+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Errors in the diagnostic process

Errors in the diagnostic process

Date post: 01-Feb-2016
Category:
Upload: spence
View: 22 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
Description:
Errors in the diagnostic process. Hierarchy of Qualities in Medicine Frequency of diagnostic Errors Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases The Voytovich Solution. Click to View Presentation. Hierarchy of Qualties in Medicine From patient‘s point of view. Patient Satisfaction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Popular Tags:
30
Errors in the diagnostic process • Hierarchy of Qualities in Medicine • Frequency of diagnostic Errors • Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases • The Voytovich Solution Click to View Presentation
Transcript
Page 1: Errors in the diagnostic process

Errors in the diagnostic process

• Hierarchy of Qualities in Medicine

• Frequency of diagnostic Errors

• Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases

• The Voytovich Solution

Click to View Presentation

Page 2: Errors in the diagnostic process

Hierarchy of Qualties in MedicineFrom patient‘s point of view

Diagnostic Quality

Therapeutic Quality

Patient Satisfaction

Page 3: Errors in the diagnostic process

Hierarchy of Qualties in MedicineMedical point of view

Diagnostic Quality

Therapeutic Quality

Patient Satisfaction

Page 4: Errors in the diagnostic process

Hierarchy of Qualities in Medicine und cognitive Processes

Diagnostic Quality

Therapeutic Quality

Patient Satisfaction Skills

Rules

Knowledge

Page 5: Errors in the diagnostic process

Frequency of diagnostic Errors Follow-up Autopsy Study Medizinische Klinik USZ

1972-1982-1992-2002Lancet 2000;355:2027-31

• Random Selection of 100 patients in each year • Autopsy Rate above 90% until 1992, in the year

2002 Reduction to 53%, complete Autopsy • Classification of diagnostic Errors according to

Goldman

Page 6: Errors in the diagnostic process

Classification of diagnostic errors Goldman et al NEJM 1983:380: 1000-05

• Major diagnostic Errors– Class I: Knowledge of correct Diagnosis would have

led to Survival

– Class II: Knowledge of correct Diagnosis would not have affected Survival (too ill, no Treatment available)

• Minor diagnostic Errors– Class III: Missed Diagnosis but not cause of Death

– Class IV: Occult, clinically not diagnosable Entity of epidemiological Interest eg Gallstones

Page 7: Errors in the diagnostic process

Major Diagnostic Errors 1972-2002

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

% C

ases

Class I Class II

1972198219922002

Page 8: Errors in the diagnostic process

Minor Diagnostic Errors 1972-2002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

% C

ases

Class III Class IV

1972198219922002

Page 9: Errors in the diagnostic process

Class I+II vs. Class III+IV

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

% C

ases

Class I Class II

1972198219922002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

% C

ases

Class III Class IV

1972198219922002

Page 10: Errors in the diagnostic process

Correct Diagnosis 1972-2002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

% C

ases

Class V Class VI

1972198219922002

Page 11: Errors in the diagnostic process

Autopsy Rate and class I Errors over time

Kaveh G et al, JAMA 2003: 289:2849-56

Page 12: Errors in the diagnostic process

Frequency of class I Errors

Klasse I Autopsie-Fehler rate

• Medizin+ IPS (USZ) 2002 2% 53%

• Med-IPS (Mayo-Clinic) 1998-2000 4% 33%

• Med-IPS (Paris) 1995-98 10.2% 53%

• Med-IPS (Leuven,Belgien) 1996 16% 93%

• 32 Spitäler in USA 1984 13% 30%

• Medizin (Boston, USA) 1984 12% 40%

Arch Int Med 2004:164;389; Mayo Clin Proc 2000:75:562; Ann Thorac Surg 1997:64:380; JAMA1987:258:339; Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:947-50. NEJM 1988:318;1249

Page 13: Errors in the diagnostic process

Autopsy: Gold Standard for clinical Diagnosis?

Diagnostic errors derived from Chart review

Diagnostic errors revealded by Autopsy

Without Autopsy 2/194 (1%)

With Autopsy 3/141 (2%)

Pelletier et al J Gen Intern Med 1989:4;300-03

Page 14: Errors in the diagnostic process

Autopsy: Gold standard for clinical diagnosis?

Diagnostic errors derived from Chart review

Diagnostic errors revealded by Autopsy

Without Autopsy 2/194 (1%)

With Autopsy 3/141 (2%) 19/141 (13%)

Pelletier et al J Gen Intern Med 1989:4;300-03

Page 15: Errors in the diagnostic process

• Representativness– Similarity with „typical“ examples stored in

memory

• Availability– Recent expierence, painful memory

• Adjustment and Anchoring– Stick to early hypotheses despite new

information

Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases

Tversky and Kahneman Science 1974:185:1124-31

Page 16: Errors in the diagnostic process

Fehlermechanismen im diagnostischen Prozess

Hypothesen-Bildung Fehler Mechanismus Diagnost. Schritt Mechanismus Fehler Falsch + Vorzeitige Schluss- Anamnese + Untersuchung Übersehen Falsch - Folgerung Falsch + dito Auslöser dito Falsch - Falsch + dito Einbettung dito Falsch -

Informationsbeschaffung, Verarbeitung und Überprüfung

Fehler Mechanismus Diagnost. Schritt Mechanismus Fehler Falsch + Annahme zu hoch Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit Annahme zu tief Falsch - Falsch + Spezifität zu tief Test (Labor, Röntgen..) Sensitivität zu tief Falsch - Falsch + Falsche Formulierung Interpretation eines Tests Falsche Formulierung Falsch- Falsch + Vorzeitige Schlussf. Kausales Modell Übersehen Falsch - Falsch + Vorzeitige Schlussf. Überprüfung Unvollständige Falsch -

Synthese

Page 17: Errors in the diagnostic process

Cognitive Mechanisms of diagnostic Errors according to A.E. Voytovich*

• Omission

• Premature Closure

• Inadequate Synthesis

• Wrong Formulations

* J Med Educ 1985:60;302-07

Page 18: Errors in the diagnostic process

Omission

• Most frequent Error

• Decreases with Experience

Consequences– Delayed or missed Diagnosis

Page 19: Errors in the diagnostic process

Premature Closure

• Independent of Experience• Correlates with Confidence (ie Overconfidence) in

Relation to the actual Case• Reflects estimated Frequency of the diagnosed

Disease Consequences

– Delayed or missed Diagnosis– Unnecessary Therapies– False Sense of Confidence if Error is not detected

Page 20: Errors in the diagnostic process

Inadequate Synthesis

• Correlates with Experience

Consequences– Unnecessary Investigations– Delayed Treatment

Page 21: Errors in the diagnostic process

Cognitive Mechanisms of diagnostic Errors according to A.E. Voytovich*

• Omission

• Premature Closure

• Inadequate Synthesis

• Wrong Formulations

* J Med Educ 1985:60;302-07

Page 22: Errors in the diagnostic process

Lancet 2000:355;2027-31

Fehlermechanismen im diagnostischen Prozess

Hypothesen-Bildung Fehler Mechanismus Diagnost. Schritt Mechanismus Fehler Falsch + Vorzeitige Schluss- Anamnese + Untersuchung Übersehen Falsch - Folgerung Falsch + dito Auslöser dito Falsch - Falsch + dito Einbettung dito Falsch -

Informationsbeschaffung, Verarbeitung und Überprüfung

Fehler Mechanismus Diagnost. Schritt Mechanismus Fehler Falsch + Annahme zu hoch Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit Annahme zu tief Falsch - Falsch + Spezifität zu tief Test (Labor, Röntgen..) Sensitivität zu tief Falsch - Falsch + Falsche Formulierung Interpretation eines Tests Falsche Formulierung Falsch- Falsch + Vorzeitige Schlussf. Kausales Modell Übersehen Falsch - Falsch + Vorzeitige Schlussf. Überprüfung Unvollständige Falsch -

Synthese

Page 23: Errors in the diagnostic process

Major Diagnostic Errors 1972-2002

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

% C

ases

Class I Class II

1972198219922002

Page 24: Errors in the diagnostic process

Sensitivity and Specificity

• 1-Sensitivity: Rate of missed Diagnoses (false negative rate)

• 1-Specificity: Rate of wrong Diagnoses (false positive rate)

Page 25: Errors in the diagnostic process

Cardiovascular Diseases Sensitivity and Specificity

69%

85%82% 82%

86%

97%

Sensitivität Spezifität50

60

70

80

90

100

1972

1982

1992

p = 0.061 p = 0.034

Page 26: Errors in the diagnostic process

Lancet 2000:355;2027-31

Fehlermechanismen im diagnostischen Prozess

Hypothesen-Bildung Fehler Mechanismus Diagnost. Schritt Mechanismus Fehler Falsch + Vorzeitige Schluss- Anamnese + Untersuchung Übersehen Falsch - Folgerung Falsch + dito Auslöser dito Falsch - Falsch + dito Einbettung dito Falsch -

Informationsbeschaffung, Verarbeitung und Überprüfung

Fehler Mechanismus Diagnost. Schritt Mechanismus Fehler Falsch + Annahme zu hoch Vortestwahrscheinlichkeit Annahme zu tief Falsch - Falsch + Spezifität zu tief Test (Labor, Röntgen..) Sensitivität zu tief Falsch - Falsch + Falsche Formulierung Interpretation eines Tests Falsche Formulierung Falsch- Falsch + Vorzeitige Schlussf. Kausales Modell Übersehen Falsch - Falsch + Vorzeitige Schlussf. Überprüfung Unvollständige Falsch -

Synthese

Page 27: Errors in the diagnostic process

Infectious Diseases Sensitivity and Specificity

25%

100%

67%

100%

86%

99%

Sensitivität Spezifität0

20

40

60

80

100

1972

1982

1992

nsp = 0.036

Page 28: Errors in the diagnostic process

Neoplastic Diseases Sensitivity and Specificity

89%

92%

88%

97%96% 96%

Sensitivität Spezifität70

75

80

85

90

95

100

1972

1982

1992

nsns

Page 29: Errors in the diagnostic process

Difficulties in learning from Experience

• Lack of Search for and use of disconforming Evidence

• Lack of outcome Information

• Use of unaided Memory for coding, storing and retrieving outcome Information

Page 30: Errors in the diagnostic process

Summary and Proposal

• Major diagnostic Errors occur despite an ever increasing repertory of diagnostic Procedures

• 85% of serious diagnostic Errors can only be detected by Autopsy

• Analysis of error mechanism can be helpful in the Discussion and Prevention of diagnostic Errors

• Minimum Autopsy rate of 30% along with a yearly Report on diagnostic Errors should be mandatory for Accreditation of medical Clinics


Recommended