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Is there a role to erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in the treatment of anemic chronic heart
failure patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Bárbara Vieira, [email protected] ; Diana Pires, [email protected] ;
Iolanda Vieira, [email protected] ; João Novo, joã[email protected] ; José
Machado, [email protected] ; Lia Rodrigues, [email protected] ; Maria Lume,
[email protected] ; Mário Sousa, [email protected] ; Mónica Pereira,
[email protected] ; Patrícia Gouveia, [email protected] ; Pedro Vieira
[email protected]
Dra. Filipa Almeida, turma 6
ABSTRACT:
Problem: The study aim is to define if treatment of anemia with erythropoietin stimulating proteins
influences and improves survival, prognosis and quality of life of severe heart failure patients.
Summary of background: Anaemia is frequently observed in patients with chronic heart failure
(CHF). Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone
marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. It has been successfully used in the treatment of
many types of anaemia.
Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
reporting outcomes of heart failure patients with anaemia treated with erythropoietin stimulating
proteins (ESP) versus placebo or iron therapy. Our systematic review compares ESP therapy with
standard care in severe CHF patients published in Medline, IsiWeb of Knowledge and Scopus. Data
were analyzed using the software SPSS 16® and the meta-analysis software in Review Manager 5®.
Results: The electronic search retrieved 1187 eligible articles. 1174 were rejected initially and the
other 13 were detailed evaluated and 5 of them were rejected. 8 studies were included in the meta-
analysis. The outcomes selected to the meta-analysis were exercise duration (p< 0.00001)), six-
minute walk distance (p= 0.03), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p=0.02) and the peak Vo2
(p=0.03), New York Heart Association classification (p=0.01), serum ferritin (p=0.92), haemoglobin
concentration(p<0.00001) and mortality (p=0.48).
Conclusion: The advantages of erythropoietin administration in patients with HF and anaemia are
significant, this treatment should, therefore, be considered a serious therapeutic option.
KEY WORDS: Anaemia, Chronic heart failure, Erythropoietin
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INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient
blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Chronic HF refers to a persistent symptomatic HF and
is the most common form of HF leading to hospital admission, accounting for 80% of cases [1]. The
prevalence of HF is between 2 and 3% and rises sharply at 75 years old, so the prevalence in 70 to
80-year-old people is between 10 and 20% [2].
Anaemia is frequently observed in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Prevalence of anaemia
depends both on the severity of CHF and diagnostic criteria used to define it. Using the most
commonly employed definition of the World Health Organization (Haemoglobin [Hb] <12g/dL in
women and <13g/dL in men), anaemia is present in one-third of the CHF patients [3, 4]. Its
pathogenesis in CHF is complex and renal dysfunction, inflammation; changes in plasma volume,
hematinic deficiencies, and drug treatment are common causes [5].
Anaemia in patients with HF is frequently associated with a substantially decreased aerobic capacity,
a subjective experience of fatigue and reduced functional status and poor quality of life. Anaemia in
CHF is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and is considered as a
useful prognostic marker [3], suggesting that treatment for anaemia should benefit patients. The
recognition of the high prevalence and the independent prognostic role of anaemia in HF have
contributed to intensification of research for an effective treatment.
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow
to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. It has been successfully used in the treatment of many
types of anaemia such as anaemia due to kidney failure [6] and anaemia associated with cancer [7].
A central role of erythropoietin in cardiorenal anaemia syndrome has been proposed. Treatment of
anaemia with erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins in patients with CHF would thus seem attractive and
has been explored in several studies [3, 8-12]. Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) have
demonstrated the safety and efficacy of erythropoietin-stimulating proteins (ESP) in correcting
anaemia in patients with HF. However, as some studies have failed to show benefit, the role of this
novel therapy in the treatment of HF is not defined.
The aim of this study is to define if treatment of anemia with erythropoietin stimulating proteins
influences and improves survival, prognosis and quality of life of severe heart failure patients.
METHODS
Study objectives and design: We performed a systematic review and metanalysis of randomized
controlled trials reporting outcomes of heart failure patients with anaemia treated with erythropoietin
stimulating proteins versus placebo or iron therapy. The primary endpoints evaluated were effects of
the therapy in mortality rates, prognosis defined as readmission rates, NYHA functional class,
exercise capacity and quality of life, evaluated with validated questionnaires. The second endpoint
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was evaluation of complication rates and safety of erythropoietin stimulating proteins treatment. The
outcomes of interest were mortality, readmission rates, left ventricle ejection fraction, NYHA
functional class, exercise capacity defined by oxygen consumption in the exercise test and 6 min
walking test and vascular complications.
Search Strategy: We preformed a Systematic review of randomized controlled trials that compare
ESP therapy with standard care in severe CHF patients published in Medline, IsiWeb of Knowledge
and Scopus, since 1985 (year when ESP were first described and synthesised) until February 2009.
In the search criteria defined the Mesh Terms: heart failure; anemia; erythropoietin recombinant and
the text words: heart failure; congestive heart failure; chronic heart failure; heart insuficiency; systolic
dysfunction; symptomatic heart failure; anemia; epoetin delta; erythropoiesis stimulating protein,
human; darbepoetin alfa; recombinant erythropoietin; erythropoietin; erythropoietin recombinant,
were used. The final query used to select the articles was: ("Heart Failure“ [Mesh] OR "heart failure“
[All Fields] OR "congestive heart failure“ [All Fields] OR "chronic heart failure“ [All Fields] OR "systolic
dysfunction“ [All Fields] OR "symptomatic heart failure“ [All Fields]) AND ("Anaemia“ [Mesh] OR
"anaemia“ [All Fields] OR "anaemia“ [All Fields]) AND ("Erythropoietin, Recombinant“ [Mesh] OR
"epoetin delta“ [Substance Name] OR "erythropoiesis stimulating protein, human“ [Substance Name]
OR "darbepoetin alfa“ [Substance Name] OR "recombinant erythropoietin“ [All Fields] OR
"erythropoietin“ [All Fields] OR "erythropoietin“ [MeSH Terms] OR "erythropoietin recombinant“ [All
Fields])
Study Selection: We included randomized controlled trials whose primary objective was to compare
ESP treatment in CHF patients with placebo or iron therapy. Titles and abstracts of all articles were
evaluated independently by two reviewers and rejected on initial screen if they: 1) included subjects
other than CHF patients or evaluated erythropoietin therapy in other diseases; 2) had no evaluation
of hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (Ht) levels; 3) were not randomized controlled trials; 4) were
published only in abstract form; 5) were published in another language than English or Portuguese.
After obtaining full texts of the selected studies, the same reviewers independently assessed
eligibility according to the following criteria: 1) studies that compared Erythropoietin group or
erythropoietin + iron therapy vs placebo group or iron therapy; 2) studies where treatment of heart
failure other than ESP is optimize in the 2 groups; 3) Articles that evaluate prognosis, mortality and
quality of life; 4) articles addressing animal experiments and not phase III or IV RCT. Differences in
data between the 2 reviewers were solved by rereviewing corresponding articles, and the final set
was agreed on by consensus.
Data extraction: Two reviewers extracted independently pre-specified data elements from each study,
and data was organized in five different categories: study sample, effect of ESP treatment on
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Reject based on title and abstract
(n = 1174)
Reject based on full text article
(n =5)
Potential eligible studies screened
(n= 1187)
Potential eligible studies that were detailed review
(n = 13)
Studies included in meta-analysis
(n= 8)
anaemia, effect of ESP on mortality and prognosis, effect on quality of life and complication events.
Charts were used to compile the data of each category. The following variables we created according
to the four categories: (1) study sample variables: total patients in each group, age and heart failure
treatment; (2) effect of ESP treatment on anaemia variables: hemoglobin level and serum ferritin for
each group before and after treatment; (3) effect of ESP on mortality and prognosis variables: NYHA,
left ventricle ejection fraction, peak of oxygen volume, distance in the 6 min walking test, in each
group before and after treatment and mortality in the two groups; (4) quality of life variables: type of
questionnaire used, global score before and after intervention in the 2 groups; (5) complication
events variables: which complication event and incidence per group.
Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed using the software SPSS 16® on an intention to treat basis.
Where appropriate, data from all trials were combined using the meta-analysis software in Review
Manager 5®. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted to determine a summary estimate of the
relative risk and the 95% confidence interval and estimate the magnitude of the effect of ESP
treatment in anemic heart failure patients and the primary endpoints determined. We performed tests
of heterogeneity between studies using a standard chi-square test and I2 statistic. Statistical
significance was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS:
Description of the included articles: The electronic
search retrieved 1187 eligible articles. On initial
screening, 1174 were rejected based on title and
abstract and the other 13 were detailed evaluated. Of
the 13 screened full text articles, 5 were rejected. Thus
8 studies were included in this meta-analysis (Fig.1).
The characteristics of the included articles are listed
Table 1. Data were analyzed using the software SPSS
16® on an intention to treat basis and data from all trials
were combined using the meta-analysis software in
Review Manager 5® .P-values up to 0,1 indicates
homogeneity.
Meta-analysis findings: According to the information
available in the 8 articles, the outcomes selected to the
meta-analysis were exercise duration, six-minute walk
distance, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and
the peak Vo2, serum ferritin, haemoglobin
Figure 1 Flow Chart for articles selection
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concentration, mortality (objective variables), and New York Heart Association classification
(subjective variable). To evaluate the efficiency of the treatment with erythropoietin were also
analysed the variation of haemoglobin concentration and serum ferritin.
On the other hand duration of exercise data was available in 4 articles [14, 17, 21] and its analysis
showed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.00001) of the distance walked (Fig.3). Relatively to
the heterogeneity test, it was homogeneous (95% CI; p=0.59). Six-minute-walk distance improved
with erythropoietin administration.
Six-minute-walk distance data was available in 4 articles [15, 18, 20, 21] . Analysis revealed that
there is a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.03) of this outcome in patients treated with
erythropoietin compared with placebo group (Fig.2). The p-value of heterogeneity test (95% CI;
p=0.01) indicates that exercise duration data is heterogeneous.
Left ventricular ejection fraction, an efficiency marker, was measured in 4 studies. The mean LVEF
increased significantly (p = 0.02) in patients treated with erythropoietin compared with placebo group
(Fig.4) and its test was heterogeneous (95% CI; p=0.009).
Peak Vo2 was evaluated in 3 articles [14, 17, 21] and analysis shows that it significantly increased (p
= 0,03) in treatment group compared with placebo (Fig.5) while the heterogeneity test p-value
demonstrated that this variable is heterogeneous (95% CI; p=0.0002). Although the heterogeneity
graph represents an homogeneous distribution.
Changes in New York Heart Association classification were evaluated in 6 articles [15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20]. Data analyse revealed a significant decrease (p = 0,01) in NYHA class in experimental group
compared with placebo group (Fig.6) and meta-analysis showed that NYHA class has an
heterogeneous distribution (95% CI; p<0.00001).
Mortality was considerate in all 8 articles which promote a better analysis with efficient results. There
is no significant difference (p = 0,48) between the groups (Fig.7) and its distribution is homogeneous
according to the heterogeneity test (95% CI; p=0.33).
Variation in Haemoglobin (Hb) concentration was monitored in 7 articles [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21].
There was a significantly increase in Hb concentration (p < 0.00001) as result of the administration of
erythropoietin (Fig.8). Hb concentration distribution is homogeneous according to the test of
heterogeneity (95% CI; p=0.08). Although this heterogeneity is not too much significant as the p-
value indicates because it is not to much lower than 0.1 and the heterogeneity graph representation
also doesn’t show a bigger heterogeneity.
Serum ferritin was measured in only 3 articles [15, 16, 18] and there is no significantly changes (p =
0,92) between the study groups (Fig.9). The heterogeneity test indicates an homogeneity in the
distribution of serum ferritin data (95% CI; p=0.27).
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Table 1 Description of the included articles
Article identifiation
Title AuthorsN placebo
N study
Age (Placebo)
Age (Study) Outcomes
1
Effect of darbepoetin alfa on exercise tolerance in anemia patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure
Piotr Ponikowski, MD, PHD, Stefan D. Anker, et al 22 19 72 ± 7 70 ± 7
Mortality, hemoglobin, exercise duration, peak VO2.
2
Randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study o evaluate the effect of two dosing regimens of darbepoetin alfa in patients with heart failure and anaemia
Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, Kenneth Dickstein, Alain Cohen-Solal, et al
55 110 71 ± 9 71 ± 11
Mortality, hemoglobin, NYHA class, 6-minute walk distance, left ventricular ejection fraction, serum ferritin.
3
The effect of correction of mild anemia in severe, resistant congestive heart failure using subcutaneous erythropoietin and intravenous iron: a randomized controlled study
Donald S. Silverberg, MD, Dov Wexler, MD, David Sheps, et al
16 16 72.2 ± 9.9 75.3 ± 14.6
Mortality, hemoglobin, NYHA class, left ventricular ejection fraction serum ferritin.
4
Erythropoietin improves anemia exercise tolerance and renal function and reduces B-type natriuretic peptide and hospitalization in patients with heart failure and anemia
Alberto Palazzuoli, MD, PhD,a Donald Silverberg, MD,b Francesca Iovine, MD, et al
18 20 75 ± 6 72 ± 5Mortality, hemoglobin, exercise duration, NYHA class, peak VO2.
5
Effects of darbepoetin α on right and left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in anemic patients with chronic heart failure secondary to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
John T. Parissis, MD,a Kallirrhoe Kourea, MD,a Fotios Panou, et al 11 21 69 ± 4 72 ± 5
Mortality, hemoglobin, NYHA class, 6-minute walk distance, left ventricular ejection fraction, serum ferritin.
6
Randomized double-blind trial of darbepoetin alfa in patients with symptomatic heart failure and anemia
Jalal K. Ghali, Inder S. Anand, William T. Abraham, et al
157 162 69 ± 10 68 ± 12 Mortality, NYHA class.
7
Effect of darbepoetin- alfa on plasma pro-inflamatory cytokines, anti- inflamatory cytokine interleukin- 10 and solube Faz/Faz ligand system in anemic patient with chronic heart failure
Kallirrhoe Kourea 1, John T. Parissis, Dimitrios Farmakis, et al 20 21 68 ± 13 72 ± 5
Mortality, hemoglobin, NYHA class, 6-minute walk distance, left ventricular ejection fraction.
8
Effect of Erythropoietin on Exercise Capacity in Patients With Moderate to Severe Chronic Heart Failure
Donna M. Mancini, Stuart D. Katz, Chim C. Lang, John LaManca, et al
8 15 55 ± 7 60 ± 12
Mortality, hemoglobin, exercise duration, 6-minute walk distance, peak VO2.
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Figure 2 Exercise duration
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Figure 3 Six-minute walk distance
Figure 4 Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)
Figure 5 Peak Vo2
Study or Subgroup
A.H. Journal 2006 (4)A.H. Journal 2008 (5)A.H. Journal 2008 (6)ELSEVIER 2007 (7)JACC 2001 (3)JACC 2007 (2)
Total (95% CI)
Heterogeneity: Tau² = 0.48; Chi² = 175.90, df = 5 (P < 0.00001); I² = 97%Test for overall effect: Z = 2.44 (P = 0.01)
Mean
2.22.1
2.432.82.22.3
SD
0.70.5
0.320.50.7
0.64
Total
2021
1622116
110
350
Mean
3.93.2
2.522.553.9
2.315
SD
0.30.6
0.360.50.3
0.68
Total
1811
157201655
277
Weight
16.5%16.0%17.5%16.7%16.3%17.1%
100.0%
IV, Random, 95% CI
-1.70 [-2.04, -1.36]-1.10 [-1.51, -0.69]-0.09 [-0.16, -0.02]
0.25 [-0.06, 0.56]-1.70 [-2.07, -1.33]-0.02 [-0.23, 0.20]
-0.71 [-1.28, -0.14]
Erythropoietin Placebo Mean Difference Mean DifferenceIV, Random, 95% CI
-2 -1 0 1 2Favours experimental Favours control
Figure 6 New York Heart Association classification
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Figure 7 Mortality
Figure 8 Haemoglobin concentration
Figure 9 Serum Ferritin
DISCUSSION: This is the first meta-analysis to evaluate survival and quality of life related aspects in
patients with Heart Failure and anaemia treated with erythropoietin.
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We found statistically significant improvements in many aspects associated with quality of life in
patients treated with erythropoietin, such as exercise duration, six-minute walk distance, left
ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and peak Vo2. A significant decrease in NYHA classification in
experimental group is a positive subjective consequence which seems to be associated to the
treatment. Haemoglobin also improved with erythropoietin administration comparing with the placebo
group. Therefore we can conclude that erythropoietin treatment benefices haemoglobin concentration
in patients.
The differences found in mortality frequency weren’t statistically significant. So, we conclude that the
treatment with erythropoietin does not improve patient’s survival.
Three of the studies included in meta-analysis [14, 15, 18] refer rates complication after the treatment
and it let us conclude that exist an higher level of safety associated with the treatment.
Another three articles [14, 15, 21] evaluate quality of life trough two type of questionnaire: Kansas
City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire
(MLHFQ). The first one was used only in articles [14], where quality of life improved in experimental
group and it was statistically significant, and [15] where the improve of quality of life was not
statistically significant. The MLHFQ was mentioned in the three articles. The quality of life improved
with erythropoietin administration in all of them but only in article [21] it was statistically significant.
The advantages of erythropoietin administration in patients with HF and anaemia are significant, this
treatment should, therefore, be considered a serious therapeutic option.
After this analysis we may suggest that should not be done more randomized controlled clinical trial
about erythropoietin administration in patients with Chronic Heart Failure because of ethical
questions. Studies made until now are enough, so people should not be submitted to this type of
treatment if it is not necessary.
Study limitations. Limitation of meta-analysis basically included heterogeneity, absence of full article
and differences in data presentation used in the selected articles which difficult data aggregation.
The articles that weren’t available were excluded. In articles with same variables in different units we
tried to convert them into the same unit. If it was not possible, the variable was excluded.
Some relevant variables, as B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP), an important data to evaluate the
efficiency of treatment, rate readmission and safety, were mentioned only in less than three articles,
so it wasn’t possible include them into the meta-analysis.
These limitations led to the impossibility of running a meta-analysis with a larger number of variables
and analyzing more articles which titles and abstracts indicated them relevant for our study.
During the meta-analysis using meta-analysis software in Review Manager 5® the heterogeneity test
values were affected because of the restrict number of article values therefore, sometimes, the p-
value allowed us to conclude heterogeneity that did not exist in the graphic interpretation.
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