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CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTIONeruption of teeth• STAGES IN TOOTH ERUPTION• THEORIES OF ERUPTION• PUTATIVE MOLECULES IN TOOTH
ERUPTION SIGNALING CASCADE• CURRENT CONCEPTS IN TOOTH
ERUPTION• TEETH ERUPTION CHART
EXFOLIATION of teeth• PATTERN OF EXFOLIATION• FACTORS THAT AFFECT SHEDDING• MECHANISM OF RESORPTION AND
SHEDDING• APPLIED ANATOMY• CONCLUSION• REFERENCES
ERUPTION
The word eruption properly means “cutting of the tooth through the gum”
It derives from the latin erumpere, meaning “to break out’’
Tooth eruption is defined as the process of movement of a tooth from its developmental position within the jaws to its functional position in the oral cavity.
ACTIVE TOOTH ERUPTION
• The term active tooth eruption implies the emergence of crown into the oral cavity.
• This eruptive process is usually divided into 3 stages
1. Preeruptive stage 2.Eruptive stage 3.Post eruptive stage
Intra-oral phase
TOOTH ERUPTION
Pre-oral phase
PREERUPTIVE STAGE
• This movement is made by both deciduous and permanent tooth germs within tissues of the jaw before they begin to erupt.
• It is also known as ‘Follicular phase of eruption’
• Cahill DR, Marks SC Jr. Tooth eruption: Evidence for the central role of the dental follicle. J Oral Path 1980; 9
PREERUPTIVE STAGE
• The preeruptive stage begins as the crown starts to develop.
• The eruptive movement associated is of two varities:
1.Spatial 2.Excentric
PREERUPTIVE STAGE
• Total bodily movement of the tooth germ• Growth in which one part of the tooth germ
remains fixed while the rest continues to grow, leading to a change in the center of the tooth germ.
ERUPTIVE STAGE
During the phase of eruptive tooth movement the tooth moves from its position within the bone of the jaw to its functional position in occlusion.
The eruptive or prefunctional stage begins with the development of root.
The principal direction of movement is occlusal or axial.
ERUPTIVE STAGE
• Eruptive tooth movements are involved in primary eruption, supraeruption, impaction, alveolar compensation following wear, as well as failure of eruption.
• During this phase of eruption,the movement of tooth takes place at the rate of 4mm in 14weeks.
RELATIVE POSITION OF PRIMARY AND PERMANENT INCISOR TEETH
Preeruptive period
Prefunctional eruptive period.
RELATIVE POSITION OF PRIMARY AND PERMANENT MOLAR TEETH.
Preeruptive period
Prefunctional eruptive period.
• This stage continues until the erupting teeth meet the opposing teeth.
• The tooth movement tends to be occlusal and facial,more facial in case of anteriors.
Once the teeth meet in occlusion, their further eruption separates the jaws
TOOTH ERUPTION
Once the teeth meet in occlusion, they influence each other mechanically
POSTERUPTIVE STAGE
• The stage begins when the teeth come into occlusion and continues until they are lost or death occurs.
• The type of movement is axial and mesial migration.
POSTERUPTIVE STAGE
• Also acts as a compensatory mechanism.
• It is most active between the ages of 14 and 18 years of age.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY RESULT
• Compagnon and Woda studied the unopposed upper first molar in both healthy mouths and those with some periodontal pathology present.
• The study found that after 10 years of remaining unopposed, this periodontal migration reversed and root exposure occurred.Compagnon D, Woda A. Supra-eruption of the unopposed maxillary molar. J Prosthet
Dent 1991: 66(29).
DRIFTING e.g., mesially, laterally
AXIAL - in long axis of the tooth
Basil
ROTATORY
TILTING
By root growth & bone remodelling
By bone remodelling & PDL reorganization
TOOTH MOVEMENTS OCCURING IN ERUPTION
POST ERUPTIVE STAGE
Gingival recession onto & down the cementum with loss of alveolar-crest bone
PASSIVE ERUPTION
Raising the banana, then peeling the banana
ERUPTION RHYTHM CIRCARDIAN RHYTHM
• The mean daily eruption velocity was seen to be 71µm / day.
• It is also believed that the effect of eruption significantly increases in supine position overnight.
• Berkovitz BK. How teeth erupt. Dent Update 1990: 206–210.
• The tertiary maturation of the erupting tooth needs much more time than it is supposed in literature.
• Possibly the completion is in accord with the decline of the caries activity at the end of the second decade of lifetime
• With the aid of polarizing microscopy, electron microprobe, microhardness testing (Vickers) and scanning electron microscopy different stages of posteruptive maturation from human and other mammalian teeth were analysed.
Zentrums für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Maturation of enamel and tooth eruption ; Dtsch Stomatol. 1991;41(9)
• There are few physical as well as chemical studies of post-eruptive changes in enamel, although it is widely believed that the surface layer of tooth enamel reacts shortly after eruption, mainly by the exchange of ions, and that the caries-susceptibility decreases with the increase of post-eruptive age.
• Matsumoto Daisuke ;A Study of Post-eruptive Maturation in Immature Permanent Teeth. Analysis by Enamel Biopsy in Lower Central Incisors; Journal of the Japanese Association for Dental Science; 2002(21)
HISTOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
• While the root continues to lengthen,the tooth begins to move toward the surface of the oral cavity.
• During the intraosseous phase,the rate of osteoclastic activity averages 1 to 10 μm per day,it increases to about 75μm per day once the tooth escapes from its bony cell.
DIAGRAM OF RUFFLED BORDER OF AN OSTEOCLAST
STAGES OF TOOTH ERUPTION.
HISTOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION (permanent tooth)
• The fibrous cord,the gubernacular cord leads the way and with the help of macrophages and osteoclasts,breaks down the bone between the tooth and the surface oral epithelium.
Gubernacular cord of fibrous tissue
Gubernacular cord runs through a canal left in the bony crypt, where the dental lamina extended down to establish the germ for the 2nd tooth
Permanent tooth
Go Gubba!!
HISTOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
• As the successional tooth erupts ,its gubernaculum canal is widened rapidly by local osteoclastic activity , delineating the eruptive pathway for the tooth.
HISTOLOGY OF TOOTH ERUPTION
• In a dried skull holes can be identified which are the once containing the gubernacular canals.
HUMAN JAWS AT 8 TO 9 YEARS OF AGE, DURING THE MIXED DENTITION PERIOD
• The relationship between primary and permanent teeth during the mixed dentition period.
THEORIES OF ERUPTION
• Ten Cate recognized that the process of tooth eruption is not precisely understood, and that text described the four possible mechanisms for eruption, that have been investigated.
These are• Root formation, during which space for the
growing root is accommodated by occlusal movement of the tooth crown.
• Hydrostatic pressure within the periapical tissues pushing the tooth occlusally.
• Bony remodelling
• Pulling of the tooth in an occlusal direction by the cells and fibres of the periodontal ligament.
Deposition of alveolar bone?
MECHANISMS OF ERUPTION
Formation of the root
Construction & Reorganization of PDL
Remodelling of bone overall
FURTHER INFLUENCES from: tooth/teeth in occlusion; muscle actions
CAUSES OF ERUPTION(THEORIES…… )
1. Root growth 2.alveolar bone formation and changes 3.periodontal ligament traction 4.vascular pressure in dental tissues 5.The role of tooth itself
ROOT GROWTH
• It has been said that the increase in root length,or root elongation,forces the tooth into oral cavity.
• But many experiments
disproved this concept, but probably has a relationship to the process.
Marks SC Jr, Cahill DR. Experimental study in the dog of the non-active role of the tooth in the eruptive process. Archs Oral Biol 1984; 29
ALVEOLAR BONE FORMATION AND CHANGES
• The alveolar process forms in areas where teeth are developing and is deficient in areas where teeth fail to develop.
• Alveolar bone changes involve both formation and resorption,and these metabolic events are dependent on the presence of the various parts of the dental sac or dental follicle.
• The cycle of bone development is rythmic both in crest and crypt of the alveolar bone, i.e instances of osteoblastic followed by osteoclastic activity.
• In multirooted teeth the interradicular bone seems to have a fairly significant role in the eruption process.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY RESULT
• The Marks and Cahill study eloquently demonstrated that the dental follicle needs to be present for tooth eruption of final tooth position.
Cahill DR, Marks SC Jr. Tooth eruption: Evidence for the central role of the dental follicle. J Oral Path 1980; 9(189).
• Bony remodelling occurs around the erupting follicle regardless of the presence of a tooth crown or tooth, suggesting that the remodelling process may be under the control of the dental follicle.
• These experiments however, provide no evidence that the follicle is involved in determination.
Berkovitz BK. How teeth erupt. Dent Update 1990: 206–210.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT TRACTION
• Periodontal ligament has a role to play,probably more so toward the end of the eruption than at the beginning.
• It was believed that the contractile fibers play a role in eruption,but it is not proved.
• Ten Cate looked for evidence to support the theory of the periodontal ligament having a major role in determining tooth eruption.
• Strong evidence exists to show that the periodontal ligament, which is derived from the dental follicle, provides the force required for eruption.
• Although informative, this study consisted of histological observations, and did not provide sufficient data on the origins of the tissues studied.
• Ten Cate AR, Deporter DA, Freeman E. The role of fibroblasts in the remodeling of periodontal ligament during physiological tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1976; 69: 155–168.
VASCULAR PRESSURE IN DENTAL TISSUE
• THE VASCULAR PRESSURES are present in pulpal tissues as well as in the periodontal ligament.
• These pulsating pressure not only enhance cellular activity but seem to have a direct eruptive role.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY RESULT
• The hydrostatic theory was investigated by Van Hassel and McMinn again using dogs, who found that the tissue pressure apical to the erupting tooth was greater than occlusally, theoretically generating an eruptive force.
Van Hassell H J, McMinn RG. Pressure differential favouring tooth eruption in the dog. Archs oral Biol 1972; 17
• However, no association was demonstrated between the magnitude of the force and the rate of eruption.
• Van Hassell H J, McMinn RG. Pressure differential favouring tooth eruption in the dog. Archs oral Biol 1972; 17
ROLE OF TOOTH ITSELF
• A study by Marks and Cahill using dogs, showed the tooth itself played no part in the eruptive process
• So it becomes an unanswered fact that tooth it self plays a role in its eruption………………..???
Then what causes tooth eruption??
Tooth eruption is definitely a multifactorial process involving all or few factors of the above.
More research is now being focused on the biochemistry and cell and molecular biology aspects of the subject.
That’s good!!
• Ten Cate's theories have been further studied by Berkovitz, who also agreed that no one hypothesis can fully explain the mechanism of tooth eruption. He proposed a multifactorial concept of tooth eruption.
PUTATIVE MOLECULES IN TOOTH ERUPTION SIGNALING CASCADE
Bone morphogenic protein-2
Osteoprotegerin Nuclear factor κβ Runt related
transcription factor-2 Interleukin 1α
BMP-2
OPG NF κβ RUNX-2
IL-1 α
Wise GE,Frazier-Bowers S,D’SouzaRN: Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002; 13:323
CURRENT CONCEPTS IN TOOTH ERUPTION
• The dental follicle is a loose connective tissue layer that surrounds the erupting tooth.
• The follicle is necessary for tooth eruption.
• Specific cellular changes occur in and around the follicle when a tooth erupts.
CURRENT CONCEPTS. . .
• An eruption pathway is formed when the bone and roots of deciduous teeth are resorbed—events initiated by the dental follicle during eruption.
• Because tooth eruption depends on the dental follicle and activities around it, studies of the follicle may shed some light on eruption mechanism.
CURRENT CONCEPTS. . .
• selective fragmentation of dental follicle protein DF-95 correlates with the presence of elevated levels of follicular collagenase and stromelysin, and with the onset of movement.
• Developmental Bilogy programme.1999: 126(13) 2911-2920,Company of Biologists
CURRENT CONCEPTS. . . A dramatic decrease in these
metalloproteinases followed initiation of movement.
A biochemical and cell biological model for regulation of tooth eruption is proposed based upon these new and existing data.
CURRENT CONCEPTS. . .• CONTROL OF ERUPTION:
Hormonal control mechanisms
Physical control mechanisms
5 YEAR OLD MOUTH…
TEETH ERUPTION CHART…
1 32 54 760YEARS
YOUNG CHILD’S ERUPTION SEQUENCE
Time of emergence
Root formingCrown forming
KEY
10 2nd Molar
20 Incisor
20 Cuspid
20 2nd PreMolar
Deciduous
Permanent
10 Incisor
10 Cuspid
1 32 54 760YEARS
YOUNG CHILD’S ERUPTION SEQUENCE
10 2nd Molar
20 Incisor
20 Cuspid
20 2nd PreMolar
PRIMARY TEETH ERUPTION CHART
IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY TEETH
Help a child to chew and speak• Hold space for the adult
teeth & guide teeth during eruption
• Aid in jaw and face formation• Influence the child’s overall health
PERMANENT TEETH ERUPTION CHART
SHEDDING OF TEETH
EXFOLIATION• The physiologic process resulting in the elimination
of the deciduous dentition is called shedding or exfoliation.
• The main factors which play role in shedding of teeth are the odontoclast and pressure from the successional tooth.
• External pressures generated by cheeks and tongue also play a minor role in shedding
PATTERN OF EXFOLIATION
• Shedding or exfoliation occurs as a result of progressive resorption of roots of the teeth and their supporting tissue,the periodontal ligament.
• In general,the pressure generated by the growing and erupting permanent tooth dictates the pattern of deciduous tooth resorption.
PATTERN OF EXFOLIATION• At first the pressure is directed against the vestibular
direction, resorption of the roots of the deciduous incissors and canines begins on their lingual surfaces.
• Later, the developing tooth germs occupy a position directly apical to the deciduous tooth.
PATTERN OF EXFOLIATION
• In case of mandibular molars,the permanent tooth erupts lingual to the still functioning deciduous tooth.
• Resorption of the roots of deciduous molars often begins on their inner surfaces and bicuspids are found between them.
PATTERN OF EXFOLIATION
• The areas of early resorption are repaired by the deposition of a cementum-like tissue.
Osteoclasts resorbing bone
PDL fibers incorporated in bone as Sharpey’s fibers
FUNCTIONAL ERUPTION & TOOTH MOVEMENT
Osteoblasts laying down bundle bone
Cellular cementum added to apex Compensates for occlusal wear?
Occlusal wear
Bony interdental septum
Basil
FACTORS THAT PLAY ROLE IN SHEDDING
1.Odontoclast
2.Pressure
ODONTOCLAST
• When root resorption is almost complete,these odontoclasts degenerate,and mononuclear cells emerge from pulpal vessels and migrate to the predentin surface.
• Less is known about the resorption of soft tissues as it sheds.
ODONTOCLAST
• Just before exfoliation,resorption ceases as the odontoclasts migrate away from the dentin surface.
• The tooth sheds with some pulpal tissues intact.
10/Deciduous tooth
PDL attachment is surprising persistent
Close to EXFOLIATION of Deciduous 10 Tooth
Bone trabeculae added by layers at base of alveolus
Odontoclasts have resorbed most of deciduous root
Pulp is left alive
Bone remodellling has brought 20 tooth under 10
20 tooth would be LARGER than shown
20 tooth
PRESSURE
• The pressure exerted by the erupting permanent teeth seem to play an important role in resorption of deciduous teeth.
• The local pressure is responsible for initiation of resorption.
• In addition to this local pressure, heavy masticatory and muscular forces play a role in resorption.
MECHANISM OF RESORPTION AND SHEDDING
• The mechanism involved in bringing about tooth resorption and exfoliation are not yet fully proven, however it is clear that the odontoclast attaches to the hard tissue surface peripherally, thereby creating a sealed space lined by the ruffled border .
STARTING EXFOLIATION of DECIDUOUS MOLAR I
ALVEOLAR BONE
DENTINE
ENAMEL
Permanent Tooth under deciduous molar, & between its roots
Inter-radicular septum of bone also houses 2nd tooth germ & is its crypt
Root resorption by osteoclasts
PDL
PULP
EXFOLIATION of DECIDUOUS MOLAR II
ALVEOLAR BONE
DENTINE
ENAMEL
Focal erosion along this line leaves a ROOT FRAGMENT which may be retained
Resorbed dentine partly repaired by new cementum
Crypt bone eroded here
PDL
PDL is disrupted in regions of root resorption & repair
EXFOLIATION of DECIDUOUS MOLAR III
Erosion of bone and the deciduous root is not steady & continuous, but may cease briefly, when some repair of eroded cementum & dentine can occur (by cementum). Bone remodelling also goes on, and the alveolus and crypt are changing all the time - repeated all along the jaw
DENTINE
ENAMEL
MECHANISM OF RESORPTION AND SHEDDING
• The membrane of the ruffled border acts as a proton pump, adding hydrogen ions to the extracellular environment and acidifying it so that the mineral dissolution occurs.
APPLIED ANATOMY
PREMATURE ERUPTION :• Premature eruption of teeth occurs
infrequently, for example in case of Riga fede diesease we see early eruption (natal teeth).
• They erupt in the first 30days of life and the teeth most often involved are deciduous mandibular incissors.
• The etiology is unknown, but experimental studies report this to be an endocrinal cause.
• Premature eruption of permanent teeth is usually a sequela of the premature loss of deciduous teeth, and here again an endocrinal disturbance is considered.
DELAYED TOOTH ERUPTION
1. Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome2.Cleidocranial dysplasia3.Coffin syndrome4.Cornelia de Lange syndrome5.Cytotoxic therapeutic agents6.Down syndrome7.Gaucher’s syndrome
8.Frontometaphyseal dysplasia9.congenital hypothyroidism10.Rutherfurd syndrome11.Osteopetrosis12.Radiotherapy13.Muccopolysachridosis Type 6
THE EFFECT OF PREMATURE LOSSOF THE FIRST PERMANENT MOLAR
• Diminished local function• Drifting of teeth• Mid line deviation• Continued eruption of opposing teeth
ERUPTION SEQUESTRUM
• It is a tiny irregular spicule of bone overlying the crown of an erupting permanent molar.
• In most cases,this fragment probably undergoes total resorption prior to eruption.
ERUPTION HEMATOMA
• A bluish purple, elevated area of tissue, commonly called an eruption hematoma.
• The blood-filled cyst is most frequently seen in the primary second molar or the first permanent molar regions
DIMINISHED LOCAL FUNCTION
• Diminished local function result in a reduction in chewing efficiency as great as 50%.
• Shifting of the load of mastication to the unaffected side.
• An unhygienic condition of the unused side
INFRA OCCLUSION
• This is the preferred term for submerged or ankylosed teeth.
• It describes teeth that have failed to achieve
or maintain their occlusal relationship to adjacent and opposing teeth.
INFRA OCCLUSION
• 1-9% MALE = FEMALE• Primary > Permanent• Mandibular first
primary molar most frequently affected
INFRA OCCLUSION
• There is a higher incidence of infra occlusion associated with missing permanent successors, but the lower deciduous molars are at the same occlusal level as the other deciduous teeth at this stage and therefore not yet infra occluded.
INFRA OCCLUSION
• The lower second premolar is the most commonly congenitally absent tooth after the third molars.
• There is no root resorption of the lower second primary molars apparent
INFRA OCCLUSION
• Female patient age 14• No relevant medical history• Congenitally absent lower second premolars Lower second primary molars not
infraoccluded• No root resorption apparent
ANKYLOSIS
• Thought to be due to an imbalance in the normal pattern of resorption and repair in primary teeth.
• Trauma and infection have been suggested as precursors.
ANKYLOSIS
• Most likely cause here is congenitally absent lower permanent second premolars.
• If the teeth are ankylosed they will be more difficult to remove, and may require minor oral surgery
EMBEDDED TEETH
• These are teeth that fail to erupt in the oral cavity due to various local factors
ECTOPIC ERUPTION
• Term used to describe a tooth or teeth that erupt in an abnormal position.
• The prevalence of ectopic eruption was significantly higher in the mandible.
doi: 10.2319/072506-306.1 The Angle Orthodontist: Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 773–778. Prevalence of Ectopic Eruption, Impaction, Retention and Agenesis of the Permanent Second
Molar ,Lars Bondemark;Jola Tsiopa
ECTOPIC ERUPTION
• It is believed that ectopic eruption is due to an abnormal change in position of the dental follicle, delayed loss of primary tooth, loss of space in the alveolar arch.
• But, not yet the true reason for this condition is concluded.
EPSTEIN PEARLS,BOHN NODULES ,DENTAL LAMINA CYSTS
• Epstein pearls are formed along the midpalatine raphe. (remnants of epithelial tissue trapped along the raphe)
• Bohn nodules are formed along the buccal and lingual aspects of the dental ridges and on the palate away from the raphe. (remnants of mucous gland tissue).
• Dental lamina cysts are found on the crest of the maxillary and mandibular dental ridges (remnants of the dental lamina).
TEETHING
• Teething is a term limited by common usage to eruption of primary teeth.
• Clinical features: 1.Local signs 2.Systemic signs
RESEARCH RESULTS OF EXFOLIATED TOOTH
I . EXFOLIATED TOOTH IN STEM CELL RESEARCH It is studied that exfoliated human deciduous tooth
contains multipotent stem cells [stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED)]i.e highly proliferative, clonogenic cells capable of differentiating into a variety of cell types including neural cells, adipocytes, and odontoblasts
After in vivo transplantation, SHED were found to be able to induce bone formation, generate dentin, and survive in mouse brain along with expression of neural markers.
• SHED are not only derived from a very accessible tissue resource but are also capable of providing enough cells for potential clinical application.
• *Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; †Mesenchymal Stem Cell Group, Division of Haematology, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Australia
• Because bones and permanent teeth accumulate lead, exfoliated deciduous teeth have been utilized as retrospective markers of cumulative exposure in epidemiological surveys.
• Relationships between serial blood lead levels and exfoliated tooth dentin lead levels: Models of tooth lead kinetics ;JCTI;1993;53(5)
REFERENCES• Brand and isselhard, anatomy of orofacial structures Text book of dental
anatomy,2004,7th edition.• Orban,Oral histology and embryology,2001,12th edition.• Ten cate’s, Text book of oral histology, 2008,7th edition.• Marks SC Jr, Cahill DR. Experimental study in the dog of the non-active role of the
tooth in the eruptive process. Archs Oral Biol 1984; 29(311).• Cahill DR, Marks SC Jr. Tooth eruption: Evidence for the central role of the dental
follicle. J Oral Path 1980; 9(189).• Moxham BJ. The effects of some vaso-active drugs on the eruption of the rabbit
mandibular incisor. Archs Oral Biol 1979;24(681). • Berkovitz BK. How teeth erupt. Dent Update 1990: 206–210. • Van Hassell H J, McMinn RG. Pressure differential favouring tooth eruption in the
dog. Archs oral Biol 1972; 17(183). • Ten Cate AR, Deporter DA, Freeman E. The role of fibroblasts in the remodeling of
periodontal ligament during physiological tooth movement. Am J Orthod 1976;69(155).
• Compagnon D, Woda A. Supra-eruption of the unopposed maxillary molar. J Prosthet Dent 1991: 66(29).
• Relationships between serial blood lead levels and exfoliated tooth dentin lead levels: Models of tooth lead kinetics ;JCTL;1993;53(5)
• Wise GE,Frazier-Bowers S,D’SouzaRN: Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 13:323,2002)• Developmental Biology programme, Vol 126, Issue 13 2911-2920,
Copyright © 1999 by Company of Biologists The Angle Orthodontist: Vol. 77, No. 5, pp. 773–778. Prevalence of Ectopic
Eruption, Impaction, Retention and Agenesis of the Permanent Second Molar ,Lars Bondemark;Jola Tsiopa