litie

s

(ref

er to fact

shee

ts

Sec

tion

2.3)

,

and

expe

cted

leng

th of serv

ice

•

Loca

tion

of mea

sure

s

and

faci

litie

s

•

Dim

ensi

onal

deta

ils of the

faci

litie

s

•

Des

ign

cons

ider

atio

ns

and

calc

ulat

ions

(if appl

icab

le)

7. The

perm

anen

t

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

for

long

-ter

m

prot

ectio

n

(incl

uded in the

narr

ativ

e

and

show

n

on

the

map

)

• Pur

pose

• Typ

es of mea

sure

s

and

faci

litie

s

(ref

er

to fact

shee

ts

Sec

tion

2.3)

•

Loca

tion

of mea

sure

s

and

faci

litie

s

•

Dim

ensi

onal

deta

ils of faci

litie

s

•

Des

ign

cons

ider

atio

ns

and

calc

ulat

ions

(if appl

icab

le)

•

Land

scap

ing

or vege

tativ

e

deta

ils

such

as seed

ing,

sodd

ing

or

mul

chin

g

8. The

mai

nten

ance

prog

ram

for

the

cont

rol

faci

litie

s

(des

crib

ed in

the

narr

ativ

e)

•

Insp

ectio

n

prog

ram

,

incl

udin

g

freq

uenc

y

and

sche

dule

•

Res

oddi

ng

or rese

edin

g

of vege

tate

d

area

s

•

Rep

air

or reco

nstr

uctio

n

of dam

aged

stru

ctur

al

mea

sure

s

•

Met

hod

and

freq

uenc

y

of rem

oval

and

disp

osal

of sedi

men

t

from the

cont

rol

faci

litie

s

or the

proj

ect

area

• Met

hod

for

disp

osin

g

of tem

pora

ry

stru

ctur

al

mea

sure

s

afte

r

they

have

serv

ed

thei

r

purp

oses

)

2.3

FA

CT

SH

EE

TS

The

follo

win

g

sect

ion

of the

hand

book

deta

ils a num

ber

of eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

whi

ch

may be usef

ul

in a varie

ty

of circ

umst

ance

s

on

cons

truc

tion

proj

ects

.

The

fact

shee

ts

prov

ided

may be used in pr

epar

ing

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

plan

s

befo

re

deve

lopm

ent

take

s

plac

e

or in appl

ying

som

e

mea

sure

s

to an

exis

ting

prob

lem

unde

r

field

cond

ition

s.

The

fact

shee

ts

are

prep

ared

unde

r

two

broa

d

cate

gorie

s

of Sur

face

Sta

biliz

atio

n

and

Dra

inag

e

Con

trol

.

The

y

are

as deta

iled

as poss

ible

in

orde

r

that

they

may ap

ply

to vario

us

type

s of cons

truc

tion

proj

ects

,

and

they

are

also

cros

s

refe

renc

ed

to mak

e

the

user

awar

e

that

mor

e

than

one

rem

edia

l

mea

sure is us

ually

requ

ired

for a th

orou

gh

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

effo

rt.

The

se

fact

shee

ts

may

not

enco

mpa

ss

ever

y

poss

ible

situ

atio

n.

Nor

do they

repr

esen

t

an accu

rate

-in-e

very

-det

ail

desc

riptio

n

of ever

y

cons

truc

tion

scen

ario

,

beca

use

each

site

and

proj

ect

diffe

rs

in soil,

topo

grap

hic

and

clim

atic

cond

ition

s.

Rat

her,

they

are

gene

ral

guid

elin

es

that

,

whe

n

com

bine

d

with

prac

tical

expe

rienc

e

and

tech

nica

l

trai

ning

,

can

effe

ctiv

ely

aid

engi

neer

s

and

othe

r

cons

truc

-

tion

expe

rts in pr

ojec

t

desi

gn

and

cons

truc

tion.

)

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

entFA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GR

AD

ING

PR

AC

TIC

ES

No.

1.0

Page1of4

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

•To

prov

ide

site

s

mor

e

suita

ble

for

build

ings

,

faci

litie

s

and

othe

r

land

uses

•To

impr

ove

surf

ace

drai

nage

and

to

cond

uct

the

runo

ff

wat

erinacon-

trol

led

man

ner

toastab

le

surf

ace

or

subs

urfa

ce

outle

t

•To

limit

the

leng

th

and

stee

pnes

s

of

slop

esinorde

r

toredu

ce

runo

ff

volu

mes

and

velo

citie

s

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

•Whe

re

grad

ing

toplan

ned

elev

atio

ns

isprac

tical

for

the

purp

oses

stat

ed

abov

e

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Div

ert

wat

er

away

from

build

ings

•Pre

vent

stan

ding

wat

er

and

soil

satu

ratio

n

detr

imen

tal

tostru

ctur

es

and

tolot

user

s

•Pro

vide

for

disp

osalofw

ater

from

lots

•Pro

vide

grad

es

for

safe

and

conv

e-

nien

t

acce

sstoand

arou

nd

build

ings

and

lots

for

thei

r

use

and

mai

nten

ance

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Dur

ing

deve

lopm

ent,

som

e

expo

sureof

bare

eart

h

and

som

e

grad

ing

wor

k

are

inev

itabl

e;

how

ever

,

they

canbem

ini-

miz

ed

bycare

ful

plan

ning

and

sche

dulin

g.

Com

plet

e

regr

adin

g

wor

k

asearly

durin

g

the

job

asposs

ible

,

and

stab

ilize

the

bare

eart

h

bymul

chin

g,

seed

ing

to

gras

ses,

etc.

Kee

p

cuts

and

fills

onas

flat

aslop

e

asposs

ible

,

andifthe

slop

e

isstee

per

than2ho

rizon

tal

to1vert

ical

(2:1

),

cons

ider

areta

inin

g

wal

l

or

crib

bing

asanalte

rnat

ive.A3:

1

slop

eis

abou

t

the

stee

pest

onwhi

ch

trac

tors

and

mai

ntna

nce

equi

pmen

t

can

oper

ate

effic

ient

ly.

Inerod

ible

soils

,

cons

ider

low

er

cuts

and

fillsof3:1

and

4:1.Inall

case

s,

roun

d

the

top

and

toeofthe

slop

e

toblen

d

withthe

adja

cent

grou

nd.

Inorde

r

toprot

ect

adjo

inin

g

prop

erty

from

eros

ion,

slid

ing

orsettl

emen

t,

do

not

mak

e

cuts

too

clos

e

toprop

erty

lines

.

Pla

ce

fill

sothat

ther

eisnodang

erof

slid

ing

orwas

hing

onto

adjo

inin

g

prop

erty

.

Do

not

loca

te

fills

adja

cent

toa

stre

am

bank

,

unle

ss

they

are

prot

ecte

d

byripra

p.

Asage

nera

l

reco

mm

enda

tion,

the

edge

ofacut

orfill

shou

ld

beatleas

t

asfar

horiz

onta

lly

from

prop

erty

lines

asthe

vert

ical

heig

htofthe

cut

orfill,

for

heig

hts

upto6m(20

ft.);

the

edgeof

cuts

orfills

high

er

than6m(2

0

ft.) sh

ould

beplac

ed

atleas

t6m(20

ft.) fr

om

prop

erty

lines

.

Gra

dingofte

rrac

esinasubd

ivis

ion.

No.

1.0

Pag

e2of4

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GR

AD

ING

PR

AC

TIC

ES

chut

es

and

dow

ndra

ins,

inorde

r

to

ensu

re

that

runo

ff

will

not

flow

over

or

dow

n

the

grad

ed

slop

e.

See

ps

orsprin

gs

enco

unte

red

durin

g

cons

truc

tion

will

requ

ire

prop

er

drai

nage

cont

rol.

Use

terr

aces

toformaserie

s

of

dive

rsio

ns

dow

n

aslop

e

ortochan

gea

stee

p

slop

e

toaserie

s

ofsmal

ler

slop

es.

Ter

race

s

may

have

the

adde

d

adva

n-

tage

sofindu

cing

infil

trat

ion

ofsurf

ace

wat

er

and

trap

ping

som

e

sedi

men

t.

Mak

e

prov

isio

ns

tosafe

ly

cond

uct

surf

ace

runo

ff

tostor

m

drai

ns

or

prot

ecte

d

outle

ts

via

dive

rsio

n

ditc

hes,

or

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

1.Des

ign

reta

inin

g

wal

ls,

dive

rsio

ns

and

seep

age

drai

nsifrequ

ired.

Cut

and

fill

slop

esofmor

e

than

9.1

m(30

ft.),

but

less

than

12.2

m(40

ft.)

in

vert

ical

heig

ht

shou

ld

beterr

aced

at

appr

oxim

atel

y

mid

-hei

ght.

Cut

and

fill

slop

es

withavert

ical

heig

ht

grea

ter

than

12.2

m(40

ft.)

shou

ld

beter-

race

d

atappr

oxim

atel

y

equa

l

vert

ical

inte

rval

s

abou

t6m(20

ft.)

apar

t.

Unu

sual

soil

stab

ility

cond

ition

s

may

requ

ire

clos

er

terr

ace

inte

rval

s

to

assu

re

vege

tativ

e

esta

blis

hmen

t

and

mai

nten

ance

.

2.Ter

race

s

shou

ld

benot

less

than

1.5

m(5ft.)

wid

e.

Pro

vide

addi

tiona

l

wid

th

asneed

ed

for

equi

pmen

t

trav

el,

vege

tativ

e

esta

blis

hmen

t

and

mai

nte-

nanc

e.

Ter

race

s

shou

ld

haveamin

-

imum

grad

e

ofone

perc

entif

vege

tate

d

orone-

half

perc

entif

pave

d,a10:1

late

ral

slop

e

tow

ards

the

toeofthe

uppe

r

bank

,

and

shou

ld

conv

ey

wat

ertoan

acce

ptab

le

outle

t.

3.Top

soil

canbesp

read

onaslop

eif

the

expo

sed

soils

are

not

suita

ble

for

esta

blis

hing

vege

tatio

n.

The

tops

oil

shou

ld

befirm

ly

bond

ed

tothe

exis

ting

soilstopr

even

t

slip

s.

Bon

ding

canbeim

prov

ed

byscar

ifyin

g

the

slop

e

befo

re

plac

ing

tops

oil.

Dep

th

shou

ld

benot

less

than

100

mm

(4in.)

.

4.Ben

ches

are

flat

area

s

onslop

ing

land

.

The

y

maybepl

aced

onornear

the

cont

our

and

mad

e

wid

e

enou

gh

to

acco

mm

odat

e

ahous

e

and

lot.Itis

abso

lute

ly

esse

ntia

l

that

the

soil

be

prop

erly

com

pact

ed.

Pol

yeth

ylen

e

liner

usedtopr

otec

t

a

tem

pora

ry

dive

rsio

n

ditc

h.

Ben

ches

cons

ist

of part

cut

and

part

fill.

On

stee

p

slop

es,

fill

area

s

may

slip

whe

n

wet

.

Slid

ing

pote

ntia

l

may

be redu

ced

by care

ful

plan

ning

for

the

disp

osal

of runo

ff

wat

er

from th

e

build

ing

and

lot.

By

slop

ing

the

benc

h

to drai

n

tow

ard

the

cut

area

,

wat

er

from the

build

ings

and

lots

will

drai

n

into

stor

m

sew

ers,

redu

cing

the

chan

ce of fills

beco

min

g

satu

rate

d

and

unst

able

.

Whe

n

prop

erly

plan

ned

and

inst

alle

d,

benc

hes

can

mat

eria

lly

redu

ce

runo

ff

and

eros

ion

haza

rds

by slow

ing

dow

n

the

velo

city

of wat

er

and

by prov

idin

g

incr

ease

d

wat

er

abso

rptio

n.

The

y

are

mos

t

effe

ctiv

e

whe

n

cons

truc

ted

on

stee

p

slop

es.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Rou

gh

finis

hed

slop

e

surf

aces

with

trac

k

vehi

cles

,

para

llel

to the

cont

our,

to help

esta

blis

h

vege

tatio

n.

2. Cle

ar

tree

s,

stum

ps,

root

s,

brus

h,

sod,

and

debr

is

from

land to be cut

and

fille

d.

3. App

ly

fill

in such a w

ay that it does

not

encr

oach

on natu

ral

wat

erco

urse

s

or cons

truc

ted

chan

nels

,

unle

ss a

perm

it

has

been

obta

ined

from the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

ironm

ent.

No

wor

k

can

com

men

ce

until

this

perm

it

has

been

acqu

ired.

4. Gra

ding

shou

ld

be done in such a w

ay

as to avoi

d

dive

rtin

g

wat

er

onto

the

prop

erty of an

othe

r

land

owne

r

with

out

the

expr

esse

d

cons

ent

of the

land

owne

r.

5. Dur

ing

grad

ing

oper

atio

ns,

exer

cise

the

nece

ssar

y

mea

sure

s

for

dust

cont

rol.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Reg

rade if se

rious

gully

ing

occu

rs

befo

re

a vege

tativ

e

cove

r

begi

ns

to esta

blis

h.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et 1 .4 Tem

pora

ry

Mat

ting

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.5

Veg

etat

ive

Lini

ngs

&

Buf

fer

Str

ips

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.1

Div

ersi

on

Ditc

h

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.5

Chu

tes & D

ownd

rain

s

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.6

See

page

Dra

ins

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GR

AD

ING

PR

AC

TIC

ES

No.

1.0

Pag

e 3 of 4

No.

1.0

Pag

e4of4

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GR

AD

ING

PR

AC

TIC

ES

)

Und

istu

rbed

vege

tatio

n

Div

ersi

on

Ditc

h

Doz

er

trea

ds

roug

hing

slop

e

para

llel

to

thec

ir

Unv

eget

ated

slop

es

shou

ld

betem

-

pora

rily

scar

ified

tomin

imiz

e

runo

ff

velo

citie

s.

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

entfFA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

RIP

RA

P

LIN

ING

No.

1.1

Pag

e1of3

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

•To

prov

ide

flexi

ble,

inex

pens

ive

bank

prot

ectio

n

insitu

atio

ns

whe

re

vege

ta-

tion

alon

eisinad

equa

te

toprev

ent

eros

ion

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

•Whe

re

eros

ion

iscaus

ed

bysurf

ace

runo

ff

orsubs

urfa

ce

seep

age

•On

stre

amba

nks

and

stre

am

bend

s

with

erod

ible

soils

•Inarea

s

whe

re

subm

erge

nce

last

s

cont

inuo

usly

for

mor

e

thanafew

days

(e.g

.,

situ

atio

ns

whe

re

vege

tatio

n

alon

e

prov

ides

inad

equa

te

cont

rol)

Not

e:

Wor

k

alon

g

the

bank

s

ofa

wat

erco

urse

may

requ

ireaperm

it,

so

cons

ult

the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

for

advi

ce.

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Tol

erat

es

som

e

late

ral

seep

ageifa

filte

r

fabr

icisused

unde

rnea

th

•Pro

vide

s

aflexi

ble

linin

g

•Pro

vide

s

aroug

h

surf

ace

that

diss

i-

pate

s

stre

am's

forc

e,

ther

efor

e

min

i-

miz

ing

the

eros

ion

prob

lem

•Pro

vide

s

imm

edia

te

prot

ectio

n

•Maybeco

-est

ablis

hed

with

vege

ta-

tion

foram

ore

natu

ral

appe

aran

ce

•Adj

usts

tomin

or

shift

s

and

mov

emen

t

ofastre

amba

nk

•Eas

yto

appl

y

•Min

or

repa

irs

mad

e

easi

ly

•Rel

ativ

ely

inex

pens

ive

whe

n

ston

eis

read

ily

avai

labl

e

•Canbepl

aced

durin

g

win

ter

mon

ths

onstre

amba

nks

beca

use

truc

ks

are

able

tobedriv

en

onfroz

en

grou

nd

to

the

eros

ion

site

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

feat

here

d

in,

will

caus

e

eros

ion

prob

lem

upor

(in

stre

amba

nk

•Ifnot

prop

erly

ashiftinthe

dow

nstr

eam

appl

icat

ions

)

•Hig

h

initi

al

costifst

one

mus

t

be

haul

ed

any

dist

ance

•Sho

uld

beplac

ed

ona

wel

l-gra

ded

slop

e

nostee

per

than

2:1

•Ver

y

expe

nsiv

e

fora

larg

e-sc

ale

appl

icat

ion

Rip

rap

used

onstee

p

emba

nkm

ent

No.

1.1.

Page2of3

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

RIP

RA

P

LIN

ING

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

abili

tyofripra

p

toresi

st

eros

ive

forc

es

depe

nds

onwat

er

velo

city

and

the

inte

rrel

atio

n

ofthe

size

,

shap

e,

wei

ght,

and

grad

atio

n

ofthe

ston

e,

the

side

slop

es,

roug

hnes

s,

shap

e,

and

alig

nmen

t

ofthe

chan

nel,

and

the

thic

knes

s

ofthe

ripra

p

laye

r.

The

typeofston

e

appl

ied

depe

nds

on

wha

t

ismos

t

avai

labl

e

(qua

rrie

d

ston

e,

field

ston

e,

rubb

le).

The

ston

e

shou

ld

beofabloc

ky,

angu

lar

shap

e,

rath

er

than

elon

gate

d,

and

shou

ld

besize

d

ofamix

ed

grad

atio

n

sothat

smal

ler

ston

esfill

the

void

s

betw

een

the

larg

er

ones

.Alaye

r

offilte

r

ston

e

may

berequ

ired

depe

ndin

g

onthe

typeof

unde

rlyin

g

soil

and

the

sizeofpr

otec

tive

ripra

p

abov

e.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

1.Sel

ect

astab

le

slop

e

for

the

soil.

2.Det

erm

ineifase

epag

e

drai

nis

requ

ired.

3.Sel

ect

the

ston

e

size

.

•Use

stre

am

flow

velo

city

(ass

um- in

gagrad

ed

chan

nel

Man

ning

's

roug

hnes

s

of0.03

0)

todete

rmin

e

suita

ble

ston

e

size

.

Str

eam

Flo

w

Vel

ocity

Mea

n

Sto

ne

Dia

met

er

m/s

ec.

(ft./

sec.

)

mm(in

.)

less

than

2.0

(6.6

)

80-

110(3

-

4)

2.0-

2.5(

6.6-

8.2)

110-

180(

4-

7)

2.5

-

3.0(8.2

-

9.8)

180

-

220(7

-

8.5)

3.0-

3.5

(9.8

-

11.5

)

220

-330(8

.5-

13)

Vel

ociti

es

grea

ter

than

3.5

m

(11.

5

ft.)/

sec.

requ

ireamor

e

exte

nsiv

e

desi

gn

for

stre

amba

nk

prot

ectio

n

and

shou

ld

not

be

atte

mpt

ed

with

out

the

aidofa

soils

engi

neer

orothe

r

pers

on

expe

rienc

ed

inthe

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

oferos

ion

and

sedi

-

men

t

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

•Rip

rap

shou

ld

beappl

ied

ata

thic

knes

s

ofat!eas

t

1.5

times

the

max

imum

ston

e

size

and

not

less

than

300

mm(1ft.

)

thic

k.

4.Sel

ect

the

filte

r

mat

eria

l,

eith

era

geot

extil

e

orlaye

roffilte

r

ston

e,

from

man

ufac

ture

r's

liter

atur

e

ortech

nica

l

refe

renc

es.

5.Loca

te

the

ripra

p

onthe

chan

nel

bank

.

•Rip

rap

desi

gn

onstre

am

chan

nel

bend

s

ormea

nder

s

shou

ld

not

be

atte

mpt

ed

with

out

the

aidofa

soils

engi

neer

orothe

r

pers

on

expe

rienc

ed

inthe

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

oferos

ion

and

sedi

-

men

t

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

•On

stra

ight

chan

nel

sect

ions

the

ripra

p

shou

ld

prot

ect

the

bank

toe

bene

ath

the

chan

nel

botto

m

and

exte

nd

tothe

topofthe

bank

orat

leas

t

600

mm(2ft.

)

abov

e

the

chan

nel

desi

gn

flow

wat

er

leve

l.

Rip

rap,

sod

and

crus

hed

ston

e

usedto

stab

ilize

stre

am

bank

afte

r

inst

alla

tiop

ofa

pipeline.

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

RIP

RA

P

LIN

ING

No.

1.1

Pag

e 3 of 3

• The

ripra

p

shou

ld

not

be plac

ed in

a man

ner

that

wou

ld

cons

tric

t

the

chan

nel

wid

th.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Pre

pare

the

site

(afte

r

cons

ulta

tion

with the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

ent)

.

• Cle

ar

the

area of debr

is.

•

Gra

de

the

bank

s

to the

reco

m-

men

ded

slop

e.

• Dig

out

the

toe

tren

ch.

•

Inst

all

any

seep

age

drai

ns

requ

ired.

2. Pla

ce

the

ripra

p.

• Lay

out

the

filte

r

fabr

ic, if it is

bein

g

used

,

or the

laye

r

of filte

r

ston

e.

•

Rip

rap

can be pl

aced

by hand

or by

mac

hine

(bac

khoe

,

etc.

).

(Be

sure

that

the

ston

e is not

drop

ped

from

such a he

ight

that it will

dam

age

the

filte

r

fabr

ic.)

• Rip

rap

shou

ld

be plac

ed to its full

thic

knes

s

in one

oper

atio

n.

•

Ble

nd

or "fea

ther

"

the

ends of the

ripra

p

sect

ion

into

the

upst

ream

and

dow

nstr

eam

bank

s

so the

ends

do not

prot

rude

into

the

stre

am

and

caus

e

eddy

ing

and

furt

her

bank

eros

ion.

• If inst

alle

d

unde

r

win

ter

cond

ition

s,

the

ripra

p

shou

ld

be care

fully

plac

ed

and/

or

cont

aine

d

to pre-

vent it fr

om

spill

ing

over the

ice.

3. Com

plet

e

the

inst

alla

tion.

• A vege

tativ

e

linin

g

shou

ld

be used

on any

area

s

that

wer

e

grad

ed

but

not

ripra

pped

.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Onc

e

in plac

e,

ripra

p

linin

g

requ

ires

little

upke

ep.

How

ever

,

any

disp

lace

men

t

of

ston

e

shou

ld

be repa

ired

imm

edia

tely

.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et 1 .3 Geo

text

ile

Filt

er

Fab

ric

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.5

Veg

etat

ive

Lini

ngs &

Buf

fer

Str

ips

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.6

See

page

Dra

ins

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

entFA

CT

S

HE

ET

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GA

BIO

N

BA

SK

ET

LIN

ING

No.

1.2

Pag

e1of3

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

•To

prot

ect

stre

amba

nks

from

seve

re

eros

ive

actio

n

ofstre

am

flow

•To

prov

ide

reta

inin

g

wal

l

supp

ort

for

anunst

able

soil

bank

Not

e

that

befo

re

agabi

on

bask

et

linin

g

maybeusedtolineaw

ater

cour

se,

a

perm

it

mus

t

beobta

ined

fromthe

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

ofthe

Env

ironm

ent.

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

•Whe

re

the

flatte

st

poss

ible

bank

slop

eisstee

per

than

the

reco

m-

men

ded

slop

e

•Whe

re

slum

pingisbe

ing

caus

ed

by

eith

er

seep

age

orstre

am

flow

unde

rcut

ting

•Whe

re

ston

eofsuffi

cien

t

sizeisnot

avai

labl

e

for

anadeq

uate

loos

e

ripra

p

linin

g.

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Pro

vide

s

adual

purp

oseofbank

prot

ectio

n

and

reta

inin

g

wal

l

supp

ort

•Maybeco

-est

ablis

hed

with

vege

ta-

tion

for

furt

her

prot

ectio

n,

stab

iliza

tion

and

aest

hetic

prop

ertie

s

•Nor

mal

life

spanof30to50year

s

•Canbeusedforaw

ide

rang

eofbank

leng

ths,

heig

hts

and

shap

es

•Ver

y

little

mai

nten

ance

usua

lly

requ

ired

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Sub

ject

torust

ing

and

dete

riora

tion

unle

ss

the

bask

ets

are

mad

e

of

galv

aniz

ed

wire

•Rel

ativ

ely

expe

nsiv

e

whe

n

com

pare

d

with

vege

tatio

n

and

ripra

p

linin

gs

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

gabi

on

bask

ets

are

supp

liedina

varie

tyofstan

dard

size

s

and

are

norm

ally

join

ed

toge

ther

with

wire

ties.

To

prev

ent

toe

failu

re

alon

g

astre

am-

bank

,

alineofga

bion

bask

ets,

built

at

the

mea

n

stre

am

leve

l,

shou

ld

be

cons

truc

ted

toact

asaprot

ectiv

e

apro

n.

The

apro

n

mus

t

bedeep

prot

ect

agai

nst

antic

ipat

ed

maybeform

ed

withagabi

on

Aseep

age

drai

n

shou

ld

beinst

alle

dif

ther

eisaseep

age

prob

lem

.

Afilte

r

fabr

ic

shou

ld

beusedifthe

exis

ting

bank

mat

eria

l

isnot

gran

ular

.

The

linin

g

mus

t

beblen

ded

into

the

bank

atboth

up-

and

dow

nstr

eam

ends

.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

The

desi

gnofagabi

on

bask

et

linin

gis

suffi

cien

tly

invo

lved

astorequ

ire

the

assi

stan

ce

ofasoils

engi

neer

orothe

r

enou

gh

to

scou

r

and

mat

tres

s.

pers

on

expe

rienc

edinthe

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

oferos

ion

cont

rol

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1.Pre

pare

the

site

.

•Cle

ar

debr

is

from

lined

.

•Gra

de

orexca

vate

desi

gn

requ

ires.

•Inst

all

aseep

age

fabr

icifrequ

ired.

2.Pla

ce

the

gabi

on

bask

ets.

•Set

the

first

rowofempt

y

gabi

on

bask

ets

inplac

e

with

thei

r

lids

open

,

and

tiethem

toge

ther

with

conn

ectin

g

wire

.

•Fill

the

gabi

ons

with

ston

e

slig

htly

larg

er

than

the

mes

h

open

ing.

(Fill

ing

byhandisde

sira

ble

as

dum

ping

the

ston

e

inusua

lly

defo

rms

the

bask

ets.

) •Fill

the

bask

et

unifo

rmly

toprev

ent

defo

rmat

ion

ofbask

et

side

s.

•Ifthe

bask

etisdeep

er

than

300

mm(it

t.),

fillittoa

300

mm(1ft.

)

dept

h

and

thentie

conn

ectin

g

wire

s

tooppo

site

side

s

ofeach

cell

ofthe

bask

et

to

prev

ent

defo

rmat

ion;

cont

inue

this

at300

mm(1ft.

)

inte

rval

s

until

the

bask

etisfille

d.

•Whe

n

the

bask

ets

arefull,

clos

e

and

tiedow

n

the

lids.

•Rep

eat

for

addi

tiona

l

row

s

or

laye

rs.

•Ste

p

the

next

one

back

and

tiein

prop

erly

.

3.Com

plet

e

the

inst

alla

tion.

•Bac

klill

any

open

spac

es

betw

een

the

bank

and

the

gabi

on

bask

ets.

•Cov

er

back

fill

and

any

othe

r

unpr

otec

ted

area

s

with

eith

era

vege

tativ

e

linin

g

oraripra

p

linin

g.

No.1.2

Pag

e2of3

the

areatobe

the

site

asthe

drai

n

and

filte

r

Fill

ing

the

gabi

on

bask

ets

with

ston

e.

Not

e

that

each

succ

essi

ve

laye

ris

step

ped

back

slig

htly

.

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GA

BIO

N

BA

SK

ET

LIN

ING

4. Pro

tect

upst

ream

and

dow

nstr

eam

.

Any

brok

en

bask

et

wire

shou

ld

be

• Use

loos

e

rock

ripra

p

and/

or

repa

ired

imm

edia

tely

by wiri

ng

acro

ss

vege

tatio

n

at the

ends of the

the

brea

k.

gabi

on

linin

g

to "fea

ther

' it into

the

exis

ting

bank

.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE •

Fac

tshe

et 1 .3 Geo

text

ile

Filt

er

Fab

ric

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.5

Veg

etat

ive

Lini

ngs &

Mak

e

perio

dic

chec

ks

for

unde

rmin

ing

or Buf

fer

Str

ips

eros

ion

at loca

tions

whe

re

the

gabi

on •

Fac

tshe

et

2.6

See

page

Dra

ins

bask

ets

mee

t

the

bank

.

No.

1.2

Pag

e 3 of 3

)

Nov

a

Sco

tia

416

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

fFA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

l.

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GE

OT

EX

TIL

E

FIL

TE

R

FA

BR

IC

No.

1.3

Pag

e1of2

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

•To

serv

e

asasoil

stab

ilize

r,

allo

win

g

wat

ertoflow

thro

ugh

the

linin

g,

whi

le

prev

entin

g

unde

rlyin

g

soil

from

bein

g

was

hed

away

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

•Und

er

any

flexi

ble

orrigid

linin

g,

espe

cial

ly

whe

n

appl

ied

onhigh

ly

erod

ible

soils

(e.g

.,

sand

) •Ben

eath

drop

stru

ctur

es

•With

ripra

p

linin

gs,

chec

k

dam

s

and

silta

tion

pond

s

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Elim

inat

es

man

yofthe

prob

lem

s

asso

ciat

ed

with

inst

alla

tion

ofgrad

ed

gran

ular

filte

rs

(e.g

.,

segr

egat

ion

of

mat

eria

l)

•Pre

vent

s

poss

ibili

ty

of

unde

rmin

ing

of

the

rem

edia

l

mea

sure

lead

ing

to

failu

re

•Eas

ily

inst

alle

d

•Gre

ater

tens

ile

stre

ngth

than

gran

ular

filte

rs

•Rel

ativ

ely

inex

pens

ive

mea

sure

whe

re

gran

ular

mat

eria

l

isnot

acce

ssib

le

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

inst

alla

tion

offabr

ics

torepl

ace

gran

ular

filte

r

mat

eria

l

mayno

t

be

econ

omic

al

insmal

l

prob

lem

area

s.

Mor

eove

r,

afilte

r

fabr

ic

may

not

be

requ

iredifthe

pare

nt

bank

mat

eria

l

has

agood

cove

ringofgr

anul

ar

mat

eria

l.If

ther

eisaseep

age

prob

lem

,

aseep

age

drai

n

shou

ld

beinst

alle

d

inaddi

tion

to

the

filte

r

fabr

ic.

Ifther

eisnogran

ular

mat

eria

l,

inst

alla

-

tionofafil

ter

fabr

ic

maybene

cess

ary

to

prot

ect

fine

part

icle

s

from

eros

ive

wat

er

actio

n.

The

choi

ceoffilte

r

fabr

ic

depe

nds

onthe

typeofsoil

pres

ent

and

the

typeofwat

er

actio

n

(sur

face

orsubs

urfa

ce).

Filt

er

fabr

ics

are

clas

sed

acco

rdin

g

tothei

r

soil

rete

ntio

n

and

wat

er

perm

eabi

lity

char

acte

ristic

s.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

1.Sel

ect

the

filte

r

fabr

ic.

•Con

side

ring

the

man

y

varia

bles

asso

ciat

ed

with

geot

extil

e

sele

c-

tion

(e.g

.,

soils

,

hydr

aulic

cond

i-

tions

,

cons

truc

tion

cond

ition

s

and

tech

niqu

es),itisre

com

men

ded

thatape

rson

expe

rienc

ed

inthe

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

oferos

ion

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

(e.g

.,

asoils

engi

neer

orthe

man

ufac

ture

r's

repr

esen

tativ

e)

be

cons

ulte

d

for

advi

ce

onsele

ctio

n,

geot

extil

e

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

info

rmat

ion.

Geo

text

ile

used

prio

r

toripra

p

plac

emen

t.

No.

1.3

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

GE

OT

EX

TIL

E

FIL

TE

R

FA

BR

IC

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Pre

pare

the

site

.

•

Reg

rade

or othe

rwis

e

deve

lop

the

bank

acco

rdin

g

to the

site

and

type

of linin

g

bein

g

appl

ied.

2. Inst

all

the

seep

age

drai

n if requ

ired.

3. Inst

all

the

filte

r.

• Lay

the

fabr

ic

by runn

ing

up and

dow

n

or acro

ss

the

slop

e

(adj

acen

t

rolls of fa

bric

shou

ld

be over

lapp

ed

a min

imum of 300

mm (1 ft.).

• If a seep

age

area is bein

g

cove

red,

exte

nd

the

mat

eria

l

abov

e

the

seep

age

limit.

• Mak

e

sure the

fabr

ic is not

pulle

d

tight

,

to allo

w

for

stre

tchi

ng

whe

n

cove

r is appl

ied.

(How

ever

,

fold

s

and

wrin

kles in the

fabr

ic

shou

ld

be

avoi

ded.

)

• Pin

s

may be requ

ired

to secu

re

fabr

ic

on stee

p

slop

es.

•

Whe

n

usin

g a filte

r

fabr

ic

unde

r

ripra

p,

ston

es

shou

ld

not

be

drop

ped

from a di

stan

ce

high

er

than 1 m (3.3

ft.).

• Rep

air

any

rips

or tear

s in the

geot

extil

e

by plac

ing

a new

piec

e

of geot

extil

e

over the

torn

area

,

exte

ndin

g

at leas

t 1 m (3.3

ft.)

beyo

nd

the rip or te

ar.

•

Whe

n

inst

allin

g

the

geot

extil

e

filte

r

fabr

ic,

take

care to lay

or roll

—

not

drag

— it into

plac

e.

Thi

s

prev

ents

silt

and

clay

part

icle

s

from

smea

ring

the

geot

extil

e

and

thus

decr

easi

ng

its filte

ring

prop

ertie

s.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Som

e

fabr

ics

shou

ld

be prot

ecte

d

from

dire

ct

sunl

ight

or exce

ss

heat

.

)

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

CO

NT

RO

L

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

TE

MP

OR

AR

Y

MA

TT

ING

No. 1 .4

Pag

e 1 of 3

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

• To

prov

ide

cove

r

for

the

surf

ace

of

slop

es,

or in Cha

nnel

s

or wat

erw

ays

(sw

ales

)

• To

prot

ect

new

ly-s

eede

d

soil

from

erod

ing

from

rain

drop

spla

sh

or runo

ff

Exa

mpl

es

of tem

pora

ry

mat

ting

incl

ude

jute

mat

,

glas

s

fibre

mat

,

wov

en

pape

r

mat

,

vege

tativ

e

mat

(Com

mon

ly

calle

d

eros

ion

cont

rol

blan

kets

),

all

of whi

ch

are

avai

labl

e

in rolls to co

ver

larg

e

area

s.

The

y

act

as mul

ch

to hold

moi

stur

e

in,

and

allo

w

gras

s to grow

thro

ugh.

In this

way

,

they

even

tual

ly

help

esta

blis

h

a

perm

anen

t

vege

tativ

e

cove

r.

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

•

Whe

re

flow

velo

city

is low

• On

stee

p

slop

es

and

stre

amba

nks

whe

re

eros

ion

haza

rd is high

and

germ

inat

ion

is likel

y

to be low

•

Whe

re

mov

ing

wat

er is likel

y

to was

h

out

new

vege

tatio

n

(e.g

.,

in dive

rsio

n

ditc

hes,

drai

nage

ditc

hes

and

gras

sed

wat

erw

ays)

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

• Less

expe

nsiv

e

than

othe

r

stru

ctur

al

tech

niqu

es

• Not

subj

ectto

win

d

blow

Typ

ical

Slo

pe

Inst

alla

tion

Ero

sion

Che

ck

Slo

t

Pla

ce

at 15m

inte

rval

s

on slop

es

and

ditc

hes.

Bac

kfill

for

best

resu

lts.

No.

1.4

Page 2 of 3

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

TE

MP

OR

AR

Y

MA

iliN

G

• Goo

d

prot

ectio

n

agai

nst

surf

ace

runo

ff,

aIlo

ing

vege

tatio

n

to get

prop

erly

esta

blis

hed

•

Pro

vide

s

a relia

ble

cove

r

for

over

win

-

ter

prot

ectio

n

of late

seas

on

grad

ing

wor

k

•

Ret

ains

soil

moi

stur

e

whi

ch

aids in

vege

tatio

n

esta

blis

hmen

t

• Eas

y

to hand

le

• Fas

t

prot

ectio

n

for

new

ly-t

opso

iled

slop

es

or new

ditc

hes

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Labo

ur

inte

nsiv

e

• Exp

ensi

ve

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

• Siz

e

and

slop

e

of area to be cove

red

•

Vol

ume

and

velo

city

of flow

that is to

be conv

eyed

thro

ugh

the

area

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

1. Det

erm

ine

the

area to be prot

ecte

d.

• The

mat

ting

shou

ld

cove

r

all

area

s

that

are to be gr

aded

and

seed

ed.

2. Sel

ect

the

type of te

mpo

rary

mat

ting

to be used

.

• The

sele

ctio

n

of the

mat is depe

n-

dent

upon the

avai

labi

lity,

as wel

l

as the

leng

th

of time

that

tem

po-

rary

prot

ectio

n

is requ

ired.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Pre

pare

the

site

and

seed

bed

as

requ

ired.

• Put in pl

ace

all

engi

neer

ing

and

stru

ctur

al

requ

irem

ents

such

as

drai

ns.

•

Pro

vide a un

iform

ly

even

grou

nd

surf

ace

by rem

ovin

g

gulli

es,

larg

e

root

s

and

othe

r

obst

ruct

ions

.

2. Fer

tiliz

e

and

seed

the

area as

requ

ired.

•

App

ly

all

of the

fert

ilize

r

and

seed

imm

edia

tely

befo

re

the

inst

alla

tion

of the

mat

ting,

exce

pt

for

jute

mat

ting,

whe

re

half

the

seed is

appl

ied

afte

r

the

mat

ting

has

been

inst

alle

d.

3. Inst

all

the

mat

ting.

• In chan

nels

lay

out

the

mat

ting

in

the

dire

ctio

n

of the

flow

.

• On

stee

p

slop

es

lay

out

the

mat

ting

with its leng

th

exte

ndin

g

from the

top to the

botto

m

of the

slop

e.

• Lay

the

mat

ting

out

star

ting

from

the

up-s

lope

end of the

site

,

with a

min

imum

100

mm (4 in.)

over

lap

betw

een

mat

s

laid

side by side

.

•

Usi

ng

U-s

hape

d

wire

stap

les,

stap

le

the

uppe

r

edge of the

mat

ting

into a 150

mm (6 in.)

deep

tren

ch.

The

n

back

fill

and

firm

ly

pack

the

tren

ch.

• If two

mat

leng

ths

mus

t

be put

end

to end,

the

dow

n-sl

ope

mat is

stap

led

into a tr

ench

as prev

ious

ly

outli

ned,

then

over

lapp

ed

a min

-

imum

100

mm (4 in.) by the

up-

slop

e

leng

th.

• Pla

ce

stap

les

450

mm

(1.5

ft.)

apar

t

alon

g

over

laps

and

600

mm

(2 ft.)

apar

t

alon

g

oute

r

edge

s,

mak

ing

sure the

mat

ting

is smoo

th

and in fir

m

cont

act

with

the

soil.

•

Add

ition

al

stap

les

may be requ

ired

to secu

re

the

mat in de

pres

sion

s.

• Mak

e

sure the

mat

ting is w

ell

anch

ored

so it does

not

slip or

was

h

out.

• Any

wat

er

that

may

accu

mul

ate

unde

rnea

th

the

fabr

ic

mus

t

be

prev

ente

d

from

mov

ing

dow

nwar

d

with

suffi

cien

t

velo

city

to caus

e

eros

ion.

On

slop

es

mor

e

than

15.2

m (50

ft.)

long

ther

e

shou

ld

be an eros

ion

chec

k

slot at the

)

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

TE

MP

OR

AR

Y

MA

iliN

G

mid

poin

t.

On

slop

es

and

ditc

hes

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

mor

e

than

30.5

m (100 ft.)

long •

Fac

tshe

et

1.0

Gra

ding

Pra

ctic

es

ther

e

shou

ld

be a chec

k

slot at •

Fac

tshe

et

2.3

Gra

ssed

Wat

erw

ay

15.2

m (50

ft.)

inte

rval

s.

The •

Fac

tshe

et

2.6

See

page

Dra

ins

chec

k

slot

s

are

tren

ches

abou

t

100

mm (4 in.)

deep

and

100

mm

(4 in.)

wid

e

dug

acro

ss

the

slop

e

or ditc

h.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Res

eed

and

repa

ir

any

mat

ting

that

was

hes

out.

In the

seco

nd

year

,

fert

ilize

r

may be

appl

ied

agai

n

to faci

litat

e

thic

k

grow

th.

No.

1.4

Pag

e 3 of 3

)

Nova Scotia

4ADepartment ofthe Environment

EROSION AND

SEDIMENTCONTROL FACTSHEETCATEGORY CONTROL MSURE

SURFACE STABILIZATION VEGETATIVE LININGSAND BUFFER STRIPS(STREAMBANK PROTECTION)

No.1.5Page 1 of 4June 1988

PURPOSE

• To provide a natural, self-regenerating

cover, or lining, for protection ofstreambanks from erosive action ofrunoff (overland flow and openchannel flow)

CONDITIONS WHERE APPLICABLE

• Where the bank can be adequatelysloped

• Where stream flow velocities are lessthan 1-2 m (3.3-6.6 ft.)/sec.

• Where water flows are intermittent• Where stream currents are offshore• Where undercutting and/or lateral

seepage are not causal factors• As a temporary cover on large areas

where final regrading has not beencarried out and more substantialprotection is to be installed

• Most economical where protection isrequired over an extensive bank area

• In conjunction with other linings suchas riprap and gabion baskets

ADVANTAGES

• Relatively low cost compared to othertypes of linings, especially for cover-ing large areas

• Provide a natural protective coveragainst erosive action of down-slopesurface runoff on the bank

• Flexible, self-adjusting, permeable,and adaptable to changes

• Provide additional benefits of im-proved wildlife and fisheries habitatand aesthetic value

• Provide extra bank stabilizationthrough the root system of shrubplantings

DISADVANTAGES

• Of little use where slope is too steepor where there is substantial seepage

Before hydroseeding. Six months after hydroseeding.

No.

1.5

Pag

e 2 of 4

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

VE

GE

TA

TIV

E

LIN

ING

S

AN

D

BU

FF

ER

ST

RIP

S

(ST

RE

AM

BA

NK

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N)

•

Est

ablis

hmen

t

of vege

tatio

n

by sod-

ding is m

ore

expe

nsiv

e

and

hard

er

to

care for

durin

g

initi

al

stag

es

•

Pos

sibi

lity

of serio

us

eros

ion

whi

le

the

vege

tativ

e

cove

r is bein

g

esta

blis

hed,

espe

cial

ly if a tem

pora

ry

cove

r is not

used

•

Pos

sibl

e

redu

ctio

n

of chan

nel

capa

city

or redu

ctio

n

of stre

am

flow

due

to

heav

y

shru

b

grow

th

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

cove

r

type and

slop

e

mus

t

be

cons

ider

ed

whe

n

sele

ctin

g

the

wid

th of

buffe

r

strip

s.

If unde

rmin

ing

or late

ral

seep

age

activ

ity

is evid

ent,

vege

tativ

e

prot

ectio

n

may be

inef

fect

ive

unle

ss

seep

age is co

ntro

lled

and

toe

prot

ectio

n

is prov

ided

.

Toe

prot

ectio

n

can

easi

ly

be prov

ided

by

inst

allin

g

ripra

p

on the

low

er

port

ion

of

the

slop

e.

The

artif

icia

l

toe

shou

ld

exte

nd

abov

e

the

norm

al

wat

er

leve

l

and

pref

erab

ly

abov

e

the

zone of late

ral

seep

age.

Shr

ubs

or smal

l

tree

s

can be pl

ante

d

for

aest

hetic

purp

oses

,

bank

stab

iliza

tion

or

wild

life

enha

ncem

ent.

Mul

ch

shou

ld

be appl

ied

to all

expo

sed

site

s

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

they

have

been

seed

ed.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

1. Sel

ect

stab

le

slop

e

for

soil.

• The

slop

e

shal

l

not

be stee

per

than

the

angl

e

of repo

se of the

soil

mat

eria

l.

Bef

ore

grad

ing

or mak

-

ing

alte

ratio

ns

of the

natu

ral

stre

amba

nk,

cont

act

the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

iron-

men

t

for

nece

ssar

y

perm

its.

2. Det

erm

ine if a se

epag

e

drai

n

or othe

r

drai

nage

cont

rol

is requ

ired.

3. Sel

ect

the

wid

th of the

buffe

r

strip

; it

shou

ld

be wid

er

for

stee

per

slop

es

or

area

s

exhi

bitin

g

exce

ssiv

e

runo

ff.

4. Sel

ect

vege

tatio

n

mix

ture

(or

sod)

.

• The

sele

ctio

n

of buffe

r

strip

vege

-

tatio

n is depe

nden

t

upon the

site

cond

ition

s

and

the

inte

nded

use of

the

buffe

r

strip

.

•

Str

eam

bank

vege

tativ

e

linin

gs

usua

lly

cont

ain

a mix

ture

of

gras

ses

and

legu

mes

,

with the

fast

-gro

win

g

gras

ses

prov

idin

g

rela

tivel

y

quic

k

prot

ectio

n

whi

le

the

slow

er

legu

mes

beco

me

esta

b-

lishe

d;

for

exam

ple:

**T

ypjc

al

mix

ture

used by the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

and

Com

mun

icat

ions

for

road

side

appl

icat

ions

.

For

best

resu

lts

on a part

icul

ar

site

,

cont

act

a prof

essi

onal

land

scap

e

firm

or seed

com

pany

.

MIX

TU

RE

**

SE

ED

ING

RA

TE

FE

RT

ILIZ

ER

AT

SE

ED

ING

FE

RT

ILIZ

AT

ION

AT

150M

M

(6 IN.)

HIG

H

Per

man

ent

cove

r:

Ken

tuck

y-31

45 kg/h

a

10-5

0-0

@ 112

kg/h

a

15-1

5-15

@56

0kg/

ha

Tal

l

Fes

cue

(40

lbs/

ac.)

(100

lbs/

ac.)

(500

lbs/

ac.)

or

12-1

2-12

@56

0kg/

ha

none

(500

lbs/

ac.)

or

Bird

's-f

oot

13.5

kg/h

a

10-5

0-0

@ 112

kg/h

a

15-1

5-15

@56

0kg/

ha

Tre

foil

(12

lbs.

/ac.

)

1100

lbs.

/ac.

l

(500

lbs/

ac.)

and

and

Cre

epin

g

20 kg/h

a

Red

Fes

cue

(18

lbs/

ac.)

Tem

pora

ry

cove

r:

Fal

l

Cer

eal

67kg

/ha

18-4

6-0

@ 112

kg/h

a

none

Rye

(59.

6

lbs/

ac.)

(100

lbs/

ac.)

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

VE

GE

TA

TIV

E

LIN

ING

S

AN

D

BU

FF

ER

ST

RIP

S

(ST

RE

AM

BA

NK

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N)

No.

1.5

Pag

e 3 of 4

5. Sel

ect

shru

bber

y

to be used

.

The

assi

stan

ce

of a Land

scap

e

Arc

hite

ct

or othe

r

expe

rienc

ed

pers

on

may be

requ

ired.

6. Det

erm

ine

the

requ

ired

seed

ing

seas

on.

• Spr

ing

seed

ing

of gras

s-le

gum

e

mix

ture

s

is pref

erre

d

befo

re

mid

-

June

.

• The

mix

ture

can

also be do

rman

t-

seed

ed

(Sep

tem

ber)

;

how

ever

,

this

appr

oach

may no

t

allo

w

suffi

cien

t

time

for

grou

nd

cove

r

to beco

me

esta

blis

hed

and

the

seed

may be

was

hed

away by su

bseq

uent

sprin

g

flood

ing.

• See

ding

betw

een

mid

-Jul

y

and

late

Aug

ust

shou

ld

be avoi

ded

unle

ss

impl

emen

tatio

n

can

defin

itely

incl

ude

regu

lar

wat

erin

g.

7. Sel

ect

mul

ch

for

appl

icat

ion

afte

r

seed

ing. If sp

ring

seed

ing,

mul

ch

may

not

be

nece

ssar

y,

as tem

pera

ture

s

are

not

as extr

eme

and

the

moi

stur

e

cont

ent

in the

soil is us

ually

suffi

cien

t

for

seed

germ

inat

ion;

how

ever

,

mul

ch

does

prot

ect

the

soil

from the

impa

ct

of rain

drop

s.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Pre

pare

the

site

(incl

udin

g

the

buffe

r

strip

)

for

seed

ing

or sodd

ing.

• Cle

ar

the

area of debr

is.

•

Gra

de

bank

s

to the

reco

m-

men

ded

slop

e

and in ac

cord

ance

with

cond

ition

s

of the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

i-

ronm

ent

Per

mit.

• Inst

all

a seep

age

drai

n if requ

ired.

•

App

ly

the

fert

ilize

r

as requ

ired.

1 A.

Pre

pare

the

site for

shru

b

plan

tings

.

• Cle

ar

away

exce

ss

debr

is

by

scal

ping

or furr

owin

g

(rem

ovin

g

a

laye

r

of sod

30-7

0

mm

(1-3

in.)

deep

and

300-

450

mm

(12-

18 in.)

squa

re).

• On

slop

ing

site

s

scal

ping

shou

ld

be done

with the

sod

turn

ed

dow

nhill

.

• The

plan

ting

pit

mus

t

be larg

e

enou

gh

to acco

mm

odat

e

root

s

with

out

doub

ling

them

over

;

or, if

the

plan

t

has a ro

ot

ball,

the pit

diam

eter

mus

t

be 300

mm

(12

in.)

larg

er

than

the

ball.

2. Pla

ntin

g

the

shru

b.

• Pla

nt

by hand

or mac

hine

.

• Pla

ce

the

shru

b

into

the

pit.

• The

use of a fe

rtili

zer

may be

nece

ssar

y,

depe

ndin

g

on soil

cond

ition

s.

•

Bac

kfill

and

pack

soil

firm

ly

arou

nd

the

shru

b

to elim

inat

e

air

pock

ets,

form

ing

a sauc

er

shap

e

to reta

in

surf

ace

wat

er.

• Wat

er

the

shru

b.

(Sev

eral

wat

er

appl

icat

ions

may be ne

cess

ary,

depe

ndin

g

on the

tree an

d

site

cond

ition

s.)

•

Whe

n

used to en

hanc

e

wild

life

habi

tat,

shru

bs

are

usua

lly

mor

e

effe

ctiv

e

plan

ted

in clum

ps

or

bloc

ks.

3. App

ly

the

seed

mix

ture

,

or sod.

See

d

mix

ture

:

• App

ly

the

seed

mix

ture

unifo

rmly

on a firm

,

moi

st

seed

bed

to a

max

imum

of 5 mm

(1/4

in.)

on

clay soil

and

100

mm

(1/2

in.)

on sand

y

soil.

•

Hyd

ro-s

eedi

ng

prov

ides

a rapi

d

and

effic

ient

mea

ns of esta

blis

h-

ing

vege

tatio

n,

and is co

nven

ient

for

larg

e

area

s

and/

or

slop

es

too

stee

p

for

whe

eled

equi

pmen

t.

•

Con

vent

iona

l

seed

ing

equi

pmen

t

can be used

on slop

es of 3:1

or

flatte

r.

• Han

d

cycl

one

seed

ing

is effe

ctiv

e

on smal

l

area

s

and

whe

re

acce

ss

is limite

d.

No. 1 .5

Pag

e 4 of 4

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

SU

RF

AC

E

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

VE

GE

TA

TIV

E

LIN

ING

S

AN

D

BU

FF

ER

ST

RIP

S

(ST

RE

AM

BA

NK

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N)

)

Sod

:

• Rol

l

out

the

sod

horiz

onta

lly

acro

ss

the

slop

e

with

join

ts

stag

gere

d,

and

hold it in pl

ace

with

stak

es.

•

Pac

k

the

sod

wel

l

afte

r

plac

emen

t.

•

App

ly

wat

er

for

seve

ral

days

afte

r

plac

emen

t.

4. App

ly

the

mul

ch

imm

edia

tely

follo

w-

ing

seed

ing.

•

Str

aw

may be used

,

for

exam

ple,

at 2.5-

5

tonn

es/h

a

(1-2

tons

/ac.

).

5. A tem

pora

ry

mat

ting

may be ap-

plie

d

to prot

ect

the

seed

ed

area

until

the

vege

tatio

n

is esta

blis

hed.

6. Fen

ce

or othe

rwis

e

prot

ect

the

seed

ed

area

until

the

vege

tatio

n

is

esta

blis

hed.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

As

soon as po

ssib

le,

rese

ed

or reso

d

area

s

that do not

germ

inat

e.

Dep

endi

ng

on the

seed

mix

ture

,

cut

the

area a few

times to en

cour

age

thic

ker

grow

th

and

disc

oura

ge

take

-ove

r

by

wee

ds.

Pru

ne

shru

bs if nece

ssar

y

to prev

ent

encr

oach

men

t

on the

stre

am.

Rep

lace

any

seve

rely

-dam

aged

or dead

shru

bs,

part

icul

arly if th

ey

beco

me

lodg

ed in the

stre

am or obst

ruct

the

flow

.

Che

ck

mul

ched

area

s

for

dam

age,

perio

dica

lly

and

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

seve

re

stor

ms,

until

the

desi

red

pur-

pose of the

mul

chin

g

is achi

eved

.

Rep

air

any

dam

aged

area

s

as soon as

disc

over

ed.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et 1 .0 Gra

ding

Pra

ctic

es

•

Fac

tshe

et 1 .4 Tem

pora

ry

Mat

ting

Reg

rade

d

Slo

pe

Toe

Pro

tect

ion

as Req

uire

d

Nov

a

Sco

tia

41

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

entFA

CT

S

HE

El

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

DIV

ER

SIO

N

DIT

CH

No.

2.1

Pag

e1of3

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

adeq

uate

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

shou

ld

beused

with

caut

ion

onsoils

subj

ect

toslip

page

.

Con

stru

ctio

n

of

dive

rsio

ns

and

outle

ts

mus

t

bein

com

plia

nce

with

prov

inci

al

and

mun

ic-

ipal

drai

nage

and

wat

er

cont

rol

law

s.

•To

redu

ce

slop

e

leng

ths

•To

brea

k

upconc

entr

atio

n

ofruno

ff

•To

mov

e

wat

ertostab

le

outle

ts

ata

non-

eros

ive

velo

city

•To

dive

rt

wat

er

away

fromcu

t

orfill

slop

es,

stee

ply

slop

ing

land

,

con-

stru

ctio

n

site

s,

build

ings

and

resi

-

denc

es,

activ

e

gulli

es

orothe

r

erod

ible

area

s,

and

low

-lyin

g

area

s,

inorde

r

toprev

ent

flood

ing

•To

conv

ey

silte

d

runo

ff

toavege

-

tate

d

areatodi

sper

se

flow

and

filte

r

silt

Div

ersi

on

ditc

hes

appl

y

onlytoov

erla

nd

runo

ff.

Not

e

that

any

dive

rsio

n

ofa

natu

ral

wat

erco

urse

requ

ires

aperm

it

fromthe

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

ent.

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

•Whe

re

runo

ff

from

high

er

area

sis,

or

has

pote

ntia

l

for,

dam

agin

g

prop

erty

,

caus

ing

eros

ion,

cont

ribut

ing

to

pollu

tion,

flood

ing,

orinte

rfer

ing

withthe

esta

blis

hmen

t

of

vege

tatio

n

onlow

er

area

s

•Whe

re

surf

ace

and/

or

shal

low

subs

urfa

ce

flowisda

mag

ing

slop

ing

upla

nd

•Whe

re

the

leng

th

and

stee

pnes

s

of

the

slop

e

needtobere

duce

d

in

orde

r

tolow

er

runo

ff

velo

city

,

ther

eby

keep

ing

soil

losstoa

min

imum

•Whe

readive

rsio

n

dykeisnot

Div

ersi

ons

are

only

appl

icab

le

belo

w

stab

ilize

d

orprot

ecte

d

area

s.

Avo

id

esta

blis

hing

dive

rsio

n

ditc

hes

onslop

es

grea

ter

than15pe

rcen

t.

Div

ersi

ons

•Indu

ces

infil

trat

ion

ofsurf

ace

wat

er

and

rem

oves

som

e

sedi

men

t

•An

inex

pens

ive

alte

rnat

ive

to

terr

aces

•Red

uces

volu

me

ofwat

er

requ

iring

silt

rem

oval

•Not

feas

ible

whe

re

acce

ssisdiffi

cult

•May

requ

ire

addi

tiona

l

surf

ace

disr

uptio

n

•May

caus

e

off-

site

prop

erty

dam

age

and

ther

efor

e

may

requ

ire

the

purc

haseofad

ditio

nal

prop

erty

The

sizeofthe

dive

rsio

n

requ

ired

depe

nds

onthe

amou

ntofruno

ff

tobe

dive

rted

,

the

velo

cityofthe

runo

ff,

the

No.

2.1

Pag

e 2 of 3

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

I

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

DIV

ER

SIO

N

DIT

CH

erod

ibili

ty

of the

soil,

and

the

slop

e

of

the

area

.

If the

dive

rsio

n

is bein

g

used in

conj

unct

ion

with

som

e

form of outle

t,

the

outle

t

shou

ld

be cons

truc

ted

first

.

Dep

endi

ng

on the

soil

type

, it may be

nece

ssar

y

to cove

r

the

botto

m

and/

or

side

slop

es of the

ditc

h

with

rock

and

then

seed

or use

othe

r

type

s of

stab

iliza

tion.

Tak

e

care in lo

catin

g

the

outle

t

so as

not

to crea

te

new

prob

lem

s

of flood

ing,

prop

erty

dam

age,

eros

ion,

or kille

d

vege

tatio

n.

Div

ersi

ons

are

clas

sifie

d

as follo

ws:

Tem

pora

ry

The

se

dive

rsio

ns

are

inst

alle

d

as an

inte

rim

mea

sure to fa

cilit

ate

som

e

phas

e

of cons

truc

tion.

The

y

usua

lly

have a life

expe

ctan

cy of 1 year or less

.

Per

man

ent

The

se

dive

rsio

ns

are

inst

alle

d

as an

inte

gral

part of an ov

eral

l

wat

er

disp

osal

syst

em

and

will

rem

ain

for

prot

ectio

n

of prop

erty

.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

1. Des

ign

the

surf

ace

dive

rsio

n.

• The

Hal

ifax

Cou

nty

Sto

rm

Dra

in-

age

Des

ign

Crit

eria

1

may be used

as a refe

renc

e,

and

the

desi

gn

may

requ

ire

the

assi

stan

ce

of a

soils

engi

neer

or othe

r

pers

on

expe

rienc

ed

in the

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

of eros

ion

cont

rol

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

2. Des

ign

the

outle

t.

• If the

dive

rsio

n

inte

rsec

ts

anot

her

surf

ace

chan

nel

with the

sam

e

botto

m

elev

atio

n,

the

two

shou

ld

join in such a m

anne

r

that

no

unne

cess

ary

turb

ulen

ce

is

crea

ted.

• If the

dive

rsio

n

inte

rsec

ts a

surf

ace

chan

nel

with a low

er

botto

m

elev

atio

n,

som

e

type of

drop

stru

ctur

e is requ

ired.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Inst

all

the

outle

t.

2. Inst

all

the

dive

rsio

n.

• The

dive

rsio

n

is inst

alle

d

sim

ilarly

to a gras

sed

wat

erw

ay

with the

addi

tion

of a berm

on the

dow

n-

slop

e

side

.

3. Veg

etat

e

and/

or

prot

ect

the

ditc

h

with

rock

,

asph

alt

or conc

rete

. If a

tem

pora

ry

dive

rsio

n

is bein

g

con-

stru

cted

, it may be ad

equa

te

to line

the

dive

rsio

n

with

poly

ethy

lene

and

cons

truc

t

a num

ber

of chec

k

dam

s

with

in it. (see

phot

o)

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Any

bare

or erod

ed

area

s

shou

ld

be

reve

geta

ted.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.1

Rip

rap

Lini

ng

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.3

Gra

ssed

Wat

erw

ay

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.4

Sto

rm

Dra

in

Out

let

Pro

tect

ion

1. Pro

vinc

e

of Nov

a

Sco

tia

and

Mun

icip

ality

of the

Cou

nty

of Hal

ifax

Des

ign

Crit

eria

Man

ual,

Mar

ch,

1982

.

)

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

DIV

ER

SIO

N

DIT

CH

No.

2.1

Pag

e 3 of 3

Div

ersi

on

limits

leng

th of slop

e

for

on-s

ite

runo

ff

.44

Div

ersi

on

prev

ents

runo

ff

from

leav

ing

cons

truc

tion

site

Exi

stin

g

surf

ace

drai

nage

Sed

imen

t

basi

ns

prev

ent

sedi

men

t

from

leav

ing

cons

truc

tion

site

)

Nov

a

Sco

tia4—

-D

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

fron

men

t

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

CO

NT

RO

L

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

DIS

PE

RS

ION

DIT

CH

No.

2.2

Pag

e 1 of 2

June

1988

Ditc

h

to inte

rsec

t

mid

-way

on tren

ch

Cha

nnel

grad

e

of ditc

h:

0%

eCt1

0 N..

Roc

k

topr

even

t

eros

ion

Last 6 m of di

tch

shou

ld

not

exce

ed

1% grad

e

I Sid

es:

2:1

slop

e

Leve

l

Lip of

25 mm

crus

hed

rock

Leve

l

Lip of 1

25 mm

crus

hed

rock

No.

2.2

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

DIS

PE

RS

ION

DIT

CH

PU

RP

OS

E

• To

conv

ert a C

once

ntra

ted

flow of

stor

m

runo

ff

into

shee

t

flow

and

to

outle

t it onto

area

s

stab

ilize

d

by

exis

ting

vege

tatio

n

with

out

caus

ing

eros

ion

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

•

Whe

re

stor

m

runo

ff is inte

rcep

ted

and

dive

rted

from

grad

ed

area

s

onto

undi

stur

bed

stab

ilize

d

area

s

(e.g

.,

at

dive

rsio

n

outle

ts,

etc.

).

Thi

s

prac

tice

appl

ies

only in th

ose

situ

atio

ns

whe

re

the

ditc

h

can be co

nstr

ucte

d

on

undi

stur

bed

soil

and

whe

re

the

area

dire

ctly

belo

w

the

low

er lip is stab

i-

lized by exis

ting

vege

tatio

n.

The

wat

er

mus

t

not

be allo

wed

to reco

n-

cent

rate

belo

w

the

poin

t

of

disc

harg

e.

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Inex

pens

ive

met

hod

of redu

cing

eros

ive

forc

e of runo

ff

•

Indu

ces

infil

trat

ion

of surf

ace

wat

er

and

rem

oves

som

e

sedi

men

t

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Tak

e

care to pr

even

t

off-

site

flood

ing

or

prop

erty

dam

age.

Dis

pers

ion

ditc

hes

shou

ld

be

cons

truc

ted

in undi

stur

bed

soil

or prop

erly

com

pact

ed

fill.

The

y

shou

ld

outle

t

to a leve

l,

vege

tate

d

surf

ace

in an undi

stur

bed,

stab

ilize

d

area

.

The

inle

t

shou

ld

be loca

ted

at a

poin

t

equi

dist

ant

from

both

ends of the

ditc

h.

Dis

pers

ion

ditc

hes

are

not

effe

ctiv

e

for

larg

e

volu

mes

of stor

m

drai

nage

.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Exc

avat

e

the

ditc

h

to a min

imum

leng

th

of 15 m (50

ft.), a m

inim

um

wid

th of 1.1

m (3 ft. B in.)

and a

min

imum

dept

h

of 750

mm (2 ft.

6 in.) to al

low

for

the

effic

ient

rem

oval

of sedi

men

t.

2. Cov

er

the

botto

m

of the

ditc

h

and

the

side

dire

ctly

oppo

site

the

inle

t

with

rock of su

ffici

ent

size to pr

even

t

eros

ion.

3. Con

vey

drai

nage

flow to the

ditc

h

thro

ugh

a pipe or a ditc

h

prot

ecte

d

by

rock

.

4. Con

stru

ct

a leve

l

lip of 25 mm (1 in.)

crus

hed

rock

,

to ensu

re

unifo

rm

spre

adin

g

of stor

m

runo

ff.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Che

ck

regu

larly

to ensu

re

that

the

low

er

lip is leve

l.

If the

ditc

h is fille

d

with

sedi

men

t, it

shou

ld

be clea

ned

out

or re-e

xcav

ated

.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

E

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.1

Div

ersi

on

Ditc

h

)

Nov

a

Sco

tia

416

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

entFA

CT

S

HE

ET

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

GR

AS

SE

D

WA

TE

RW

AY

No.

2.3

Pag

e1of2

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

•To

conv

ey

stor

mw

ater

atnon-

eros

ive

velo

citie

s

thro

ugh

inco

nspi

cuou

s

mow

n

gras

s

chan

nels

toasafe

disc

harg

e

poin

t

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Gra

ssed

wat

erw

ays

shou

ld

not

beused

unde

r

cont

inuo

us

flow

cond

ition

s

orto

repl

aceaw

ater

cour

se.

The

y

canbeused

whe

re

runo

ff

velo

citie

s

willbefa

irly

low

.A

DV

AN

TA

GE

S

•Uno

bstr

usiv

e

and

fits

wel

l

into

rolli

ng

mow

n

gras

s

terr

ain;

visu

ally

mor

e

acce

ptab

le

than

lined

chan

nels

•Red

uces

velo

city

,

ener

gy

and

eros

ive

pote

ntia

l

ofruno

ff

•Che

aptocons

truc

t

and

mai

ntai

n

•Incr

ease

s

infil

trat

ion

ofruno

ff

and

avai

labi

lity

ofsoil

moi

stur

e

tovege

ta-

tion

onsite

•Rem

oves

som

e

sedi

men

t

from

stor

mw

ater

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Spa

ce-c

onsu

min

g,

inorde

r

toallo

w

easy

mec

hani

zed

mow

ing

with

very

shal

low

side

slop

es

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Gra

ss

wat

erw

ays

are

broa

d,

shal

low

,

gent

ly-s

lopi

ng

chan

nels

lined

witha

dens

e,

eros

ion-

resi

stan

t

turfofm

own

gras

s.

The

y

shou

ld

bevery

care

fully

fitte

d

into

the

grad

ing

planfor

max

imum

effe

ctiv

enes

s,

visu

al

unob

trus

iven

ess

and

easeofm

owin

g.

Nat

ural

swal

es

are

pref

erab

le.

The

ir

func

tion

istoconv

ey

conc

entr

ated

runo

ff

fromon

e

poin

t

to

anot

her

atsafe

velo

citie

s,

but

they

are

also

usedtoin

terc

ept

over

land

flow

or

shee

t

runo

ff

onlong

slop

es

and

to

conv

eyittoasafe

disc

harg

e

poin

t.

Gra

ss

wat

erw

ays

are

inte

nded

tocarr

y

stor

m

runo

ff

only

,

and

are

dry

atothe

r

times

.

If

ther

eisheav

y

orprol

onge

d

flowinthe

wat

erw

ay,

gras

s

alon

e

cann

ot

give

adeq

uate

prot

ectio

n,inwhi

ch

caseitis

nece

ssar

y

toline

the

chan

nel

cent

er

with

ston

e

orconc

rete

.Asubs

urfa

ce

drai

n

of

crus

hed

ston

e

(Fre

nch

drai

n)

unde

r

the

cent

erofthe

wat

erw

ay

will

help

prev

ent

stan

ding

wat

er

from

killi

ngthe

gras

s.

Max

imum

stor

m

runo

ff

will

dete

rmin

e

the

sizeofthe

wat

erw

ay.

Fut

ure

deve

lop-

men

t

ofpave

d

area

s

may

caus

e

peak

flow

s

toexce

ed

the

chan

nel

capa

city

and

nece

ssita

te

chan

nel

enla

rgem

ent

or

linin

g.

Car

eful

sizi

ng

and

desi

gnofgras

s

chan

nels

isesse

ntia

lifthey

areto

func

tion

effe

ctiv

ely

with

out

eros

ion

dam

age.

The

chan

nel

shou

ld

besodd

ed

No.

2.3

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

GR

AS

SE

D

WA

TE

RW

AY

if ther

e is a need to use

the

wat

erw

ay

soon

afte

r it is cons

truc

ted.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

The

Hal

ifax

Cou

nty

Sto

rm

Dra

inag

e

Crit

eria

1

may be used

as a refe

renc

e

to

ensu

re

chan

nel

capa

city

is equa

l

to,

or

grea

ter

than

,

expe

cted

runo

ff.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. Pre

pare

the

seed

bed

by rem

ovin

g

all

obst

ruct

ive

debr

is,

etc.

,

and

dist

ribut

-

ing

and

inco

rpor

atin

g

the

nece

ssar

y

lime

and

fert

ilize

r.

2. Mak

e

sure fill

area

s

are

wel

l-

com

pact

ed

whe

reve

r

they

are

cros

sed

by a wat

erw

ay.

In thes

e

area

s it is

advi

sabl

e

to incr

ease

the

chan

nel

capa

city

by abou

t

10 perc

ent

to allo

w

for

settl

emen

t

of the

fill.

3. Unt

il

the

turf

beco

mes

esta

blis

hed it

will

be nece

ssar

y

eith

er

to:

(i) dive

rt

runo

ff

via

an alte

rnat

ive

rout

e;

(ii)

line

the

chan

nel

with a te

mpo

rary

prot

ec-

tive

linin

g,

and

mul

ch

the

shou

lder

s

thor

ough

ly;

or (iii) lay

sod

over the

chan

nel.

The

latte

r

will

give

good

prot

ectio

n

with

in a mon

th if grow

ing

wel

l,

but

a seve

re

stor

m

shor

tly

afte

r

layi

ng

coul

d

dam

age

both

chan

nel

and

sod. In vi

ew of the

high

cost of

sodd

ing,

this

may be an unac

cept

able

risk.

Som

etim

es it is reco

mm

ende

d

that

sod

be over

lapp

ed

slig

htly

to

incr

ease

reta

rdan

ce

and

eros

ion

resi

stan

ce

on stee

p

slop

es. It m

ay be

nece

ssar

y

to stak

e

the

sod

to avoi

d

was

hout

.

4. If nece

ssar

y,

line

the

cent

re of the

chan

nel

with

rock

or conc

rete

.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Mow

as ofte

n

as nece

ssar

y

to prev

ent

encr

oach

men

t

by bush

es

and

smal

l

tree

s.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et 1 .0 Gra

ding

Pra

ctic

es

•

Fac

tshe

et 1 .4 Tem

pora

ry

Mat

ting

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.1

Div

ersi

on

Ditc

h

1. Pro

vinc

e

of Nov

a

Sco

tia

and

Mun

icip

ality

of the

Cou

nty

of Hal

ifax

Des

ign

Crit

eria

Man

ual,

Mar

ch,

1982

.

)

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

CO

NT

RO

L

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

ST

OR

M

DR

AIN

OU

TLE

T

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N

No.

2.4

Pag

e 1 of 3

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

• To

conv

ert

pipe

flow

to chan

nel

flow

• To

min

imiz

e

scou

r

and

chan

nel

eros

ion

by redu

cing

velo

city

of flow

befo

re

ente

ring

rece

ivin

g

chan

nels

belo

w

stor

m

drai

n

outle

ts

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

• For

stor

m

drai

n

outle

ts,

road

culv

erts

,

pave

d

chan

nel

outle

ts,

etc.

,

part

icu-

larly

whe

re

the

wat

er

disc

harg

es

into

exis

ting

stre

ams

or drai

nage

syst

ems

• At

the

outle

t

of chut

es

and

dow

ndra

ins

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Pre

vent

s

scou

r of the

botto

m

of the

chan

nel

imm

edia

tely

dow

nstr

eam

from th

e

outle

t,

ther

eby

prev

entin

g

unde

rmin

ing

and

failu

re

of the

stru

ctur

e

•

Pre

vent

s

stre

amba

nk

eros

ion

dow

n-

stre

am

from the

outle

t

•

Pre

vent

s

fill

emba

nkm

ent

slip

page

and

eros

ion

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Non

e;

alm

ost

alw

ays

a nece

ssity

unde

r

the

cond

ition

s

men

tione

d

abov

eD

ES

IGN

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

apro

n at the

stor

m

drai

n

outle

t

shou

ld

be cons

truc

ted

of conc

rete

,

gabi

on,

asph

alt,

or ripra

p

(acc

ordi

ng

to

the

tabl

e

belo

w).

Filt

er

fabr

ic

may be

requ

ired

unde

r

ripra

p

in area

s

with

fine

text

ured

soils

.

The

apro

n

shou

ld

slop

e

dow

nstr

eam

at

less

than

one

perc

ent

or at the

grad

ient

of the

exis

ting

chan

nel.

Sid

e

slop

es

shou

ld

be 2:1

or flatte

r.

The

re

shou

ld

be

no over

fall

at the

end of the

apro

n.

Dep

endi

ng

on the

conf

igur

atio

n

of the

stor

m

drai

n

inle

t,

late

ral

prot

ectio

n

may

be requ

ired

to prev

ent

was

hout

of the

upst

ream

emba

nkm

ent,

and it is re-

quire

d in all

case

s

for

the

dow

nstr

eam

emba

nkm

ent.

Rip

rap

or othe

r

appr

oved

mat

eria

ls

shou

ld

be plac

ed to the

top of

the

pipe

and a m

inim

um of one

pipe

diam

eter

on each

side of the

pipe

(or

pipe

s

in the

case of mul

tiple

pipe

inst

alla

tions

).

The

top of the

side

wal

l

shou

ld

exte

nd

at

leas

t

300

mm (1 ft.)

abov

e

max

imum

tailw

ater

.

If poss

ible

,

pipe

s

shou

ld

be term

inat

ed

at a poin

t

shor

t

of a wat

erco

urse

so that

adeq

uate

outle

t

prot

ectio

n

can be

plac

ed

to redu

ce

eros

ive

velo

citie

s

befo

re

drai

nage

reac

hes

a stre

am.

Con

stru

ctio

n

in this

man

ner

wou

ld

avoi

d

the

need

for

wor

king

in a stre

am,

whi

ch

requ

ires

appr

oval

from the

Nov

a

Sco

tia

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

ironm

ent.

Leng

th of Ave

rage

Apr

on

Cul

vert

Dia

met

er

Apr

on

Sto

ne

Siz

e

Thi

ckne

ss

up to 1.2

m (4 ft.) 6 pi

pe

dia.

150

mm (6 in.)

300

mm

(12

in.)

1.2-

2.1

m (4-7

ft.) 8 pi

pe

dia.

300

mm

(12

in.)

450

mm

(18

in.)

2.1-

3

m (7-1

0

ft.)

10 pipe

dia.

600

mm

(24

in.)

750

mm

(30

in.)

No.

2.4

Pag

e 2 of 3

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

ST

OR

M

DR

AIN

OU

TLE

T

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N

TO

P

VIE

W

)

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

If a Con

cret

e

head

wal

l

is to be con-

stru

cted

,

cont

act

a soils

engi

neer

or

othe

r

pers

on

expe

rienc

ed

in the

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

of eros

ion

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

MA

I

NT

EN

AN

CE

Che

ck

the

apro

n

perio

dica

lly

to ensu

re

no port

ions of it ha

ve

been

was

hed

away

. If so,

they

shou

ld

be repl

aced

imm

edia

tely

.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

The

apro

n

shou

ld

be cons

truc

ted

in

perio

ds of low

or no flow

.

•

Fac

tshe

et 1 .3 Geo

text

ile

Filt

er

Fab

ric

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.5

Chu

tes & D

ownd

rain

s

Rec

eivi

ng 'C

hann

el

L

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

ST

OR

M

DR

AIN

OU

TLE

T

PR

OT

EC

TIO

N

No.

2.4

Page 3 of 3

Sec

tion

A-A

End

-Pip

e

Out

let

Sec

tion

B-B

Sid

e-P

ipe

Out

let

)

•Whe

re

dist

anceofch

anne

l

runo

ff

conv

eyan

ce

wou

ld

betoo

long

•Whe

re

soils

are

inca

pabl

e

ofhan-

dlin

g

the

expe

cted

runo

ff

•Atth

e

head

ofa

gully

•Alo

ngaroad

side

•Inhigh

way

med

ians

•Whe

re

drai

nage

ditc

hes

inte

rsec

t

a

wat

erco

urse

atdiffe

rent

botto

m

elev

atio

ns

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Rel

ativ

ely

sim

ple

tocons

truc

t

•Pro

tect

agai

nst

eros

ion

inashor

t

reac

h

ofditc

h

asoppo

sed

toprot

ect-

ing

anentir

e

leng

thofditc

h

thatis

too

stee

p

•Goo

d

eros

ion

prot

ectio

n

whe

re

spac

e

islimite

d

(e.g

.,

stee

p

cuts

and

fills

on

high

way

right

s-of

-way

)

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Req

uire

very

regu

lar

mai

nten

ance

insp

ectio

n

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

typeand

sireofst

ruct

ure

depe

nds

onitsloca

tion

and

the

volu

me

and

velo

city

ofwat

er

thatitistoco

nvey

.

Site

acce

ssib

ility

also

has

aneffe

ct

on

the

typeofdrop

stru

ctur

e

sele

cted

.

Whe

n

disc

harg

ing

into

anopen

ditc

h,

outle

t

prot

ectio

n

mus

t

beprov

ided

.

•To

cond

uct

surf

ace

runo

ff

dow

n

acut

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

orfill

slop

e

whe

reitcann

ot

beChu

tes,

dow

ndra

ins

and

drop

stru

ctur

es

conv

eyed

late

rallyinasa

tisfa

ctor

y

are

hydr

aulic

desi

gns

whi

ch

maybe

man

ner

subj

ect

tofros

t

disp

lace

men

t.

Con

se-

Nov

a

Sco

tia

41

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

No.

2.5

Pag

e1of3

June

1988

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Goo

d

exam

pleofa

corr

ugat

ed

stee

l

pipe

dow

ndra

in.

PU

RP

OS

E

No.

2.6

Pag

e

2of3

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

Rol

.

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

CH

UT

ES

AN

D

DO

WN

DR

AIN

S

(DR

OP

ST

RU

CT

UR

ES

)

—

-.

-

-

-) -4.-

-

-.

—

—

-_w_

—

-

.-

-

,...1

—

z.--

1

-

—

___,

'/5_•

_•_1

l(' -E

-L

If

—

I

:;.- —'-F-,

-

_-;

4

-'-?'*

-—,

4...

4P.

Goo

d

exam

ple

ofaripra

p-iln

ed

chut

e.

Bef

ore:

anunst

able

and

erod

ing

slop

e.

quen

tly,

the

assi

stan

ceofasoils

engi

neer

orothe

r

pers

on

expe

rienc

ed

in

the

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

oferos

ion

cont

rol

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

sis

requ

ired.

The

follo

win

g

are

som

e

exam

ples

of

drop

stru

ctur

es:

Chu

tes

and

Dow

ndra

ins

Chu

tes

and

flexi

ble

dow

ndra

ins

are

desi

gned

toconv

ey

wat

er

dow

n

ashor

t,

stee

p

slop

e

with

out

caus

ing

eros

ion

of

the

slop

e.

Chu

tes

are

best

used

oncut

slop

es,

whe

reas

flexi

ble

dow

ndra

ins

are

mor

e

appr

opria

te

onfill

slop

es.

Chu

tes

shou

ld

becons

truc

ted

ofripra

p,a

gabi

on

mat

tres

s

linin

g,aconc

rete

bloc

k

syst

em

linin

g,

conc

rete

,

asph

alt,

or

corr

ugat

ed

stee

l

pipe

.

Itisimpo

rtan

t

tocons

truc

t

chut

es

so

that

the

cent

reislow

er

thanthe

side

s

and

ther

eby

cont

ains

the

drai

nage

with

in

the

chut

es.

Chu

tes

mus

t

belarg

e

enou

ghtoconv

ey

wha

teve

r

peak

flow

s

may

occu

r

durin

g

the

perio

dinwhi

ch

they

areinuse.

':.i:i.c

..;

Afte

r:

astab

le

stor

m

drai

nage

ease

men

t.

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

CH

UT

ES

AN

D

DO

WN

DR

AIN

S

(DR

OP

ST

RU

CT

UR

ES

)

No.

2.5

Pag

e 3 of 3

An

apro

n

shou

ld

be Con

stru

cted

at the

outle

t

of chut

es

and

flexi

ble

dow

ndra

ins.

The

apro

n

shou

ld

be of suffi

cien

t

size to

prev

ent

eros

ion

dow

nstr

eam

from the

outle

t.

Sub

surf

ace

Dra

ins

Sub

surf

ace

drai

ns

are

Con

cret

e,

syn-

thet

ic

or corr

ugat

ed

met

al

subs

urfa

ce

drai

nage

stru

ctur

es

with a ve

rtic

al

inle

t.

The

y

conv

ey

drai

nage

to a poin

t

that

does

not

inte

rfer

e

with

desi

red

surf

ace

land

use.

The

se

stru

ctur

es

may

,

or may

not,

have

(1) a ro

dent

/tras

h

grat

e

at the

inle

t

or

(2)

an anti-

vort

ex

devi

ce.

In som

e

inst

ance

s, it may be ne

cess

ary

to inst

all

anti-

seep

colla

rs.

Str

aw

bale

s

or a berm of cr

ushe

d

rock

shou

ld

be plac

ed

arou

nd

the

inle

t

durin

g

the

cons

truc

tion

perio

d

to prev

ent

silti

ng

of the

drai

nage

stru

ctur

e.

The

inle

t

of the

horiz

onta

l

sect

ion

of the

'dro

p

stru

ctur

e

shou

ld

be a min

imum of

1 m (3.3

ft.)

abov

e

the

botto

m of the

stru

ctur

e.

Hor

izon

tal

inle

ts

shou

ld

be part

ially

cove

red

to prev

ent

the

pipe

from fillin

g

with

sedi

men

t.

The

se

stru

ctur

es

may tie into

exis

ting

subs

urfa

ce

drai

nage

syst

ems

or dis-

char

ge

into

surf

ace

drai

nage

wor

ks.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

The

impl

emen

tatio

n

of a drop

stru

ctur

e

depe

nds

upon the

type of st

ruct

ure. In

all

case

s,

assi

stan

ce

shou

ld

be prov

ided

by a prof

essi

onal

engi

neer

or othe

r

expe

rienc

ed

pers

on.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Chu

tes

and

dow

ndra

ins

requ

ire

regu

lar

mai

nten

ance

chec

ks.

Rep

air

any

erod

ed

spot

s

imm

edia

tely

to

prev

ent

the

entir

e

stru

ctur

e

from be

ing

was

hed

out.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

E

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.4

Sto

rm

Dra

in

Out

let

Pro

tect

ion

)

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

CO

NT

RO

L

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SE

EP

AG

E

DR

AIN

S

No.

2.6

Pag

e 1 of 2

June

1988

PU

RP

OS

E

• To

inte

rcep

t

and

cont

rol

grou

ndw

ater

seep

age

that

caus

es

bank

stab

ility

prob

lem

s

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

• On

bank

s

and

thei

r

toes

whe

re

the

seep

age is ca

usin

g

slou

ghin

g

and

bank

"min

ing"

• In conj

unct

ion

with

othe

r

bank

stab

i-

lizat

ion

mea

sure

s

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Pre

vent

furt

her

gully

deve

lopm

ent

•

Sta

biliz

e

stre

amba

nks,

allo

win

g

prop

er

inst

alla

tion

of chan

nel

linin

gs

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Diff

iCul

t

to inst

all

on stee

p

bank

s

and

in larg

e

gulli

es

See

page

Zor

ie

I Impe

rmea

ble

Laye

r I

Pla

stic

Cor

ruga

ted

Pip

e

Wra

pped

with

Filt

er

Fab

ric

in Sha

llow

Tre

nche

s

I'

Sha

llow

Tre

nch

See

page

Are

a

Dra

in

No.

2.6

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SE

EP

AG

E

DR

AIN

S

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

See

page

laye

r

drai

ns

shou

ld

be used to

drai

n

smal

l

area

s,

whi

le

seep

age

area

drai

ns

shou

ld

be used for

larg

er

site

s.

In som

e

inst

ance

s it may be ne

cess

ary

to

cons

ider

anti-

seep

colla

rs

on the

drai

n

pipe

.

It is impo

rtan

t

to dete

rmin

e

the

type an

d

caus

e of the

seep

age

prob

lem

,

for

exam

ple,

whe

ther

the

seep

age

occu

rs

abov

e

an impe

rmea

ble

laye

r

or over a

larg

e

port

ion

of the

bank

area

.

It is also

impo

rtan

t

to dete

rmin

e

the

volu

me

of seep

age

wat

er to be drai

ned

and

the

acce

ssib

ility

of the

seep

age

area

in orde

r

to inst

all

the

drai

n.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

The

sele

ctio

n

and

desi

gn

of the

seep

age

drai

n is depe

nden

t

on the

caus

e of the

seep

age

prob

lem

,

as wel

l

as the

othe

r

rem

edia

l

mea

sure

s

to be inst

alle

d.

For

this

reas

on,

assi

stan

ce

of a soils

engi

neer

or othe

r

pers

on

expe

rienc

ed

in

the

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

of eros

ion

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s is

reco

mm

ende

d.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

See

page

Are

a

Dra

in

1. Pre

pare

the

site

as desi

gned

.

2. Exc

avat

e

the

drai

n

tren

ches

.

3. Inst

all

the

drai

n

pipe

.

4. Bac

kfill

the

drai

n

tren

ches

.

5. Com

plet

e

othe

r

desi

gned

mea

sure

wor

k.

See

page

Laye

r

Dra

in

1. Pre

pare

the

site

as desi

gned

.

2. Exc

avat

e

the

area by re

mov

ing

the

soft

and

wet

mat

eria

l.

3. Inst

all

a laye

r

of gran

ular

fill.

4. Bac

kfill

the

area with

the

drie

d-ou

t,

exca

vate

d

mat

eria

l.

5. Com

plet

e

othe

r

desi

gned

rem

edia

l

mea

sure

wor

k.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.3

Geo

text

ile

Filt

er

Fab

ric

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.4

Sto

rm

Dra

in

Out

let

Pro

tect

ion

See

page

Laye

r

Dra

in

)

rem

edia

l

Rep

lace

men

t

of

Exc

avat

ed

Mat

eria

l

1

Gra

nula

r

Fill

Filt

er

Fab

ric]

PU

RP

OS

E

• To

prev

ent

eros

ion

of gully

or ditc

h

botto

ms:

by slow

ing

velo

city

of

conc

entr

ated

runo

ff;

by colle

ctin

g

and

hold

ing

moi

stur

e

and

soil in the

botto

m of the

gulli

es,

ther

eby

faci

litat

-

ing

the

esta

blis

hmen

t

of stab

ilizi

ng

vege

tatio

n

• To

trap

smal

l

amou

nts

of sedi

men

t

by

redu

cing

velo

city

• To

prev

ent

silt

(cau

sed

by shee

t

and

nil

eros

ion)

from

bein

g

depo

site

d

on

land

s

dow

nstr

eam

from

thos

e

bein

g

deve

lope

d

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Che

ck

dam

s

mus

t

not

be used in

wat

erco

urse

s;

they

are

only

for

ditc

hes

carr

ying

stor

m

drai

nage

.

Per

man

ent

chec

k

dam

s

can be used

:

• In gully

botto

ms

whe

re

chan

nel

grad

ient

is too

stee

p

for a ve

geta

tive

linin

g

alon

e

and

whe

re

the

chan

nel

is

too

larg

e

for

prac

tical

inst

alla

tion

of

stru

ctur

al

linin

gs

Tem

pora

ry

chec

k

dam

s

can

be used

:

• In gulli

es

that

have

been

regr

aded

to

aid in ve

geta

tion

esta

blis

hmen

t

• Onl

y

in gulli

es

that

have

drai

nage

area

s of less

than 4 ha (10

ac.)

and

whe

re

wat

er

velo

city is le

ss

than 2 m

(6.5

ft.)/

sec.

,

or is inte

rmitt

ent

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Mak

e

use of re

adily

avai

labl

e

mat

e-

rials

;

ther

efor

e,

cost is m

inim

al

• Car

eful

ly

desi

gned

and

loca

ted,

mos

t

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Che

ck

dam

s

are

cons

truc

ted,

with

slig

ht

varia

tions

in met

hod,

of vario

us

mat

e-

rials

,

depe

ndin

g

on wha

t

is read

ily

avai

labl

e

and

whe

ther

the

chec

k

dam is

to be perm

anen

t

or tem

pora

ry.

Con

stru

c-

tion is la

bour

inte

nsiv

e.

The

y

mus

t

be care

fully

desi

gned

and

cons

truc

ted

to avoi

d

was

hout

s.

The

y

are

limite

d

to trea

ting

runo

ff

from

only

smal

l

drai

nage

area

s,

so cons

ider

a-

tion

mus

t

be give

n

to usin

g

thes

e

stru

ctur

es in conj

unct

ion

with

othe

r

drai

nage

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

Sev

eral

chec

k

dam

s,

not

over

400

mm

(1.3

ft.)

high

,

are

pref

erab

le

to a few

larg

er

dam

s.

Loca

te

chec

k

dam

s

in the

ditc

h

or gully

to redu

ce

runo

ff

velo

citie

s

and

max

imiz

e

the

sedi

men

t-tr

appi

ng

capa

city

.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

Det

erm

ine if th

e

chec

k

dam is to be

perm

anen

t

or tem

pora

ry

and

sele

ct

the

mat

eria

l.

The

type of chec

k

dam

will

be

dete

rmin

ed

by the

volu

me

and

velo

city

of

the

runo

ff

and

the

requ

ired

life

expe

c-

tanc

y of the

dam

.

The

follo

win

g

are

exam

ples

of perm

a-

nent

and

tem

pora

ry

chec

k

dam

s:

Per

man

ent:

Roc

k

Dam

s

Gab

ion

Dam

s

Pla

nk

or Sla

b

Dam

s

Sod

ded

Ear

th

Fill

Dam

s

San

dbag

Dam

s

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

FA

CT

S H E El

CO

NT

RO

L

CA

TE

GO

RY

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

CH

EC

K

DA

MS

(GE

NE

RA

L)

No.

2.7

Pag

e 1 of 2

June

1988

Che

ck

dam

s

are

also

calle

d

sedi

men

t

trap

s

or silt

trap

s.

chec

k

dam

s

can

rem

ain

as perm

anen

t

stru

ctur

es

Tem

pora

ry:

Roc

k

Dam

s

San

dbag

Dam

s

Bru

sh

Dam

s

No.

2.7

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

CH

EC

K

DA

MS

(GE

NE

RA

L)

1. If the

side

slop

es of the

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

to a mor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

2. Mak

e

the

cent

re of the

chec

k

dam

(i.e.

,

the

spill

way

)

as broa

d

and

as

near

ly

flat

as poss

ible

.

3. Rai

se

each

end of the

dam

450

mm

(1.5

ft.)

or mor

e to prot

ect

the

bank

.

4. Set

the

win

g

wal

ls of the

chec

k

dam

wel

l

back

into

the

bank

(key

ed-in

).

5. Mak

e

sure the

dam

s

are

embe

dded

belo

w

the

chan

nel

surf

ace

to pre-

vent

unde

rmin

ing.

6. Pla

ce a prot

ectiv

e

apro

n at the

foot

of the

chec

k

dam

,

exte

ndin

g it 1 m

(3.3

ft.)

beyo

nd

the

mai

n

spill

way

and

on both

bank

s

of the

ditc

h.

Thi

s

will

prev

ent

the

falli

ng

wat

er

from

unde

rmin

ing

the

stru

ctur

e.

7. The

num

ber

of dam

s

will

be dete

r-

min

ed

by the

slop

e

of the

ditc

h

and

the

soil

erod

ibili

ty.

8. Det

erm

ine

the

vege

tativ

e

linin

g

for

the

gully

, if

nece

ssar

y.

9. If a notc

h

spill

way is be

ing

used it

shou

ld

be broa

d

and

shal

low

,

rath

er

than

narr

ow

and

stee

p.

10.

Exc

avat

e

a smal

l

area just

upst

ream

of the

chec

k

dam

.

Thi

s

area will

prov

ide

som

e

capa

city

for

trap

ping

sedi

men

t.

11.

Mak

e

sure the

top of the

chec

k

dam

is as high as the

base of the

one

upst

ream

.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

The

impl

emen

tatio

n

step

s

for

each

type

of chec

k

dam

are

give

n

in the

indi

vidu

al

fact

shee

ts.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Tip

s

on mai

nten

ance

for

each

type of

chec

k

dam

are

give

n

in the

indi

vidu

al

fact

shee

ts.

If the

chec

k

dam

s

are

perm

anen

t,

cons

ider

atio

n

mus

t

be give

n

to allo

win

g

acce

ss to the

stru

ctur

e

for

any

nece

ssar

y

repa

irs.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.4

Tem

pora

ry

Mat

ting

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.5

Veg

etat

ive

Lini

ngs

&

Buf

fer

Str

ips

)

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

CO

NT

RO

L

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

BR

US

H

DA

M

No. 2.7 A

Pag

e 1 of 2

June

1988

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Bru

sh

dam

s

may no

t

be used in a na

tura

l

wat

erco

urse

.

How

ever

,

they

can be used

in gulli

es

with

smal

l

drai

nage

area

s,

low

runo

ff

velo

city

and

soil

cond

ition

s

that

perm

it

the

driv

ing

of nece

ssar

y

anch

orin

g

stak

es

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Inex

pens

ive

and

easi

ly

cons

truc

ted

• Mat

eria

l

read

ily

avai

labl

e

at or near

site

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

• May be ae

sthe

tical

ly

unac

cept

able

•

Und

er

cont

inuo

us

flow

cond

ition

s

brus

h

may

even

tual

ly

rot

•

Lim

ited

to rela

tivel

y

low

flow

s

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

kind

chos

en

for a pa

rtic

ular

site

depe

nds

on the

amou

nt of brus

h

avai

l-

able

and

the

size of gully to be

cont

rolle

d.

Reg

ardl

ess

of the

type

used

, it is

impo

rtan

t

that

the

cent

re of the

dam

be

kept

low

er

than

the

ends to al

low

wat

er

to flow

over the

dam

rath

er

than

arou

nd it.D

ES

IGN

ST

EP

S

Fol

low

the

desi

gn

step

s

liste

d

in Che

ck

Dam

s

—

Gen

eral

,

Fac

tshe

et

2.7.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. If the

side

slop

es of the

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

to a mor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

2. Exc

avat

e

the

side

s

of the

chan

nel

to

allo

w

the

dam

to be keye

d-in

.

3. Con

stru

ct

the

dam

.

• Driv

e

100

mm (4 in.)

diam

eter

woo

den

post

s

into

the

botto

m

of

the

ditc

h

or gully

.

The

cent

er

post

s

shou

ld

be set

abou

t

600

mm

(2 ft.)

apar

t

and

driv

en in abou

t

900

mm

-i

m (3-3 1/2

ft.).

The

tops of the

cent

er

post

s

shou

ld

be

abou

t

300

mm to 600

mm

(1-2

ft.)

belo

w

the

top of the

gully

bank

s.

• Pla

ce a 150

mm (6 in.)

laye

r

of

litte

r

betw

een

the

post

s

and

on the

gully

botto

m

and

side

s,

exte

ndin

g

dow

nstr

eam

from the

post

s

for

abou

t

1.8

m (6 ft.).

Litte

r

cons

ists

of twig

s,

stra

w,

etc.

•

Pla

ce

the

brus

h,

with the

long

er,

stra

ight

er

limbs

used for

an apro

n,

in a laye

r

acro

ss

the

botto

m.

The

shor

ter

dam

brus

h

wou

ld

then be

laye

red

on top of the

apro

n

brus

h,

and

tram

ped.

The

butt

ends of the

brus

h

are

plac

ed

upst

ream

be-

twee

n

the

post

s.

Usu

ally

,

the

gully

can be al

mos

t

fille

d

with

brus

h,

and

whe

n

the

cros

s

pole

s

are

plac

ed,

the

brus

h

will

be forc

ed

dow

n

into a co

mpa

ct

mas

s.

•

Pla

ce

the

cros

s

pole

s

on the

upst

ream

side of the

post

s.

One or

two

men

shou

ld

stan

d

on thes

e

pole

s

to

com

pres

s

the

brus

h

prop

erly

whi

le

the

pole

s

are

bein

g

wire

d

to the

post

s

and

stak

es

with

no. 9 ga

lvan

ized

wire

.

• Pla

ce a laye

r

of litte

r

agai

nst

the

upst

ream

face of the

dam

,

and

care

fully

pack it into

the

open

ings

betw

een

the

butt

ends of the

brus

h.

No.

2.7 A

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

BR

US

H

DA

M

4. The

side

s

of the

ditc

h

shou

ld

be

stab

ilize

d

by mea

ns of sodd

ing,

seed

ing,

mul

chin

g,

or grav

ellin

g

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

cons

truc

tion.

Sid

e

Vie

w

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Rem

ove

any

build

-up

of silt

on the

upst

ream

side of the

dam

.

Rep

air

or reve

geta

te

any

was

hed-

out

or

erod

ed

area

s.

600

mm

)

Cro

ss-S

ectio

nal

Vie

w

from

Ups

trea

m

Sid

e

I Pol

es

wire

d

to post

s

i mm

Sta

ke,

900

mm

long

appr

ox.

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Roc

k

dam

s

mayno

t

beusedinana

tura

l

wat

erco

urse

.

How

ever

,

they

maybeused

ingulli

esoflowtom

oder

ate

(1-8

°) slop

e,

havi

ngasmal

l

drai

nage

area

,

and

whe

reasour

ceofsuita

ble

rockis

avai

labl

e.

Fle

xibi

lity

and

wei

ght

cons

tant

ly

hold

daminco

ntac

t

with

gully

botto

m

•Eas

y

tocons

truc

t,

depe

ndin

g

on

loca

tion

•Mat

eria

ls

norm

ally

are

read

ily

avai

labl

e

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Req

uire

s

freq

uent

insp

ectio

n

and

mai

nten

ance

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Siz

e

ofston

e

used

shou

ld

bedire

ctly

prop

ortio

nal

tothe

antic

ipat

ed

velo

cityof

runo

ff

tobetrea

ted.If25

-50

mm

(1-2

in.)

rockisuseditisne

cess

ary

to

prot

ect

the

cent

re

and

back

sideofthe

dam

with

100

mm(4in

.)

rock

.Iflarg

er

rockisavai

labl

e,

agrad

atio

n

ofston

e

size

shou

ld

beused

with

none

smal

ler

than

100-

150

mm(4

-6

in.)

Ifonly

larg

e

ston

eisavai

labl

e,itis

nece

ssar

y

toplac

e

filte

r

fabr

ic

unde

r

the

ston

etoprev

ent

the

finer

soil

part

icle

s

from

was

hing

away

.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

Fol

low

the

desi

gn

step

s

liste

d

inChe

ck

Dam

s

—

Gen

eral

,

Fac

tshe

et

2.7.

Sev

eral

chec

k

dam

s,

rath

er

than

one

or

two,

will

likel

y

berequ

ired.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1.Ifthe

side

slop

esofthe

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

toamor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

2.Exc

avat

e

the

side

softhe

chan

nel

to

allo

w

the

damtobeke

yed-

in.

3.Con

stru

ct

the

dam

.

•Exc

avat

e

acro

ss

the

gullyorditc

h

toadept

hof250

mm(1

0

in.)

. •Ifonly

larg

e

rock

s

are

avai

labl

e,

lay

theminrow

s

acro

ss

the

gully

or

ditc

h

with

suffi

cien

t

over

lays

to

prod

uce

ashin

gle

effe

ct.

•Kee

p

the

cent

reofthe

dam

low

er

than

the

side

s.

•Con

stru

ct

aston

e

apro

nifnece

s-

sary

from

belo

w

the

spili

waytoa

FA

CT

S

HE

ET

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

RO

CK

DA

M

No.

2.7B

Pag

e1of2

June

1988

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

No.

2.7 B

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

RO

CK

DA

M

poin

t 1 m (3.3

ft.)

dow

nstr

eam

.

The

apro

n

shou

ld

also

prot

ect

the

bank

s

of the

ditc

h. If runo

ff

velo

citie

s

are

low

and a dam is to

be cons

truc

ted

of 25-5

0

mm

(1-2

in.)

rock

,

an apro

n is not

need

ed.

•

Con

stru

ct

the

next

dam

.

4. The

side

s

of the

ditc

h

shou

ld

be

stab

ilize

d

by mea

ns of sodd

ing,

seed

ing,

mul

chin

g,

or grav

ellin

g

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

cons

truc

tion.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Rep

lace

any

disp

lace

d

ston

e

and

rem

ove

any

build

-up

of silt

from the

upst

ream

side of the

dam

.

)

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Gab

ion

bask

et

dam

s

mayno

t

beusedin

natu

ral

wat

erco

urse

s.

How

ever

,

they

can

beusedingu

llies

orditc

hes

ofmod

erat

e

(8-1

2°)

slop

e,

havi

ngasmal

l-

to

med

ium

-siz

ed

drai

nage

area

,

and

whe

re

asour

ceofsuita

ble

rockisav

aila

ble.

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Canbeused

whe

re

only

smal

l

rock

isavai

labl

e

•Mor

e

dura

ble

than

othe

r

chec

k

dam

s

•Fle

xibi

lity

and

wei

ght

cons

tant

ly

hold

daminco

ntac

t

with

ditc

h

botto

m

•Res

ista

nt

tovand

alis

m

•Mor

e

resi

stan

t

todam

age

byfairl

y

high

velo

citie

s

than

othe

r

type

sof

chec

k

dam

s

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Mor

e

expe

nsiv

e

than

othe

r

type

sof

chec

k

dam

s

Alth

ough

ston

e

redu

ces

wat

er

velo

city

,

evensm

all

ston

es

are

not

very

effic

ient

attrap

ping

sedi

men

t.

The

trap

ping

effic

ienc

y

ofston

e

canbeim

prov

ed

by

plac

ing

alaye

r

ofstra

winthe

botto

m

of

the

gabi

ontoassi

stinthe

filte

ring

actio

n.

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Gab

ion

bask

ets

are

the

mos

t

perm

anen

t

typeofchec

k

dam

.

The

y

com

eina

varie

tyofstan

dard

size

s

and

are

norm

ally

held

toge

ther

with

wire

ties.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

Fol

low

the

desi

gn

step

s

liste

d

inChe

ck

Dam

s

—

Gen

eral

,

Fac

tshe

et

2.7.

Nov

a

Sco

tia

416

Dep

artm

ent

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DC

ON

TR

OL

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

SE

DIM

EN

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

MS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

GA

BIO

N

BA

SK

ET

DA

M

No.

2.7C

Pag

e1of2

June

1988

Aprop

erly

inst

alle

d

serie

s

ofgabi

on

chec

k

dam

s.

Not

e

also

the

effe

ctiv

e-

nessofhy

dros

eedi

ng

and

linin

g

the

ditc

h

with

rocktoac

hiev

e

max

imum

eros

ion

cont

rol.

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

GA

BIO

N

BA

SK

ET

DA

M

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. If the

side

slop

es of the

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

to a mor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

2. Exc

avat

e

the

side

s

of the

chan

nel

to

allo

w

the

dam to be ke

yed-

in.

3. Con

stru

ct

the

dam

.

• Set

the

botto

m

of the

wire

bask

ets

appr

oxim

atel

y

300

mm

(12

in.)

belo

w

the

botto

m of the

ditc

h.

• Fill

the

wire

bask

ets

with

rock

and

a laye

r

of stra

w,

and

wire

shut

.

• Pla

ce a rock

apro

n

just

dow

n-

stre

am of the

bask

ets

and

exte

nd it

to a poin

t 1 m (3.3

ft.)

from the

gabi

on.

4. Sta

biliz

e

the

side

s

of the

ditc

h

by

sodd

ing,

seed

ing,

mul

chin

g,

or grav

el-

ling

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

cons

truc

tion.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Rep

air

any

brok

en

wire

.

Rem

ove

any

build

-up

of silt

from the

upst

ream

side of the

dam

.

No.

2.7 C

Pag

e 2 of 2

)

Nova Scotia

Department of the Environment

EROSION AND

SEDIMENT CONTROL FACTSHEET CATEGORY CONTROL MEASURE

DRAINAGE CONTROL PLANK DAM

No. 2.7 0 Page 1 of 2 June 1988

CONDITIONS WHERE APPLICABLE

Plank dams may not be used in a natural watercourse. They can be used: • In gullies with small- to medium-

sized drainage areas • When a durable check dam is

needed

• Easily constructed • Heavy board, slabs or railroad ties

can be used instead of planks

DISADVANTAGES

• Planks may rot if submerged condi- tions prevail

DESIGN STEPS

ADVANTAGES

• Inexpensive (given availability of

materials)

Follow the design steps listed in Check

Dams — General, Factsheet 2.7.

Posts: either an Iron Bar or Wood Stake 0.8 m below grade

[rade Slope 2:1

tTrap 1.. -f Dam

Place Planks 0.3 m below grade

No.

2.7 D

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

PLA

NK

DA

M

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. If the

side

slop

es

of the

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

to a mor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

2. Exc

avat

e

the

side

s

of the

Cha

nnel

to

allo

w

the

dam to be ke

yed-

in.

3. Bui

ld

the

dam

.

• Set

the

post

s in a stra

ight

row

acro

ss

the

gully to a dept

h

of

appr

oxim

atel

y 1 m (3.3

ft.).

• Set

the

post

s

imm

edia

tely

on each

side of the

spili

way

.

• Dig a na

rrow

tren

ch

alon

g

the

upst

ream

side

300

mm (1 ft.)

deep

and

wid

e

enou

gh

to perm

it

plac

ing

the

botto

m

plan

k

and a th

in

laye

r

of stra

w

or gras

s

as a seal

.

The

n

back

fill

with

wel

l-pac

ked

eart

h.

•N

ail

plan

ks

to post

s

with the

ends

of the

plan

ks

set

wel

l

into

the

bank

s.

• Cut in the

spili

way

notc

h.

4. Inst

all

the

apro

n.

• Use

eith

er

rock

or brus

h

to form

the

apro

n.

•

Exc

avat

e

an area of at leas

t

450

mm

(1.5

ft.)

beyo

nd

each

side of the

notc

h

spill

way

ends

and

dow

nstr

eam

at leas

t

twic

e

the

effe

ctiv

e

heig

ht of the

dam to a

dept

h

of 50-7

0

mm

(2-3

in.)

.

•

Whe

re

brus

h

is used

,

lay it in the

area with the

cut

ends

upst

ream

.

• Pla

ce

long

piec

es in the

botto

m

and

shor

ter

piec

es

on top,

sim

ilar

to the

way

shin

gles

are

laid

.

•

Anc

hor

the

brus

h

with

shor

t

stak

es.

• If rock is bein

g

used

,

fifl

the

area

with

larg

e

rock

up to the

orig

inal

gully

botto

m

leve

l.

5. Sta

biliz

e

the

side

s

of the

ditc

h

by

sodd

ing,

seed

ing,

mul

chin

g,

or grav

el-

ling

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

cons

truc

tion.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Onc

e

inst

alle

d,

a plan

k

dam

requ

ires

only

a min

imum of ro

utin

e

mai

nten

ance

.

Rep

air

any

dam

age

to the

apro

n.

Rem

ove

any

build

-up

of silt

from the

upst

ream

side of the

dam

.

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

CO

NT

RO

L

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SO

DD

ED

EA

RT

H

FIL

L

DA

M

No.

2.7 E

Pag

e 1 of 2

June

1988

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Ear

th

fill

dam

s

may no

t

be used in a

natu

ral

wat

erco

urse

.

How

ever

,

they

can

be used in smal

l-

or med

ium

-siz

ed

gulli

es

(1-1

.7

m or 3.3-

5.6

ft.)

and a ch

anne

l

grad

e

that is re

lativ

ely

flat

(3:1

).

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Giv

es a quic

k

cove

ring,

espe

cial

ly

whe

n

usin

g

gras

ses

whi

ch

spre

ad

by

stol

ons

or root

stoc

ks

•

Effe

ctiv

e

mea

ns of esta

blis

hing

vege

tatio

n

in area

s

whe

re

runo

ff

wou

ld

was

h

out

new

ly-e

stab

lishe

d

vege

tatio

n

• Can be m

ore

cost

-effe

ctiv

e

than

othe

r

stru

ctur

es in inst

ance

s

whe

re

runo

ff is not

exce

ssiv

e

and

good

soil

is avai

labl

e

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

• May

requ

ire a long

er

time

than

othe

r

stru

ctur

es

to prov

ide

com

plet

e

stab

iliza

tion

of the

ditc

h

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

Fol

low

the

desi

gn

step

s

liste

d

in Che

ck

Dam

s

—

Gen

eral

,

Fac

tshe

et

2.7.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. If the

side

slop

es of the

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

to a mor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

2. Exc

avat

e

the

side

s

of the

chan

nel

to

allo

w

the

dam to be ke

yed-

in.

I Sod

plac

ed

up theI gu

lly

side

s

15-3

0cmI ab

ove

the

min

imum

leve

l

expe

cted

Are

as to

be seed

ed

Sod

strip

apro

nre

com

men

ded

Exc

avat

ed a smal

l

sedi

men

t

trap on

the

upst

ream

side

of the

dam

Dow

nstr

eam

slop

e

4:1

No.

2.7 E

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

I

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SO

DD

ED

EA

RT

H

FIL

L

DA

M

3. Bui

ld

the

dam

.

• Pac

k

the fill

wel

l

and

avoi

d

heig

hts

grea

ter

than

500

mm

(1.6

ft.).

• Mak

e

sure

that

the

top of the fill is

low in the

cent

re

and

grad

ually

curv

es

upw

ard

to mee

t

the

gully

side

s

in orde

r

to prov

ide

the

nece

ssar

y

spili

way

capa

city

.

• Avo

id

side

slop

es of the

dam in

exce

ss of 3:1

on the

upst

ream

side

and

4:1

on the

dow

nstr

eam

side

.

(See

sket

ch.)

• Sod

eart

h

fills

para

llel

to the

flow

and

on the

dow

nstr

eam

side of the

dam

.

4. Veg

etat

e

the

ditc

h.

Alte

rnat

ive

Dam

Sod

Str

ip

Che

ck

• Lay

sod

strip

s,

appr

oxim

atel

y

300

mm (1 ft.)

wid

e, in a shal

low

tren

ch of the

sam

e

wid

th.

• Mak

e

sure

that

the

strip

s

are

flush

or slig

htly

belo

w

the

bed of the

gully

.

•

Ext

end

the

strip

s

up the

gully

side

at leas

t

150

mm (6 in.)

abov

e

the

expe

cted

high

wat

er

leve

ls.

•

Spa

ce

the

strip

s

700

mm

-1.2

m

(2.3

-3.9

ft.)

apar

t;

the

dist

ance

can

vary

depe

ndin

g

on the

spre

ad-

ing

char

acte

ristic

s

of the

sod

used

.

•

Con

tour

sod

strip

s

can be used

whe

re

vege

tatio

n is diffi

cult

to

esta

blis

h

due

to the

stee

pnes

s

of

the

slop

e.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Rep

air

and

reve

geta

te

any

erod

ed

or

was

hed-

out

area

s.

Rem

ove

any

build

-up

of silt

from the

upst

ream

side of the

dam

.

)

Exp

ecte

d

Hig

h

Wat

er

Leve

l

-

Are

as to be

See

ded

Nova Scotia

Department of the Environment

EROSION AND

SEDIMENT CONTROL FACTSHEET CATEGORY CONTROL MEASURE

DRAINAGE CONTROL SANDBAG DAM

Section A-A

No. 2.7 F

Page 1 of 2 June 1988

No.

2.7 F

Pag

e 2 of 2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

l.

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SA

ND

BA

G

DA

M

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

San

dbag

dam

s

may no

t

be used in

natu

ral

wat

erco

urse

s.

How

ever

,

they

can

be used in gu

llies

with

smal

l

drai

nage

area

s

and

low

runo

ff

velo

city

.

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Inex

pens

ive

• Eas

y

to cons

truc

t

•

Goo

d

alte

rnat

ive

whe

re

rock is

unav

aila

ble

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•

Effe

ctiv

e

only

whe

n

plac

ed in

ditc

hes

that

have

rela

tivel

y

low

volu

mes

of runo

ff

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

The

mai

n

desi

gn

cons

ider

atio

n

is the

volu

me

and

velo

city

of the

flow

.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

Fol

low

the

desi

gn

step

s

liste

d

in Che

ck

Dam

s

—

Gen

eral

,

Fac

tshe

et

2.7.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

1. If the

side

slop

es of the

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

to a mor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

2. Exc

avat

e

the

side

s

of the

chan

nel

to

allo

w

the

dam to be ke

yed-

in.

3. Exc

avat

e

acro

ss

the

gully

or ditc

h

to

a dept

h

of 250

mm

(10

in.)

.

4. Lay

sand

bags

in a row

acro

ss

the

gully

and

at leas

t

two

bags

high

.

The

bags

shou

ld

be over

lapp

ed

so as to

prod

uce

a shin

gle

effe

ct.

5. Pla

ce

sand

bags

as an apro

n

belo

w

the

spill

way

and

exte

nded

at leas

t

1 m (3.3

ft.)

dow

nstr

eam

.

6. Sta

biliz

e

the

side

s

of the

ditc

h

by

sodd

ing,

seed

ing,

mul

chin

g,

or

grav

ellin

g

imm

edia

tely

afte

r

cons

truc

tion.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Rem

ove

any

build

-up

of silt

from the

upst

ream

side of the

dam

.

Rep

air

any

was

h-ou

ts

and

repl

ace

any

bags

that

have

beco

me

disp

lace

d.

)

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Str

aw

barr

iers

mayno

t

beusedina

natu

ral

wat

erco

urse

.

The

y

areash

ort-

term

mea

sure

and

are

effe

ctiv

e

only

whe

n

trea

ting

runo

ff

from

very

smal

l

drai

nage

area

s

forash

ort

time.

The

re-

fore

,

thei

r

cost

-effe

ctiv

enes

s

isques

tion-

able

unde

r

som

e

uses

.

Bur

lap

or

geot

extil

e

filte

rs

wou

ld

besuita

ble

subs

titut

es.

Str

aw

barr

iers

canbeused

:

•Whe

n

norm

al

flow

s

are

min

imal

or

whe

re

cond

ition

s

exis

t

for

runo

ff

from

infr

eque

nt,

high

-inte

nsity

rain

fall

•Inshal

low

ditc

hes

orswal

es

•Alo

ng

the

sideofw

ater

way

s

or

prop

erty

boun

darie

s

durin

g

cons

truc

-

tionofot

her

mea

sure

s

•Indrai

nage

area

sofless

than1ha

(2.5

ac.)

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Low

cost

•An

effe

ctiv

e

prev

enta

tive

cont

rol

mea

sure

agai

nst

sedi

men

tatio

n

from

rain

fall,

whi

le

cons

truc

ting

mor

e

elab

orat

e

eros

ion

cont

rol

stru

ctur

es

and/

or

allo

win

g

vege

tatio

n

to

esta

blis

h

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Mus

t

beclea

ned

out,

repa

ired,

and

repl

aced

regu

larly

tomai

ntai

n

effe

ctiv

enes

s

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DS

ED

IME

NT

CO

NT

RO

L

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

ST

RA

W

FIL

TE

R

BA

RR

IER

No.

2.8

Pag

e1of3

June

1988

Roa

dway

bein

g

built

overabroo

k.

pond(o

ut

ofview

)

onvalle

y

floor

,

Str

aw

barr

ier

inte

rcep

ts

shee

t

flow

,

ther

eby

grea

tly

redu

cing

gully

ing

of

dive

rtin

gittoatem

pora

ry

silta

tion

the

road

emba

nkm

ent.

No.

2.8

Pag

e2of3

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

ST

RA

W

FIL

TE

R

BA

RR

IER

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Str

aw

filte

r

barr

iers

are

desi

gned

to

allo

w

wat

ertoflow

thro

ugh,

not

over

,

the

barr

ier;

ther

efor

e,ifprop

erly

inst

alle

d

and

mai

ntai

ned,

they

requ

ire

noapro

n.

The

bale

s

plugupwith

sedi

men

t

very

quic

kly

and

requ

ire

cons

tant

surv

eilla

nce

and

clos

e

atte

ntio

n

tomai

nten

ance

.

If

the

bale

s

are

not

repl

aced

whe

n

plug

ged

with

sedi

men

t,

arock

apro

n

mus

t

be

cons

truc

ted

onthe

dow

nslo

pe

sideofthe

barr

ier.

The

max

imum

lifeisap

prox

imat

ely3

mon

ths,

orcons

ider

ably

less

unde

r

wet

ter

cond

ition

s

and

succ

essi

ve

stor

ms.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

Exp

erie

nce

has

show

n

that

stra

w

barr

iers

plac

ed

onvario

us

kind

s

ofcons

truc

tion

proj

ects

inNov

a

Sco

tia

and

else

whe

re

have

had

high

rate

soffailu

re

beca

use

of

impr

oper

inst

alla

tion

and

use.

Whe

n

impr

oper

ly

plac

ed,

unde

rcut

ting

and

end

flow

occu

rs,

whi

ch

actu

ally

incr

ease

s

the

amou

ntofsedi

men

t

erod

ed

and

tran

s-

port

ed

byruno

ff

1.Ifthe

barr

ier

isusedinadi

tch

or

swal

e,

and

the

side

slop

esofthe

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

toamor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

Exc

avat

e

the

side

s

ofthe

ditc

h

toallo

w

the

bale

s

tobekeye

d-

in.

Ref

er

tothe

desi

gn

step

s

liste

d

in

Che

ck

Dam

s

—

Gen

eral

,

Fac

tshe

et

2.7.

2.Exc

avat

e

the

tren

ch.

•Exc

avat

e

atren

ch

the

wid

thofa

stra

w

bale

and

the

leng

thofthe

prop

osed

barr

ier

toamin

imum

dept

h

of100-

150

mm(4

-6

in.)

belo

w

the

surf

ace.

Str

aw

ba/e

s

usedtofilte

r

sedi

men

t

nearthe

edgeofalake

—

here

,

one

smal

l

lotisbe

ing

deve

lope

d.

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

ST

RA

W

FIL

TE

R

BA

RR

IER

No.

2.8

Pag

e3of3

3.Pla

ce

the

stra

w

bale

s.

•Pla

ce

the

bale

s

onthei

r

side

s

and

tight

ly

toge

therinthe

tren

ch.(If th

e

bale

s

have

been

tied

with

non-

degr

adab

le

twin

e,

they

shou

ld

be

plac

ed

ontheflat.)

•Driv

e

two

stur

dy

woo

den

orstee

l

stak

es

thro

ugh

each

bale

,

deep

enou

ghtoanch

or

them

secu

rely

.

Driv

e

the

first

stak

e

ineach

bale

tow

ard

the

prev

ious

ly

laid

bale

to

forc

e

the

bale

s

toge

ther

.

•Wed

ge

loos

e

stra

w

betw

een

any

crac

ks

orothe

r

open

ings

and

scat

ter

loos

e

stra

w

overthe

soil

on

the

uphi

ll

sideofthe

barr

ier.

Sub

sequ

ent

mov

emen

t

ofthe

loos

e

stra

w

tend

s

toseal

any

unde

tect

ed

open

ingsinthe

barr

ier.

4.Bac

kfill

•Bac

kfill

and

light

ly

com

pact

the

exca

vate

d

soil

uptoadept

hof

100

mm(4in

.)

agai

nst

the

up-

slop

e

sideofthe

barr

ier.

•Bac

kfill

and

com

pact

the

exca

vate

d

soil

togrou

nd

leve

l

onthe

dow

n-

slop

e

side

.

5.Digase

dim

ent

traponthe

sideofthe

barr

ier.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

upsl

ope

The

barr

ier

shou

ld

bechec

ked

regu

larly

and

repl

aced

,ifnece

ssar

y,

afte

r

each

rain

stor

m.Itsh

ould

berepl

acedifthe

bale

s

beco

me

clog

ged

with

silt.(W

et

bale

s

are

very

heav

y.)

Rem

ove

the

build

upofsedi

men

t

from

the

upsl

ope

sideofthe

barr

ier.

The

barr

ier

can

norm

ally

berem

oved

afte

r

othe

r

mea

sure

s

have

been

com

-

plet

ed

and

cont

rol

iswel

l

esta

blis

hed.

Her

e,

the

stra

w

bale

s

are

cove

red

with

crus

hed

ston

e

and

used

asa

bermtofilte

r

runo

ff

fromalarg

e

cons

truc

tion

areabe

foreitflo

ws

off

the

site

intoast

orm

sew

er.

No.

2.9

Pag

e2of2

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

FIL

TE

R

FA

BR

IC

BA

RR

IER

(GE

OT

EX

TIL

E)

slop

esofthe

ditc

h

are

stee

p,

regr

ade

toamor

e

stab

le

slop

e.

For

furt

her

info

rmat

ion,

see

Fac

tshe

et

2.7,

Che

ck

Dam

s

—

Gen

eral

.

3.Exc

avat

e

the

tren

ch.

•Exc

avat

e

a100

mm(4in

.)

by

100

mm(4in

.)

tren

chinacres

-

cent

shap

e

acro

ss

the

flow

path

,

with

ends

poin

ting

upsl

ope.

4.Set

woo

d

stak

es

supp

lied

bythe

man

ufac

ture

r.

•Driv

e

stur

dy,

50mm(2in

.)

squa

re

woo

d

stak

es,

spac

ed1m(3.3

ft.) ap

art,

secu

rely

into

the

grou

nd

alon

g

the

dow

nslo

pe

sideofthe

tren

ch.

Not

e:Ifthe

grou

ndishard

,

apick

orstee

l

bar

willbene

eded

.

5.Inst

all

the

filte

r

barr

ier.

•The

filte

r

fabr

ic

shou

ld

beina

cont

inuo

us

roll

and

cut

toits

desi

red

leng

th.

(Avo

idin

g

seam

s

impr

oves

the

stre

ngth

and

effi-

cien

cyofthe

barr

ier.

) •Sta

ple

the

filte

r

fabr

ic

tothe

upst

ream

sideofthe

stak

es,

exte

ndin

g

the

botto

m

200

mm

(8in.)

into

the

tren

ch.

•The

filte

r

barr

ier

shou

ld

not

exce

ed

900

mm(3

6

in.)

inheig

ht.

6.Bac

kfill

.

•Bac

kfill

and

com

pact

the

soilinthe

tren

ch

overthe

filte

r

fabr

ic.

7.Veg

etat

e

expo

sed

soil

imm

edia

tely

.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Cle

an

out

accu

mul

ated

sedi

men

t

at

regu

lar

inte

rval

s

and

afte

r

seve

re

rain

stor

ms,

and

prom

ptly

repa

ir

the

barr

ierif

unde

rcuf

ting

orend

flow

has

occu

rred

.

The

barr

ier

canbere

mov

ed

once

othe

r

cons

truc

tion

wor

k

has

been

com

plet

ed

and

the

areaisst

abili

zed.

L!i

Fab

ricB

ackf

ill

Nov

a

Sco

tiaD

epar

tmen

t

of

the

Env

ironm

ent

ER

OS

ION

AN

DC

ON

TR

OL

FA

CT

SH

EE

T

SE

DIM

EN

T

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SIL

TA

TIO

N

PO

ND

S

No.

2.10

Pag

e1of3

June

1988

The

se

are

also

refe

rred

toassedi

men

ta-

tion

pond

s

orbasi

ns,

and

are

not

tobe

conf

used

withsilt

trap

s.(For

info

rmat

ion

onsilt

trap

s

refe

r

toFac

tshe

et

2.7.

)

PU

RP

OS

E

•To

inte

rcep

t

and

reta

in

sedi

men

t-

lade

n

runo

ff

sothat

sedi

men

t

may

settl

e

out,

ther

eby

redu

cing

the

amou

ntofsedi

men

t

leav

ing

the

dist

urbe

d

area

,

and

prot

ectin

g

drai

nage

way

s,

prop

ertie

s

and

wat

erco

urse

s

belo

w

the

pond

from

exce

ssiv

e

sedi

men

tatio

n

CO

ND

ITIO

NS

WH

ER

E

AP

PLI

CA

BLE

Gen

eral

ly,

silta

tion

pond

s

are

used

asa

last

reso

rt"

totrea

t

runo

ff

whi

ch

has

alre

ady

beco

me

silt-

lade

n.

The

y

donot

solv

e

eros

ion

prob

lem

s.

Nat

ural

wat

er-

cour

ses

mus

t

not

becons

ider

ed

for

the

loca

tion

ofsilta

tion

pond

s.

The

y

canbeused

:

•Whe

re

phys

ical

cond

ition

s

orland

owne

rshi

p

rest

rictio

ns

onadist

urbe

d

site

prec

lude

the

inst

alla

tion

of

eros

ion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s

toade-

quat

ely

cont

rol

runo

ff,

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

•Bel

ow

cons

truc

tion

oper

atio

ns

whi

ch

expo

se

criti

cal

area

stosoil

eros

ion

Silt

atio

n

pond

s

rem

ain

ineffe

ct

until

the

dist

urbe

d

areaispr

otec

ted

agai

nst

eros

ion

byperm

anen

t

stab

iliza

tion.

The

re

are

thre

e

type

sofsilta

tion

pond

s

that

maybein

stal

led:

expe

dien

t,

tem

po-

raryorpe

rman

ent.

Exp

edie

nt

silta

tion

pond

s

shou

ld

be

desi

gned

for

afew

days

'

use

and

shou

ld

prov

ide

forasm

all

amou

ntof

stor

age.

The

y

can

quic

kly

becon-

stru

cted

withabu

lldoz

er

orback

hoe.

Tem

pora

ry

silta

tion

pond

s

havealife

spanofafew

mon

ths

toafew

year

s

and

prov

ide

muc

h

mor

e

stor

age

than

expe

dien

t

ones

.

No.

2.10

Page2of3

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SIL

TA

TIO

N

PO

ND

S

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Ero

ded

tops

oil

maybere

clai

med

•Impr

oves

wat

erco

urse

qual

ity,

part

ic-

ular

ly

whe

n

usedinco

njun

ctio

n

with

othe

r

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

cont

rol

prac

tices

•Use

ful

inarea

s

whe

re

slop

e

stab

ili-

zatio

niseith

er

not

poss

ible

or

inef

fect

ive,

orwhe

re

volu

me

of

wat

ertobetrea

ted

ishigh

DIS

AD

VA

NT

AG

ES

•Mor

e

cost

ly

than

slop

e

stab

iliza

tion

DE

SIG

N

CO

NS

IDE

RA

TIO

NS

Aprim

ary

cons

ider

atio

n

isthe

loca

tion

of

the

silta

tion

pond

and

the

avai

labl

e

land

area

.

The

volu

me

ofthe

silta

tion

pond

mus

t

beatleas

t

190

m3

(1/1

6

ac.-

ft.) fo

r

ever

y

hect

are

(acr

e)

unde

r

cons

truc

-

tion.

The

effic

ienc

y

ofsedi

men

t

trap

ping

is

depe

nden

t

upon

wat

ersh

ed

soil

type

.

Cla

y

and

silt

part

icle

s

donot

settl

e

quic

kly

once

they

are

susp

ende

d

in

wat

er.

Wat

ersh

eds

that

cont

ain

soils

highinclay

and

silt

requ

ire

larg

e

pond

s

tocapt

ure

the

soil

that

has

been

erod

ed.

The

aver

age

basi

n

leng

th

shou

ld

beat

leas

t

twic

e

the

aver

age

wid

th,

inorde

r

to

incr

ease

the

amou

ntoftimeinw

hich

settl

ing

may

occu

r.

The

aver

age

basi

n

dept

h

shou

ld

beatleas

t

1.2

m(4ft.)

to

less

en

the

freq

uenc

y

ofclea

n

out.

Itshou

ld

beloca

ted

and

desi

gned

for

easy

clea

n

out

bylarg

e

mec

hani

zed

equi

pmen

t.Itisnece

ssar

y

toprov

ide

spac

etoput

mat

eria

l

that

has

been

rem

oved

fromthe

pond

,

sothatitdoes

not

was

h

into

near

by

wat

erco

urse

s.

Det

erm

ineifapi

pe,

wei

r

ordrop

inle

t

spill

wayistobeused

.

Insom

e

inst

ance

s,

itmaybene

cess

ary

touse

filte

r

fabr

ic

on

spill

way

s.

The

size

and

costofse

dim

enta

tion

pond

s

canbegr

eatly

redu

ced

by

prev

entin

g

off-

site

drai

nage

from

ente

r-

ing

the

cons

truc

tion

site(cro

ss

refe

renc

e

—

Div

ersi

on

Ditc

h

Fac

tshe

et

2.1)

.

The

effe

ctiv

enes

s

ofapond

canbein

crea

sed

bydive

rtin

g

non-

turb

id

stor

m

wat

er

arou

ndit.The

refo

re

donot

loca

tea

silta

tion

pondinastre

am,

lake

,

natu

ral

pondorsw

amp.

Itisreco

mm

ende

d

that

sedi

men

tatio

n

basi

ns

not

bebuiltinse

ries.

DE

SIG

N

ST

EP

S

The

desi

gnofsilta

tion

pond

s

requ

ires

the

assi

stan

ce

ofasoils

engi

neer

or

othe

r

pers

on

expe

rienc

ed

inthe

desi

gn

and

inst

alla

tion

oferos

ion

and

silta

tion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s.

Per

man

ent

silta

tion

pond

s

serv

ea

func

tion

afte

r

cons

truc

tion

iscom

-

plet

ed.

The

se

pond

s

mayac

t

asa

flood

-pro

ofin

g

mea

sure

orprov

ide

recr

eatio

nal

oppo

rtun

ities

.

Forde-

taile

d

info

rmat

ion

rega

rdin

g

perm

an-

ent

silta

tion

pond

s,

refe

r

to"Des

ign

of

Sed

imen

tatio

n

Bas

ins"

)

Tra

nspo

rta-

tion

Res

earc

h

Boa

rd,

1980

)

orothe

r

refe

renc

es.

CA

TE

GO

RY

CO

NT

RO

L

ME

AS

UR

E

DR

AIN

AG

E

CO

NT

RO

L

SIL

TA

TIO

N

PO

ND

S

No.

2.10

Pag

e 3 of 3

1. Det

erm

ine

the

area of land

that

will

drai

n

to the

silta

tion

pond

.

Min

imiz

e

that

area to the

exte

nt

poss

ible

.

2. The

Rat

iona

l

Met

hod

can be used to

dete

rmin

e

runo

ff.

3. Pro

tect

the

wei

r

spill

way

with

ripra

p.

4. Pla

ce

the

ripra

p

just

dow

nstr

eam

of

the

pond

outle

t

to prev

ent

scou

r.

IMP

LEM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ST

EP

S

Silt

atio

n

pond

s

shou

ld

be inst

alle

d

befo

re

any

grub

bing of the

cons

truc

tion

site

occu

rs.

MA

INT

EN

AN

CE

Insp

ect

the

sedi

men

tatio

n

basi

n

perio

di-

cally

whi

le

cons

truc

tion

oper

atio

ns

are

goin

g

on in its imm

edia

te

vici

nity

,

so that

any

dam

age

by equi

pmen

t

or by eros

ion

can

be dete

cted

and

repa

ired

imm

e-

diat

ely.

Afte

r

each

rain

insp

ect

the

basi

n

for

eros

ion

dam

age

or for

the

need

for

clea

nout

.

Rem

ove

the

accu

mul

ated

mat

eria

l

whe

n

the

sedi

men

t

leve

l

com

es

with

in a foot

or so of the

spill

way

cres

t

or whe

n

the

pond is ab

out

2/3

full. If the

basi

n

has

a dew

ater

ing

syst

em, it m

ight

be wel

l

to

wai

t

until

the

sedi

men

t

drie

s

befo

re

star

ting

clea

nout

.

How

ever

, if rain is

fore

cast

,

the

clea

nout

shou

ld

be done

with

out

dela

y,

even if a dr

aglin

e

mus

t

be

brou

ght

in for

the

clea

ning

.

Pla

ce

the

rem

oved

sedi

men

t

whe

re it

cann

ot

re-e

nter

the

basi

n

or the

stre

am

belo

w.

Whe

n

tem

pora

ry

silta

tion

pond

s

are

no

long

er

need

ed

for

silta

tion

cont

rol,

the

site

shou

ld

be leve

lled

and

reve

geta

ted.

CR

OS

S

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.1

Rip

rap

Lini

ng

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.3

Geo

text

ile

Filt

er

Fab

ric

•

Fac

tshe

et

1.4

Tem

pora

ry

Mat

ting

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.1

Div

ersi

on

Ditc

h

•

Fac

tshe

et

2.4

Sto

rm

Dra

in

Out

let

Pro

tect

ion

)

GLO

SS

AR

Y

AC

RE

-FO

OT

(ac.

-ft.)

The

volu

me

of wat

er

that

will

cove

r 1 acre to a dept

h

of 1 foot

.

AE

ST

HE

TIC

Ple

asin

g

to look at.

AN

GLE

OF

RE

PO

SE

The

angl

e

betw

een

the

horiz

onta

l

and

the

max

imum

slop

e,

that a soil

assu

mes

thro

ugh

natu

ral

proc

esse

s.

AP

RO

N

A floor

or linin

g

that

prot

ects a su

rfac

e

from

eros

ion

by diss

ipat

ing

the

ener

gy

of a dire

ct

flow of

wat

er; it is pl

aced

at the

botto

m,

or toe, of a slop

e,

chut

e

or

spill

way

,

or at the

outle

t

of a culv

ert.

BA

NK

'MIN

ING

"

Ban

k

mat

eria

l

was

hed

out

alon

g a horiz

onta

l

laye

r

by grou

ndw

ater

seep

age

abov

e

an impe

rmea

ble

laye

r,

caus

ing

slum

ping of the

uppe

r

bank

mat

eria

l.

BE

NC

HIN

G

A tech

niqu

e

of grad

ing

or plac

emen

t

of fill

to crea

te a serie

s

of leve

l

benc

hes

or 'ste

ps'

on a slop

e.

Ben

ches

redu

ce

the

effe

ctiv

e

slop

e

leng

th

and

also

serv

e to trap

sedi

men

t.

BE

RM

A ridge

that

brea

ks

the

cont

inui

ty

of a slop

e.

BO

RR

OW

AR

EA

A sour

ce of eart

h

fill

mat

eria

l

used in the

cons

truc

tion

of emba

nkm

ents

or

othe

r

eart

h

fill

stru

ctur

es.

BU

FF

ER

ST

RIP

Usu

ally a st

rip of perm

anen

t

vege

tatio

n

left

besi

de

stre

amba

nks

to reta

rd

the

flow of ru

noff

wat

er

that

caus

es

depo

sitio

n

of tran

spor

ted

mat

eria

l,

and

to

prot

ect

the

bank

s. It coul

d

also be a ve

geta

tive

strip

,

part

icul

arly

of tree

s

or

bush

es,

left

betw

een

the

cons

truc

tion

proj

ect

and

adja

cent

prop

erty

.

CH

EC

K

DA

M

A smal

l

dam

cons

truc

ted

in a gully

,

ditc

h,

or othe

r

sim

ilar

plac

e

to decr

ease

wat

er

velo

city

(by

redu

cing

the

chan

nel

grad

ient

),

min

imiz

e

scou

r

eros

ion

and

prom

ote

accu

mul

atio

n

of sedi

men

t.

CO

ND

UIT

Any

chan

nel

inte

nded

for

conv

eyan

ce of wat

er,

whe

ther

open or cl

osed

(like

a culv

ert)

.

CO

NT

OU

R

(1)

An

imag

inar

y

line

on the

surf

ace

of the

eart

h

conn

ectin

g

poin

ts of the

sam

e

elev

atio

n.

(2) A line

draw

n

on a map

conn

ectin

g

poin

ts

of the

sam

e

elev

atio

n.

lb

2b

CY

CLO

NE

SE

ED

ER

A

hand

-tur

ned

or trac

tor-

draw

n

seed

er

that

broa

dcas

ts

seed

onto

the

seed

bed

by a rota

ry

mot

ion

that

slin

gs

the

seed

outw

ard

from the

seed

er.

DE

PO

SIT

ION

The

accu

mul

atio

n

of mat

eria

l

whi

ch

settl

es

or is drop

ped

due

to slow

er

mov

emen

t

of the

tran

spor

ting

agen

t,

wat

er.

DIS

PE

RS

ION

DIT

CH

A ditc

h

that

conv

erts a co

ncen

trat

ed

flow of ru

noff

into

shee

t

flow

and

outle

ts

it onto

area

s

stab

ilize

d

by exis

ting

vege

tatio

n,

thus

help

ing

to prev

ent

eros

ion.

DR

AIN

(NO

UN

)

(1) A bu

ried

pipe or ot

her

cond

uit

(sub

surf

ace

drai

n).

(2) A di

tch

or chan

nel

(ope

n

drai

n)

for

carr

ying

off

surf

ace

wat

er

or

grou

ndw

ater

.

DR

AIN

(VE

RB

)

(1)

To

prov

ide

chan

nels

,

such as open

ditc

hes

or clos

ed

drai

ns,

so that

exce

ss

wat

er

can be re

mov

ed

by surf

ace

flow

or inte

rnal

flow

.

(2)

To

lose

wat

er

(fro

m

the

soil) by pe

rcol

atio

n.

DR

AIN

AG

E

(1)

The

rem

oval

of exce

ss

surf

ace

wat

er

or grou

nd

wat

er

from

land by

mea

ns of surf

ace

or subs

urfa

ce

drai

ns.

(2)

Soi

l

char

acte

ristic

s

that

affe

ct

natu

ral

drai

nage

.

DR

AIN

AG

E

AR

EA

(WA

TE

RS

HE

D)

All

land

and

wat

er

area

from

whi

ch

runo

ff

may

run to a co

mm

on

(des

ign)

poin

t.

DR

OP

INLE

T

SP

ILLW

AY

An

over

fall

stru

ctur

e in whi

ch

the

wat

er

drop

s

thro

ugh

a vert

ical

riser

conn

ecte

d

to a disc

harg

e

cond

uit.

DR

OP

SP

ILLW

AY

An

over

fall

stru

ctur

e

in whi

ch

the

wat

er

drop

s

over a vert

ical

wal

l

onto

an

apro

n

at a low

er

elev

atio

n.

DR

OP

ST

RU

CT

UR

E

A stru

ctur

e

for

drop

ping

wat

er to a low

er

leve

l

and

diss

ipat

ing

its surp

lus

ener

gy; a fall.

The

drop

may be vert

ical

or incl

ined

.

ER

OD

IBLE

Sus

cept

ible

to eros

ion.

ER

OS

ION

Det

achm

ent

of soil

part

icle

s

by eros

ive

agen

ts,

prin

cipa

lly

wat

er,

win

d,

ice,

and

grav

ity.

ER

OS

IVE

Hav

ing

suffi

cien

t

velo

city

to caus

e

eros

ion.

Ref

ers

to win

d

or wat

er.

Not to be

conf

used

with

'ero

dibl

e'

as a qual

ity

of soil.

)

FILTER FABRIC (G EOTEXTILES) A synthetic material of woven or non-woven (plastic) description. Its purpose is to allow water to filter through while retaining fine soil particles and preventing them from being washed away.

GABION MATTRESS A thin gabion (flexible woven-wire basket), usually 150 to 230 mm (6 to 9 in.) thick, filled with rock and used to line channels or stream banks for erosion control.

GRADE (1) The slope of a road, channel, or natural ground. (2) The finished surface of a roadbed, top of embankment, or bottom of

excavation; any surface prepared for the support of construction, like paving or laying a conduit.

(3) To finish the surface of a roadbed, top of embankment or bottom of excavation.

GRADIENT Change of elevation per unit length; slope.

GULLY/GULLYING (GULLY EROSION) Erosion of soil caused by concentrated runoff which forms a deeply-cut channel in the land surface.

HECTARE (ha.) A measure of the area of a land surface equal to 2.47 acres.

HYDRO-SEEDING Mechanical application by spraying onto the surface of the soil a specially- mixed slurry of turf-establishing materials, consisting of water, seed, fertilizer, and short-fibre wood or paper mulch.

IN LET (1) A surface connection to a closed drain. (2) A structure at the entrance end of a conduit. (3) The upstream end of any structure through which water may flow.

JUTE A coarsely woven material of jute yarn which can be used to control soil erosion.

LAND-DISTURBING ACTIVITY Any land change which may result in soil erosion, including, but not limited to, clearing, grubbing, grading, excavating, transporting, and filling of land.

LI1TER Fine-textured vegetative material such as straw or forest litter.

MEAN STREAM LEVEL The average or normal water level in a stream.

3b

4b

MU

LCH

A natu

ral

or artif

icia

l

laye

r

of plan

t

resi

due

or othe

r

mat

eria

ls

cove

ring

the

surf

ace

of the

soil

to prot

ect

and

enha

nce

cert

ain

char

acte

ristic

s,

such

as

rete

ntio

n

of soil

moi

stur

e

and

prot

ectio

n

agai

nst

the

impa

ct

of rain

drop

s.

OU

TLE

T

The po

int

at whi

ch

wat

er

disc

harg

es

from a cond

uit,

chan

nel,

stre

am,

or

drai

nage

area

.

PIP

ING

The

rem

oval

of soil

thro

ugh

subs

urfa

ce

flow

chan

nels

or "pip

es"

deve

lope

d

by

seep

age

wat

er.

PO

LLU

TIO

N

A detr

imen

tal

alte

ratio

n

or varia

tion

of the

phys

ical

,

chem

ical

,

biol

ogic

al,

or

aest

hetic

prop

ertie

s

of the

envi

ronm

ent

(incl

udin

g

the

wat

er

reso

urce

s),

whi

ch

will

rend

er,

or is likel

y

to rend

er,

the

wat

ers

harm

ful

to publ

ic

heal

th,

or less

usef

ul

to man

,

anim

als,

bird

s,

or aqua

tic

life.

RIL

L/R

ILLI

NG

(RIL

L

ER

OS

ION

)

A smal

l

chan

nel,

not

mor

e

than

thirt

y

cent

imet

res

(one

foot

)

deep

,

cut

into

the

surf

ace

of the

soil

by runo

ff.

RIP

RA

P

Larg

e

rock

,

cobb

les,

or boul

ders

plac

ed

on eart

h

surf

aces

for

prot

ectio

n

of the

soil

agai

nst

the

eros

ive

actio

n

of wat

er.

RU

NO

FF

The

port

ion

of prec

ipita

tion

on a drai

nage

area that is not

abso

rbed

into

the

grou

nd

but

is disc

harg

ed

into

stre

ams.

Com

pone

nts

of runo

ff

incl

ude

over

land

flow

(she

et

flow

),

open

chan

nel

flow

and

grou

ndw

ater

flow

.

SC

AR

IFY

To

abra

de,

scra

tch,

mod

ify,

or brea

k

the

surf

ace

of the

soil.

SC

OU

RIN

G

Ero

sion of the

bed

or bank

s

of a chan

nel,

usua

lly

loca

lized

arou

nd

an

obst

ruct

ion

or stru

ctur

e in a chan

nel

or at the

outle

t

of a cond

uit,

due

to an

incr

ease in the

wat

er

velo

city

arou

nd

the

obst

ruct

ion

or disc

harg

ing

from the

cond

uit.

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

and

depo

sitio

n

of soil

part

icle

s

that

beco

me

deta

ched

thro

ugh

eros

ion.

SE

EP

AG

E

Wat

er

esca

ping

thro

ugh,

or emer

ging

from

,

the

grou

nd;

usua

lly

cons

ider

ed

to

occu

r

alon

g

an exte

nsiv

e

line

or surf

ace,

as cont

rast

ed

with a sprin

g,

whe

re

the

wat

er

emer

ges

from a lo

caliz

ed

spot

.

SH

EE

T

ER

OS

ION

Soi

l

eros

ion

caus

ed by shee

t

flow

(ove

rland

flow

),

whi

ch is wat

er

flow

ing

in

a thin

laye

r

over the

soil

surf

ace.

SID

E

SLO

PE

The

slop

e of the

side

s

of a wat

erco

urse

or

emba

nkm

ent;

the

stee

pnes

s of a

grad

e

or hill. It is ex

pres

sed

as a ratio or pe

rcen

tage

. It is cust

omar

y

to nam

e

the

horiz

onta

l

dist

ance

first

;

for

exam

ple, 2 to 1, or fr

eque

ntly

,

2:1

(200

perc

ent)

,

mea

ning a ho

rizon

tal

dist

ance of 2 un

its to 1 unit

vert

ical

dist

ance

.

Whe

n

expr

esse

d

in degr

ees, it is the

angl

e of the

slop

e

from the

horiz

onta

l

plan

e,

with a 90 de

g.

slop

e

bein

g

vert

ical

(max

imum

),

and

45 deg.

bein

g a 1:1

slop

e.

SIL

TA

TIO

N

See

also

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N.

Den

otes

sedi

men

t

pollu

tion

of a wat

erco

urse

.

SLO

UG

H I NG

Slo

w

crum

ble

and

falli

ng

away of a port

ion

of the

bank

into

the

stre

am,

occu

rrin

g

whe

n

the

soil

stru

ctur

e is wea

kene

d

by wat

er

seep

ing

thro

ugh

the

bank

.

SLU

MP

ING

Sud

den

colla

pse

or slid

ing

of a port

ion

of the

bank

into

the

stre

am,

occu

rrin

g

whe

n

unde

rlyin

g

supp

ort

is inad

equa

te

and/

or

the

soil

stru

ctur

e is

wea

kene

d

by wat

er

seep

ing

thro

ugh

the

bank

.

SO

IL

PE

RM

EA

BIL

ITY

The

abili

ty of soil

to allo

w

wat

er

or air

to mov

e

thro

ugh

it.

ST

AB

ILIZ

AT

ION

The

proc

ess of es

tabl

ishi

ng

an endu

ring

soil

cove

r of vege

tatio

n

and/

or

mul

ch

or othe

r

grou

nd

cove

r in com

bina

tion

with

inst

allin

g

tem

pora

ry

or

perm

anen

t

stru

ctur

es

for

the

purp

ose of m

inim

izin

g

soil

eros

ion.

TA

ILW

AT

ER

The

wat

er in the

chan

nel

imm

edia

tely

dow

nstr

eam

from a st

ruct

ure.

TE

RR

AC

ING

An

eros

ion

cont

rol

tech

niqu

e

that

invo

lves

cons

truc

ting

an emba

nkm

ent

or

com

bina

tion

of an emba

nkm

ent

and

chan

nel

acro

ss a slop

e

at a suita

ble

spac

ing

to dive

rt

or stor

e

surf

ace

runo

ff

inst

ead

of perm

ittin

g it to flow

unin

terr

upte

d

dow

n

the

slop

e.

TO

PO

GR

AP

HY

The

conf

igur

atio

n

of the

Ear

th's

surf

ace,

incl

udin

g

the

shap

e

and

posi

tion

of

its natu

ral

and

man

-mad

e

feat

ures

.

TO

PS

OIL

The

uppe

r

laye

r

of soil,

cont

aini

ng

orga

nic

mat

ter

and

suite

d

for

plan

t

surv

ival

and

grow

th.

TR

AS

H

RA

CK

A grill

,

grat

e

or stru

ctur

al

devi

ce

used to pr

even

t

debr

is

from

ente

ring

a

spill

way

,

cond

uit

or othe

r

hydr

aulic

stru

ctur

e.

TU

RB

IDIT

Y

(TU

RB

ID

WA

TE

R)

Con

ditio

n

of wat

er

whe

n it beco

mes

clou

dy

due

to sedi

men

t

mov

ing

in

susp

ensi

on

in the

wat

er.

5b

6b

UN

DE

RC

UT

11N

G(U

ND

ER

MIN

ING

)

(1)

Ero

sion

alon

g

the

toe of a st

ream

bank

due

to conc

entr

ated

chan

nel

flow

(e.g

.,

at the

bend in a st

ream

or arou

nd

an

obst

ruct

ion)

,

crea

ting

an

over

hang

ing

or vert

ical

bank

.

(2)

Loss of soil

from

unde

r

an

emba

nkm

ent,

slop

e,

stre

amba

nk,

or stru

ctur

e

due

to conc

entr

ated

flow

resu

lting in sc

ourin

g.

WA

TE

RS

HE

D

See

DR

AIN

AG

E

AR

EA

.

)

AP

PE

ND

IX

A

EF

FE

CT

S

OF

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

ON

TH

E

EN

VIR

ON

ME

NT

Sed

imen

tatio

n

isthe

proc

essof

tran

spor

tatio

n

and

depo

sitio

n

of

deta

ched

soil

part

icle

s.

Sed

imen

t

isestim

ated

tobethe

larg

est

sing

le

wat

er

pollu

tant

byvolu

me

—

atleas

t

700

times

thatofse

wag

e.

Tur

bidi

ty

caus

ed

byexce

ssiv

e

sedi

men

t

inwat

er

dest

roys

the

aest

hetic

attr

actio

ns

oflake

s

and

stre

ams,

ther

eby

spoi

ling

recr

eatio

nal

activ

ities

like

swim

min

g

and

fishi

ng.

Sed

imen

tatio

n

oflake

s

redu

ces

mea

n

dept

h

and

volu

me

and

prov

ides

subs

trat

es

for

nuis

ance

aqua

tic

plan

ts.Itca

n

also

affe

ct

the

qual

ity

ofdrin

king

wat

er.

Det

erio

ratio

n

ofthe

qual

ityof

amun

icip

al

wat

er

supp

ly

for

long

perio

ds

even

tual

ly

nece

ssita

tes

soph

istic

ated

and

expe

nsiv

e

wat

er

purif

icat

ion

trea

tmen

t.Ifariveris

usedfor

hydr

o-el

ectr

ic

purp

oses

,

incr

ease

d

sedi

men

t

load

s

may

dam

age

turb

ines

.

Oth

er

pollu

tant

s

—

nam

ely,

diss

olve

d

nutr

ient

s,

diss

olve

d

salts

,

heav

y

met

als,

pest

cont

rol

prod

ucts

,

bact

eria

,

and

fert

ilize

rs

—

are

ofte

n

atta

ched

toerod

ed

soil

part

icle

s.

Whe

n

depo

site

d

inlake

s

or

river

s,

they

cankill

fish,

wild

life

and

wat

erfo

wl,

and

can

beco

me

a

serio

us

heal

th

thre

at

toman

.

Oneofthe

mos

t

serio

us

envi

ronm

enta

l

effe

cts

ofsilta

tion

isthe

dest

ruct

ion

offish

and

fish

habi

tat.

Fis

h

can

with

stan

d

high

turb

idity

for

shor

t

perio

ds,

but

such

cond

ition

s

may

indu

ce

anadde

d

phys

iolo

gica

l

stre

ss

whi

ch

mak

es

fish

susc

eptib

le

toinfe

ctio

n

bydise

ase-

caus

ing

mic

ro-o

rgan

ism

s.

lb

Fig

ure

A-i:

Aed

al

viewofsi

ltatio

n

toawat

er

supp

ly

lake

due

to

upst

ream

cons

truc

tion

activ

ities

.

8b

Fig

ures

4-2

and

4-3:

Hig

h

conc

entr

atio

n

ofsedi

men

t

pum

ped

outofa

cons

truc

tion

proj

ect

intoast

ream

smot

here

d

this

smal

l

fishinm

inut

es.

Larg

er6in.

trou

t

suffo

cate

d

soon

afte

r.

Hig

h

turb

idity

leve

ls

redu

ce

light

pene

trat

ion

and

inhi

bit

phot

osyn

-

thes

is,

ther

eby

affe

ctin

g

the

food

chai

n

and

diss

olve

d

oxyg

en

cont

ent.

Str

eam

s

thatfill

with

sedi

men

t

have

few

er

suita

ble

habi

tats

for

fish

and

prov

ide

less

shel

ter.

Eve

ntua

lly,

popu

latio

ns

ofspor

t

fish

like

salm

on

and

trou

t

decl

ine

and

less

desi

rabl

e

spec

ies

prol

ifera

te.

Dec

line

offish

stoc

ksinturn

affe

cts

the

natu

ral

food

chai

n

ofwat

erfo

wl,

smal

l

mam

mal

s

and

furb

earin

g

anim

als.

Som

e

ofthe

mos

t

prom

inen

t

type

sofsedi

men

t-pr

oduc

ing

activ

ities

are

farm

ing,

fore

stry

oper

atio

ns,

high

way

cons

truc

tion,

urba

n

deve

lopm

ent,

and

othe

r

mas

s

grad

ing

proj

ects

.

One

mai

n

reas

onfor

exce

ssiv

e

eros

ion

and

tran

spor

t

ofsedi

men

t

isthat

the

peakofland

clea

ring

ofte

n

coin

cide

s

withahe

avy

rain

fall

seas

on.

Stu

dies

have

indi

cate

d

that

succ

essi

ve

chan

ges

inland

use

with

inawat

ersh

ed

are

acco

mpa

nied

bychan

ges

insedi

men

t

yiel

d.

For

exam

ple,

sedi

men

t

yiel

ds

can

vary

from38tonn

es

per

squa

re

kilo

met

re

per

year(1

00

tons

per

squa

re

mile

per

year

)

from

fore

sted

area

s

to304

tonn

es

per

squa

re

kilo

met

re

per

year(8

00

tons

per

squa

re

mile

per

year

)

from

agric

ultu

ral

land

s,

andinex

cessof38,0

00

tonn

es

per

squa

re

kilo

met

re

per

year

(100

,000

tons

per

squa

re

mileper

year

)

from

expo

sed

cons

truc

tion

area

s.

AP

PE

ND

IX

B

ER

OS

ION

AN

D

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

PR

OC

ES

SE

S

GE

OLO

GIC

AN

D

AC

CE

LER

AT

ED

RA

TE

S

OF

ER

OS

ION

&

SE

DIM

EN

TA

TIO

N

Soi

l

eros

ion

isthe

grad

ual

wea

ring

awayofthe

land

surf

ace

bywat

er,

win

d,

ice

and

grav

ity.

The

tran

spor

tatio

n,

depo

sitio

n

and

accu

mul

atio

n

ofsoiliskn

own

assedi

men

tatio

n.

The

natu

ral

orgeol

ogic

eros

ion

ofthe

Ear

th's

crus

t

take

s

plac

e

grad

ually

,

over

thou

sand

s

ormill

ionsofye

ars

andis,

ther

efor

e,

not

read

ily

disc

erni

ble.

How

ever

,

geol

ogic

norm

soferos

ion

prov

ide

guid

elin

es

for

limitsofpr

actic

al

eros

ion

cont

rol

mea

sure

s,

andaba

sis

for

mea

surin

g

the

acce

lera

tion

ofsoil

eros

ion.

Man

's

activ

ities

can

spee

d

upthe

natu

ral

eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

proc

esse

s

cons

ider

ably

thro

ugh

the

rapi

d

rem

oval

ofsoilinam

atte

r

of

days

orwee

ks.

fib

Fig

ure

B-i:

Astab

le,

natu

ral

stre

am

envi

ronm

ent.

Geo

logi

c

eros

ion

isunno

ticea

hie.

12h

SH

EE

T,

RIL

L

AN

D

GU

LLY

ER

OS

ION

She

et

eros

ion

iscaus

ed

byrain

drop

impa

ct

and

spla

sh,

and

refe

rs

to

the

rem

oval

ofafairl

y

unifo

rm

laye

r

ofsoil

byshal

low

shee

ts

ofwat

er

with

out

the

deve

lopm

ent

ofcons

picu

ous

chan

nels

.

She

et

eros

ion

is

ofte

n

unob

serv

ed,

but

maybeev

iden

ced

bythe

accu

mul

atio

n

of

fres

hly-

erod

ed

mat

eria

l

atthe

footofsl

opes

.

Rill

eros

ion

isthe

crea

tion

ofcons

picu

ous

shal

low

chan

nels

due

to

the

deta

chm

ent

and

rem

oval

ofsoil

byrunn

ing

wat

er

asthe

shee

t

flow

beco

mes

conc

entr

ated

.

Whi

le

shee

t

eros

ion

isnot

grea

tly

influ

ence

d

by

slop

e

stee

pnes

s

orloca

tion

onaslop

e,

nIl

eros

ion

resu

lts

prim

arily

from

the

effe

cts

ofruno

ff,

andisgr

eatly

influ

ence

d

byslop

e

and

flow

rate

.

Forthe

purp

oseofim

plem

entin

g

eros

ion

cont

rols

,

shee

t

and

nIl

eros

ion

are

usua

lly

cons

ider

ed

and

trea

ted

asone,

rath

er

than

two

sepa

rate

proc

esse

s.

Gul

ly

eros

ion

occu

rs

asover

land

flowinrills

com

bine

s

into

incr

easi

ngly

larg

er

chan

nels

.Itinvo

lves

mor

e

sign

ifica

nt

eros

ion

than

doesnIl

eros

ion.

The

refo

re,

heav

y

equi

pmen

t,

spec

ially

desi

gned

stru

ctur

es

orthe

cost

ly

impo

rtofnew

mat

eria

l

are

requ

ired

torepl

ace

the

erod

ed

soil

andtoco

ntro

l

orrepa

ir

gulli

es

and

thei

r

trib

utar

y

rivul

ets.

Fig

ure

8-2:

Acc

eler

ated

eros

ion

ofalarg

e

cons

truc

tion

area

upst

ream

caus

edadram

atic

build

-up

ofsedi

men

t

in

this

stre

aminafew

wee

ks.

13h

Fig

ure

8-3:

She

et

and

nil

eros

ion

occu

ning

onanexpo

sed

high

way

emba

nkm

ent

quic

kly

tillin

ginthe

drai

nage

ditc

h

with

sedi

men

t.

Fig

ures

8-4

and

8-5:

The

adva

ncem

ent

ofgully

eros

ion

ataland

fill

site

overatwo

mon

th

perio

d.

For

scal

e,

notic

e

the

man

stan

dinginthe

gullyinthe

phot

ogra

ph,

onthe

right

.

14b

PH

YS

ICA

L

PR

OC

ES

SE

S

AN

D

CA

US

ES

OF

ER

OS

ION

Ero

sion is in

fluen

ced

prim

arily

by four

fact

ors:

clim

ate,

soil

type

,

topo

grap

hy,

and

vege

tatio

n.

Soi

l

eros

ion is of

ten

diffi

cult

to cont

rol

beca

use

of the

varia

bilit

y

of each

fact

or,

and

the

com

plex

inte

r-

rela

tions

hips

amon

g

them

.

Con

trol

ling

eros

ion

can be ac

com

plis

hed

thro

ugh

unde

rsta

ndin

g

the

natu

re of the

rela

tions

hips

or by deriv

ing

som

e

suita

ble

met

hod

of ratin

g

the

fact

ors

in orde

r

of impo

rtan

ce.

CLI

MA

TIC

FA

CT

OR

S

Rai

nfal

l

is the

maj

or

clim

atic

fact

or

whi

ch

cont

ribut

es

to eros

ion. It

caus

es

eros

ion

in two

way

s:

by rain

drop

impa

ct,

and

by runo

ff.

The

capa

city of ra

indr

ops

to deta

ch

soil

part

icle

s

upon

impa

ct

is a func

tion

of the

size

and

velo

city

of each

drop

and

the

rain

fall

inte

nsity

.

For

exam

ple,

fine

mis

t

falls at abou

t

25 mm (1 in.)

per

seco

nd,

whe

reas

the

velo

city of la

rger

drop

s

appr

oach

es

9.0

m per

seco

nd

(30 ft. per

seco

nd)

like

min

iatu

re

bom

bs!

The

rain

fall

inte

nsity

and

ener

gy is

impo

rtan

t

whe

n

com

parin

g

the

eros

ive

capa

city

of a shor

t

dura

tion

thun

ders

torm

cont

aini

ng

larg

e

drop

s,

and a fine

driz

zle

occu

rrin

g

over

a long

er

perio

d

of time.

The

seco

nd

phas

e

of eros

ion

caus

ed

by rain

fall

occu

rs

as runo

ff

begi

ns

and

rills

begi

n

to form

.

Run

off

occu

rs

whe

n

the

rate of ra

infa

ll

exce

eds

the

com

bine

d

infil

trat

ion

capa

city of the

soil

and

surf

ace

wat

er

dete

ntio

n.

Whe

n

rain

drop

s

strik

e

the

bare

soil

surf

ace,

a slur

ry

quic

kly

deve

lops

.

As

rain

wat

er

infil

trat

es

the

soil,

clay

part

icle

s

are

was

hed

belo

w

the

surf

ace,

ther

eby

seal

ing

the

surf

ace.

Thi

s

seal

ing

proc

ess

usua

lly

occu

rs

with

in

min

utes of the

begi

nnin

g

of an aver

age

rain

fall,

and

even

mor

e

quic

kly

durin

g

heav

y

rain

falls

.

The

seal

ing

proc

ess

caus

es

shee

t

flow

to deve

lop.

Alth

ough

shee

t

flow

can

tran

spor

t

susp

ende

d

part

icle

s, it has

little

capa

city

to deta

ch

soil

part

icle

s.

The

eros

iven

ess

of runo

ff

incr

ease

s

with

an incr

ease in

wat

er

velo

city

whi

ch

occu

rs

as the

wat

er

flow

s

dow

nslo

pe.

The

velo

city

of flow

also

incr

ease

s

with the

amou

nt of runo

ff

and

the

conc

entr

atio

n

of runo

ff

in rills

.

As

the

velo

city

incr

ease

s,

grea

ter

volu

mes of se

dim

ent

and

larg

er

soil

part

icle

s

are

tran

spor

ted.

Fre

ezin

g

and

thaw

ing

can

be

a caus

e of gully

enla

rgem

ent,

espe

cial

ly

whe

n

slum

ping

occu

rs

afte

r

sprin

g

thaw

.

Mat

eria

l

that

has

accu

mul

ated

in gulli

es

due

to slum

ping

and

othe

r

caus

es is usua

lly

tran

spor

ted

from the

gully

durin

g

perio

ds

of

sprin

g

runo

ff

or heav

y

rain

fall.

Alth

ough

the

amou

nt

and

inte

nsity

of rain

fall

are

criti

cal

para

met

ers

affe

ctin

g

eros

ion,

the

seas

onal

dist

ribut

ion

is ofte

n

mor

e

criti

cal.

The

seas

on of heav

iest

eros

ion is ch

arac

teriz

ed

by a com

bina

tion

of the

mos

t

unst

able

grou

nd

cond

ition

and

the

mos

t

inte

nsiv

e

rain

fall.

In

area

s

like

Nov

a

Sco

tia,

this

occu

rs in the

sprin

g

and

fall,

whi

ch

are

also

busy

cons

truc

tion

perio

ds.

The

amou

nt of soil

eros

ion

depe

nds

on the

soil

moi

stur

e

cond

ition

s

and

cond

ition

of the

cons

truc

tion

site at the

time of in

tens

ive

rain

fall.

)

SO

IL

FA

CT

OR

S

The

rate of soil

eros

ion

may be in

fluen

ced

by land

siop

e,

rain

stor

m

char

acte

ristic

s,

cove

r,

and

soil

man

agem

ent,

but

even

with all

fact

ors

bein

g

equa

l,

som

e

soils

erod

e

mor

e

read

ily

than

othe

rs.

Com

plex

inte

ract

ions

amon

g a num

ber

of phys

ical

and

chem

ical

prop

ertie

s

of

the

soil

can

affe

ct

its infil

trat

ion

capa

city

,

as wel

l

as the

resi

stan

ce

of

soil

part

icle

s

to deta

chm

ent

and

tran

spor

t.

No

sing

le

para

met

er is

capa

ble

of pred

ictin

g

a soil'

s

resi

stan

ce

to rain

fall

and

runo

ff.

Soi

l

erod

ibili

ty

tend

s

to incr

ease

with a gr

eate

r

cont

ent

of silt

and

very

fine

sand

,

and

decr

ease

with a grea

ter

cont

ent

of coar

se

sand

,

clay

and

orga

nic

mat

ter.

Cla

y

part

icle

s

have a low

erod

ibili

ty

beca

use

they

are

diffi

cult

to deta

ch,

but

once they do beco

me

deta

ched

,

they

are

easi

ly

tran

spor

ted

and

rem

ain

in susp

ensi

on a long

time,

ther

eby

prol

ongi

ng

envi

ronm

enta

l

prob

lem

s.

Coa

rse

sand

s,

on the

othe

r

hand

,

are

easi

ly

deta

ched

,

but

have a low

erod

ibili

ty

beca

use

they

are

diffi

cult

to tran

spor

t.

Exc

ept

for

clay

soils

,

a high

er

perc

enta

ge of orga

nic

mat

ter

in soil

tend

s

to incr

ease

infil

trat

ion

rate

s

and

soil

perm

eabi

lity,

thus

decr

easi

ng

erod

ibili

ty.

TO

PO

GR

AP

HIC

FA

CT

OR

S:

SLO

PE

LEN

GT

H

AN

D

ST

EE

PN

ES

S

The

leng

th

and

stee

pnes

s

of slop

es

affe

ct

the

velo

city

of runo

ff

wat

er,

and

ther

efor

e

are

the

prin

cipa

l

surf

ace

feat

ures

affe

ctin

g

eros

ion

on a

site

.

For

prac

tical

field

wor

k,

the

com

bine

d

effe

cts

of leng

th

and

stee

pnes

s

shou

ld

be cons

ider

ed.

The

slop

e

shap

e

is impo

rtan

t

to

cons

ider

too

beca

use

natu

ral

slop

es

may

cons

ist

of conv

ex,

stra

ight

,

and

conc

ave

sect

ions

— all

of whi

ch

erod

e

at diffe

rent

rate

s.

Con

cave

slop

es

are

thos

e

that

flatte

n

tow

ards

the

toe, or low

er

end,

whe

re

the

erod

ed

soil

part

icle

s

beco

me

depo

site

d,

whe

reas

conv

ex

slop

es

beco

me

stee

per

at the

toe.

Dep

endi

ng

on thei

r

size

and

velo

city

,

rain

drop

s

can

spla

sh

soil

part

icle

s

as far

as 1 .5 m (4.9

ft.)

away

.

On a le

vel

surf

ace

of bare

eart

h,

soil

part

icle

s

spla

shed

away from

one

area

are

norm

ally

repl

aced

by

soil

part

icle

s

spla

shed

away from an adja

cent

area

.

On a sl

ope,

how

ever

,

rain

drop

spla

sh

on bare

eart

h

sim

ply

disp

lace

s

soil

by

tran

spor

ting it

dow

nhill

,

with

out

the

acco

mpa

nyin

g

repl

acem

ent

that

occu

rs

on leve

l

grou

nd.

The

stee

per

the

slop

e,

the

grea

ter

the

amou

nt

of soil

tran

spor

ted

dow

nhill

. If rain

fall

is acco

mpa

nied

by stro

ng

win

d

blow

ing

in the

dow

nhill

dire

ctio

n,

the

amou

nt of soil

disp

lace

d

incr

ease

s

even

furt

her.

The

slop

e

leng

th is defin

ed

as the

dist

ance

from the

poin

t

of orig

in

of

over

land

flow to the

poin

t

whe

re

eith

er

the

slop

e

grad

ient

decr

ease

s

and

thus

caus

es

depo

sitio

n,

or the

runo

ff

wat

er

ente

rs a wel

l-def

ined

chan

nel.

Sed

imen

t

that is not

ultim

atel

y

depo

site

d

in a stre

am will

not

have

sign

ifica

nt

envi

ronm

enta

l

effe

cts

but

coul

d

caus

e

serio

us

dam

age

to prop

erty

adja

cent

to the

cons

truc

tion

site

.

1 5b

1Gb

VE

GE

TA

TIO

N

AN

D

SU

RF

AC

E

CO

VE

R

Acc

eler

ated

soil

eros

ion

oncons

truc

tion

site

sisgene

rally

caus

ed

by

the

rem

oval

ofa

prot

ectiv

e

vege

tativ

e

cove

r.

Con

sequ

ently

,

artif

icia

l

aids

then

beco

me

nece

ssar

y

torepl

ace

the

natu

ral

cont

rols

.

The

re

are

seve

ral

way

s

thatave

geta

tive

cove

r

can

affe

ct

soil

eros

ion:

1.Avege

tativ

e

cano

pyoftree

s,

bush

es

and

gras

s

inte

rcep

ts

rain

fall,

grea

tly

redu

cing

the

impa

ct

forc

e

ofrain

drop

s.Itisalso

effe

ctiv

e

in

redu

cing

the

amou

ntofwat

er

that

reac

hes

the

soil,

beca

use

som

eof

the

rain

wat

er

inte

rcep

ted

onthe

leav

esoftree

s

orblad

esofgras

s

evap

orat

es

befo

re

drop

ping

onto

the

soil,

orreac

hes

the

soil

inthe

form

ofsmal

ler

drop

lets

.

The

typeofve

geta

tion

and

the

amou

ntofcove

rit

prov

ides

will

have

diffe

rent

effe

cts.Ade

nse

cove

r

will

redu

ce

eros

ion

byexpo

sing

less

soil

todire

ct

rain

fall.

For

this

reas

on,

shor

t

sod

gras

ses

are

mor

e

effe

ctiv

e

inredu

cing

spla

sh

eros

ion

than

talle

r

shru

bs

or

wee

ds.

Effe

ctiv

e

soil

prot

ectio

n

can

also

beobta

ined

durin

g

cons

truc

tion

byusin

g

mul

ches

tocove

r

expo

sed

soil

orbysim

ply

leav

ing

all

orstra

tegi

c

part

sofasite

unde

r

natu

ral

cove

r

for

the

grea

test

amou

ntoftime

poss

ible

.

Fig

ures

B-6

and

B-i:

The

sam

e

site

,

view

ed

from

oppo

site

dire

ctio

ns,

show

s

along

.

stee

p

slop

e

mul

ched

toprev

ent

shee

t

and

nIl

eros

ion.

2.Veg

etat

ion

redu

ces

the

velo

city

ofover

land

runo

ff

and

tend

s

to

disp

erseitsothatitdoes

not

conc

entr

ate.

As

the

velo

cityisre

duce

d,

soil

part

icle

s

intran

spor

t

are

rede

posi

ted

orfilte

red

amon

g

the

vege

tatio

n.

3.Veg

etat

ion

prev

ents

pudd

ling

and

seal

ing

ofthe

soil

surf

ace,

ther

eby

mai

ntai

ning

infil

trat

ion.

4.The

root

s

ofplan

ts

incr

ease

the

stab

ilityofsoil

gran

ules

,

impr

ove

soil

stru

ctur

e,

and

add

tothe

orga

nic

mat

ter

cont

ent

ofthe

soil.

Itisimpo

rtan

t

to

rem

embe

r

that

the

effe

ctiv

enes

s

ofavege

tativ

e

cano

py

can

chan

ge

betw

een

seas

onsofthe

year

,

and

even

freq

uent

ly

betw

een

stor

ms.

Eve

n

with

out

chan

ges

inthe

cano

py,

diffe

rent

amou

nts

ofrain

drop

inte

rcep

tion

can

occu

r.

An

open

cano

pyoftall

vege

tatio

n

may

inte

rcep

t

mor

e

than90pe

rcen

t

ofthe

rain

drop

sifa

high

win

d

driv

es

theminatanangl

e,

whi

le

the

sam

e

cano

py

may

inte

rcep

t

less

than50pe

rcen

t

ofthe

drop

siftheyfall

vert

ical

ly.

Fig

ures

B-8

and

8-9:

Asubd

ivis

ion

stre

et

whi

ch

has

been

grub

bed.

but

not

deve

lope

d

for

seve

ral

mon

ths.

has

been

com

plet

ely

cove

red

with

stra

w

mul

ch.

The

clos

eup

view

show

s

that

alth

ough

som

eofthe

stra

w

has

been

blow

n

away

,ithas

been

very

effe

ctiv

e

inkeep

ing

this

erod

ible

soil

onthe

cons

tnjc

tion

site

.

I7b

1 8b

RE

FE

RE

NC

ES

Bar

nes,

R.C

.

"Ero

sion

Con

trol

Str

uctu

res"

.

Soi

l

Ero

sion

:

Cau

ses

and

Mec

hani

sms;

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

.

Spe

cial

Rep

ort

135 to H

ighw

ay

Res

earc

h

Boa

rd,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,

1973

,

pp.

94-9

8.

Bru

ne,

G.M

.

"The

Dyn

amic

Con

cept of S

edim

ent

Sou

rces

".

Tra

nsac

tions

of

theA

mer

ican

Geo

phys

ical

Uni

on,

Vol

.

31(4

),

1950

,

pp.

587-

594.

"Tra

p

Effi

cien

cy

of Res

ervo

irs".

Tra

nsac

tions

of the

Am

eric

an

Geo

phys

ical

Uni

on,

Vol

.

34(3

),

1953

,

pp.

407-

418.

Bul

lard

,

WE

.

"Effe

cts

of Land

Use

on Wat

er

Res

ourc

es".

Jour

nal

of Wat

er

Pol

lutio

n

Con

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Fed

erat

ion,

Vol

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4),

1966

,

pp.6

45-6

59.

Che

n,

C.N

.,

F.

San

tom

auro

,

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J.B

.

Fis

her.

"Ero

sion

Con

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Sys

tem

for

Pip

elin

e

Con

stru

ctio

n

Site

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Pre

sent

ed

at the

Nat

iona

l

Sym

posi

um

on

Urb

an

Hyd

rolo

gy

and

Sed

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Con

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Uni

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1975

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Dal

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"Con

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Ero

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Sed

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n

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Vol

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10),

1976

,

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73-7

7.

de Bel

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G.

"Roa

dsid

e

Ero

sion

and

Res

ourc

e

Impl

icat

ions

in Prin

ce

Edw

ard

Isla

nd".

Geo

grap

hica

l

Pap

er

No.

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Dep

artm

ent

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Min

es

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Res

ourc

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Otta

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1969

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kins

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WT

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Wal

l.

"A Per

spec

tive

of Soi

l

Ero

sion

and

Flu

vial

Sed

imen

tatio

n".

Pre

sent

ed

at a Soi

l

Ero

sion

Wor

ksho

p,

Tru

ro,

Nov

a

Sco

tia,

spon

sore

d

by Atla

ntic

Pro

vinc

es

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ls

Inst

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Elli

son,

WD

.

"Som

e

Effe

cts

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ndro

ps

and

Sur

face

Flo

w

on Soi

l

Ero

sion

and

Infil

trat

ion"

.

Tra

nsac

tions of the

Am

eric

an

Geo

phys

ical

Uni

on,

Vol

.

26(3

),

1945

,

pp.4

1

5-42

9.

Elli

son,

WD

.

"Soi

l

Det

achm

ent

by Wat

er in Ero

sion

Pro

cess

es".

Tra

nsac

tions

of the

Am

eric

an

Geo

phys

ical

Uni

on,

Vol

.

29(4

),

1948

,

pp.

499-

502.

Far

mer

,

E.E

.

and

J.E

.

Fle

tche

r.

"Hig

hway

Ero

sion

Con

trol

Sys

tem

s:

An

Eva

luat

ion

Bas

ed

on the

Uni

vers

al

Soi

l

Loss

Equ

atio

n".

In Soi

l

Ero

sion

:

Pre

dict

ion

and

Con

trol

.

Spe

cial

Pub

licat

ion

No.

21,

Soi

l

Con

serv

atio

n

Soc

iety

of Am

eric

a,

Ank

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Iow

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1976

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Fos

ter,

G.R

.

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WH

.

Wis

chm

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.

"Eva

luat

ing

Irre

gula

r

Slo

pes

for

Soi

l

Loss

Pre

dict

ion"

.

Tra

nsac

tions of the

Am

eric

an

Soc

iety

of Agr

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tura

l

Eng

inee

rs,

Vol

.

17(2

),

1974

,

pp.

305-

309.

Geo

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Sta

te

Soi

l

and

Wat

er

Con

serv

atio

n

Com

mitt

ee.

Man

ual

for

Ero

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Sed

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t

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.

Ath

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Gle

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"Ind

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ersh

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Land in C

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".

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nsac

tions

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Am

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an

Geo

phys

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Uni

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Vol

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),

1953

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419-

426.

Gra

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D.H

,

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A.T

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l

Slo

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Pro

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Ero

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Van

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E.H

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.

Wat

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es

Bul

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,

Vol

.

6(1)

,

1970

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7-14

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Guy

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H.P

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G.E

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"Str

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an

Env

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l

Pro

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".

Jour

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l

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Con

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n,

Vol

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),

1970

,

PP

.

217-

221.

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Res

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Boa

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Pra

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Was

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1964

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Geo

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86-2

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Cau

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Effe

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Con

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s.

The

Con

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n

Cou

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Soi

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n

Soc

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Tor

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Ont

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Mey

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L.D

.,

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Mon

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l

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by Rai

nfal

l

and

Ove

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Flo

w".

Tra

nsac

tions

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Am

eric

an

Soc

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rs,

Vol

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,

1965

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572-

577,

580.

Wis

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W.H

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W.H

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Dan

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"Ero

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Run

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Rev

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n

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Con

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n

Site

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Tra

nsac

tions

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Am

eric

an

Soc

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Vol

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>,

1971

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John

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.

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.

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Woo

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Mul

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Ero

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Con

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stru

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Site

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Jour

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atio

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Vol

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),

1972

,

PP

.

264-

269.

Mor

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D.

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Sab

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ut,

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mon

and

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serv

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"Exp

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gric

uftu

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913,

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Mur

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G.R

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"SC

S

and

Wat

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lity:

An

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rvie

w".

Soi

l

Con

serv

atio

n,

Vol

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42(4

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1976

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PP

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7.

Nat

iona

l

Cru

shed

Sto

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ocia

tion.

"Qua

rrie

d

Sto

ne

for

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sion

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imen

t

Con

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N.C

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.,

Was

hing

ton,

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.

Ont

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Con

serv

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n

Aut

horit

ies.

Con

serv

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n

Ser

vice

s

Man

ual.

Ont

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Min

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Res

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Pet

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"The

Rel

atio

n

of Soi

l

Fer

tility

to Soi

l

Ero

sion

",

Jour

nal

of Soi

l

and

Wat

er

Con

serv

atio

n,

Vol

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19(1

),

1964

,

pp.

15-1

9.

Pie

st,

R.E

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J.M

.

Bra

dfor

d,

and

G.M

.

Wya

tt.

"Soi

l

Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

t

Tra

nspo

rt

from

Gul

lies"

.

A.S

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.

Jour

nal

of the

Hyd

raul

ics

Div

isio

n,

Vol

.

101

(HY

1),

1975

,

Pp.

65-8

0.

19b

20b

Poc

he,

D.J

.,

and

WC

.

She

rwoo

d.

"Sed

imen

t

Tra

ppin

g

Effi

cien

cy

of Str

aw

and

Hay

Bal

e

Bar

riers

and

Gab

ions

".

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

Res

earc

h

Rec

ord,

No.

594,

1975

,

pp.

10-1

4.

Ree

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L.A

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"Effe

ctiv

enes

s

of Sed

imen

t-C

ontr

ol

Tec

hniq

ues

Use

d

Dur

ing

Hig

hway

Con

stru

ctio

n

in Cen

tral

Pen

nsyl

vani

a".

U.S

.

Geo

logi

cal

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vey,

Wat

er-S

uppl

y

Pap

er

2054

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U.S

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Gov

ernm

ent

Prin

ting

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ce,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,

1978

.

Ritc

hie,

J.C

.

"Sed

imen

t,

Fis

h,

and

Fis

h

Hab

itat"

.

Jour

nal

of Soi

l

and

Wat

er

Con

serv

atio

n,

Vol

.

27(3

),

1972

,

pp.

124-

125.

Sam

sel,

G.L

.

"Effe

cts

of Sed

imen

tatio

n

on the

Alg

al

Flo

ra of a Sm

all

Rec

reat

iona

l

Impo

undm

ent"

.

Wat

er

Res

ourc

es

Bul

letin

,

Vol

.

9(6)

,

1973

,

pp.

1145

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2.

Sar

les,

R.L

.,

and

D.M

.

Em

anue

l.

"Har

dwoo

d

Bar

k

Mul

ch

for

Rev

eget

atio

n

and

Ero

sion

Con

trol

on Dra

stic

ally

Dis

turb

ed

Site

s".

Jour

nal

of Soi

l

and

Wat

er

Con

serv

atio

n,

Vol

.

32(5

),

1977

,

pp.

209-

214.

She

rwoo

d,

WC

.,

and

D.C

.

Wya

nt.

"Ins

talla

tion

of Str

aw

and

Fab

ric

Filt

er

Bar

riers

for

Sed

imen

t

Con

trol

".

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

Res

earc

h

Rec

ord,

No.

705,

1979

,

pp.

23-2

9.

Sm

ith,

D.D

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and

WH

.

Wis

chm

eier

.

"Fac

tors

Affe

ctin

g

She

et

and

Rill

Ero

sion

".

Tra

nsac

tions

of the

Am

eric

an

Geo

phys

ical

Uni

on,

Vol

.

38(6

),

1957

,

pp.

889-

896.

Sw

anso

n,

NP

.,

A.R

.

Ded

rick,

and

A.E

.

Dud

eck.

"Pro

tect

ion

of Ste

ep

Con

stru

ctio

n

Slo

pes

Aga

inst

Wat

er

Ero

sion

".

Hig

hway

Res

earc

h

Rec

ord,

No.

206,

1967

.

Sw

enso

n,

H.A

.

"Sed

imen

t

in Str

eam

s".

Jour

nal

of Soi

l

and

Wat

er

Con

serv

atio

n,

Vol

.

19(6

),

1964

,

pp.

223-

226.

The

a

ksto

n,

J.A

.

Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

t

Con

trol

with

Ref

eren

ce

to the

Mar

itim

e

Pro

vinc

es.

M.E

ng.

Rep

ort,

Dep

artm

ent

of Civ

il

Eng

inee

ring,

Uni

vers

ity

of

New

Bru

nsw

ick,

Fre

deric

ton,

N.B

.,

1981

.

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

Res

earc

h

Boa

rd.

"Des

ign

of Sed

imen

tatio

n

Bas

ins"

.

Syn

thes

is

of Hig

hway

Pra

ctic

e,

No.

70,

Nat

iona

l

Aca

dem

y

of Sci

ence

s,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,

1980

.

Tru

th,

P.G

.

Pre

dict

ion

and

Con

trol

of Soi

l

Ero

sion

from

Land

Dev

elop

men

t.

Tec

hnic

al

Rep

ort

No. 5 pr

epar

ed

for

the

Shu

bena

cadi

e

—

Ste

wia

cke

Riv

er

Bas

in

Boa

rd,

Hal

ifax,

Nov

a

Sco

tia,

1978

.

U.S

.

Env

ironm

enta

l

Pro

tect

ion

Age

ncy.

Pro

cess

es,

Pro

cedu

res,

and

Met

hods

to Con

trol

Pol

lutio

n

Res

ultin

g

from all

Con

stru

ctio

n

Act

ivity

.

E.P

.A.

430/

9-

73-0

07,

234

pgs.

U.S

.

Gov

ernm

ent

Prin

ting

Offi

ce,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,

1973

.

U.S

.

Soi

l

Con

serv

atio

n

Ser

vice

.

Con

trol

ling

Ero

sion

on Con

stru

ctio

n

Site

s.

Agr

icul

ture

Info

rmat

ion

Bul

letin

347,

U.S

.

Dep

artm

ent

of Agr

icul

ture

.

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,

1970

.

U.S

.

Soi

l

Con

serv

atio

n

Ser

vice

.

Env

ironm

enta

l

Do'

s

and

Don

'ts

on

Con

stru

ctio

n

Site

s.

Mis

c.

publ

icat

ion

1291

,

U.S

.

Dep

artm

ent

of Agr

icul

ture

,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,

1974

.

)

U.S

.

Soi

l

Con

serv

atio

n

Ser

vice

.

Sta

ndar

ds

and

Spe

cific

atio

ns

for

Soi

l

Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

t

Con

trol

in Dev

elop

ingA

reas

.

U.S

.

Dep

artm

ent

of Agr

icul

ture

,

Col

lege

Par

k,

Mar

ylan

d,

1975

.

U.S

.

Soi

l

Con

serv

atio

n

Ser

vice

.

Gui

delin

es

for

Soi

l

and

Wat

er

Con

serv

atio

n

in

Urb

aniz

ing

Are

as of Mas

sach

uset

ts.

U.S

.

Dep

artm

ent

of Agr

icul

ture

,

Am

hers

t,

Mas

sach

uset

ts,

1975

.

Van

oni,

VA

.,

ed.

Sed

imen

tatio

n

Eng

inee

r/ng

.

Pre

pare

d

by the

AS

CE

Tas

k

Com

m.

Man

ual

on Sed

imen

tatio

n

of the

Sed

imen

tatio

n

Com

m.,

Hyd

raul

ics

Div

.,

Am

.

Soc

.

Civ

il

Eng

inee

rs,

New

Yor

k,

N.Y

.,

1975

.

Van

Vlie

t,

L.J.

P.

and

G.J

.

Wal

l.

"Com

paris

on

of Pre

dict

ed

and

Mea

sure

d

She

et

and

Rill

Ero

sion

Loss

es in Sou

ther

n

Ont

ario

".

Can

adia

n

Jour

nal

of Soi

l

Sci

ence

,

Vol

.

59,

1979

,

pp.

211-

213.

Virg

inia

Soi

l

and

Wat

er

Con

serv

atio

n

Com

mis

sion

.

Com

preh

ensi

ve

Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

t

Con

trol

Tra

inin

g

Pro

gram

for

Eng

inee

rs,

Arc

hite

cts,

and

Pla

nner

s.

Nat

iona

l

Ass

ocia

tion

of Con

serv

atio

n

Dis

tric

ts,

Leag

ue

City

,

Tex

as,

1976

.

Wal

l,

G.J

.,

L.J.

P.

van

Vlie

t,

and

WI.

Dic

kins

on.

"The

Uni

vers

al

Soi

l

Loss

Equ

atio

n

— a Met

hod

for

Pre

dict

ing

Soi

l

Loss in C

anad

a".

Pre

sent

ed

at the

Ann

ual

Mee

ting,

Can

adia

n

Soc

iety

of Soi

l

Sci

ence

,

St.

Mar

y's

Uni

vers

ity,

Hal

ifax,

Nov

a

Sco

tia,

1976

.

Web

er,

WG

.

"Fac

tors

that

Affe

ct

Wat

er

Ero

sion

from

Con

stru

ctio

n

Are

as".

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion

Res

earc

h

Rec

ord,

No.

642,

1977

,

pp.

62-6

7.

Wis

chm

eier

,

WH

.,

and

J.V

.

Man

nerin

g.

"Rel

atio

n

of Soi

l

Pro

pert

ies

to its

Ero

dibi

lity"

.

Soi

l

Sci

ence

Soc

iety

of Am

eric

a

Pro

ceed

ings

,

Vol

.

33(1

),

1969

,

pp.1

31-1

37.

____

___ an

d

L.D

.

Mey

er.

"Soi

l

Ero

dibi

lity

on Con

stru

ctio

n

Are

as".

Soi

l

Ero

sion

:

Cau

ses

and

Mec

hani

sms:

Pre

vent

ion

and

Con

trol

.

Hig

hway

Res

earc

h

Boa

rd,

Spe

cial

Rep

ort

135,

1973

,

pp.

20-2

9.

Wis

chm

eier

,

WH

.,

and

D.D

.

Sm

ith.

Pre

dict

ing

Rai

nfal

l

Ero

sion

Loss

es, A

Gui

de

to Con

serv

atio

n

Pla

nnin

g.

Agr

icul

ture

Han

dboo

k

No.

537,

Uni

ted

Sta

tes

Dep

artm

ent

of Agr

icul

ture

,

Sci

ence

and

Edu

catio

n

Adm

inis

trat

ion,

Was

hing

ton,

D.C

.,

1978

.

Wol

man

,

M.G

.,

and

A.P

.

Shi

ck.

"Effe

cts

of Con

stru

ctio

n

on Flu

vial

Sed

imen

t,

Urb

an

and

Sub

urba

n

Are

as of Mar

ylan

d".

Wat

er

Res

ourc

es

Res

earc

h,

Vol

.

3(2)

,

1967

,

pp.

451-

464.

21 b

22b

AC

KN

OW

LED

G EM

EN

TS

The

Han

dboo

k

was

com

pile

d

by a com

mitt

ee

esta

blis

hed

by the

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

ironm

ent,

cons

istin

g

of John

The

akst

on,

P.E

ng.,

Don

Gre

y,

Ger

ald

Por

ter,

and

Gra

nt

Bre

nnan

.

The

com

mitt

ee

appr

ecia

tes

the

assi

stan

ce

of

man

y

othe

r

engi

neer

ing

and

tech

nica

l

staf

f

of the

Dep

artm

ent

who

revi

ewed

and

com

men

ted

on the

earli

er

draf

ts.

The

com

mitt

ee

wis

hes

to ackn

owle

dge

inpu

t

from

othe

rs

outs

ide of th

e

depa

rtm

ent,

incl

udin

g

cons

ultin

g

engi

neer

s,

who

have

an inte

rest

in both

the

prob

lem

s

of eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n,

and

the

impl

emen

tatio

n

of prop

er

cont

rols

.

Sig

nific

ant

revi

ew

was

prov

ided

by:

The

Dar

tmou

th

Lake

s

Adv

isor

y

Boa

rd,

nota

bly

Mrs

.

Aud

rey

Man

zer,

Cha

irman

,

and

mem

bers

Don

ald

Gor

don,

Mar

k

Ber

nard

,

P.E

ng.,

and

W.

Rob

erts

on;

The

Adv

isor

y

Pan

el

on Ero

sion

and

Sed

imen

t

Con

trol

at the

Tec

hnic

al

Uni

vers

ity

of Nov

a

Sco

tia,

chai

red

by Lee

Lew

is,

P.E

ng.;

Mr.

Rod

ger

Aib

right

,

P.E

ng.,

and

staf

f

of the

Env

ironm

enta

l

Ass

essm

ent

Sec

tion

of Env

ironm

ent

Can

ada,

E.P

.S.

Atla

ntic

Reg

ion;

The Cap

e

Bre

ton

Dev

elop

men

t

Cor

pora

tion;

Sta

ff

of the

Fre

shw

ater

and

Ana

drom

ous

Div

isio

n,

Fis

herie

s

and

Oce

ans

Can

ada,

Sco

tia-F

undy

Reg

ion.

All

phot

ogra

phs

used in the

Han

dboo

k,

show

ing

vario

us

aspe

cts

of eros

ion

and

sedi

men

tatio

n

aris

ing

from

cons

truc

tion

on Nov

a

Sco

tian

proj

ects

,

wer

e

take

n

by staf

f

of the

N.S

.

Dep

artm

ent

of the

Env

ironm

ent

or by Fis

herie

s

and

Oce

ans

Can

ada.

The

Com

mitt

ee

wis

hes

to than

k

Bria

n

Jolly

mor

e,

P.E

ng.,

Jim

Lead

bette

r,

Reg

Sw

eene

y,

and

Don

ald

J. Cox for

thei

r

cont

ribut

ions

.

Per

mis

sion

to publ

ish

info

rmat

ion

abou

t

the

use of gabi

on

bask

ets

was

grat

eful

ly

rece

ived

from

Mac

cafe

rri

Gab

ions of C

anad

a

Ltd.

We

grat

eful

ly

ackn

owle

dge

the

assi

stan

ce of Ela

ine

Fra

mpt

on

and

the

N.S

.

Dep

artm

ent

of Gov

ernm

ent

Ser

vice

s

in the

desi

gn

and

prod

uctio

n

of the

Han

dboo

k.

The

prof

essi

onal

writ

ing

and

editi

ng

serv

ice

prov

ided

by Cha

rmai

ne

Gau

det

was

very

help

ful

in pres

entin

g

the

info

rmat

ion

in the

text in a m

ore

usef

ul

form

at

and

mak

ing it un

ders

tand

able

to a wid

er

audi

ence

.

The

com

mitt

ee

than

ks

her

for

her

wor

k

on the

Han

dboo

k.