esd cir.docx

7/30/2019 esd cir.docx

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, so let's beign.

Here is what you will need:

1 - Timer 555 8 pin IC

1 - 2N3905 PNP general switching transistor

1 - 2N3053 NPN general purpose amplifier (I dont know if this is a switching or amplifer but I used

MPSA2222A instead and it worked fine, I also tried 2N3904 and it worked, but a littler worse than the

one I used)20 - red LEDs (although you can use any color choice you want)

20 - blue LEDs (although you can use any color choice you want)

1 - LED (this is used to verify if your circuit works, can be any color)

1 - 1uF Electrolytic capacitor

1 - .1uF disc capacitor

1 - 150k resistor

1 - 4.7k resistor

1 - 160 ohm resistor

1 - 220 ohm resistor (although I used a 160 ohm)

20 - 100 ohm resistors (I didnt have 20 so I used 10 of 100 ohm and 10 of 120 ohm)1 - 6V source

wire


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A resistor limits current flow.

A capacitor stores charge and thus energy via an electric field and also can act as a frequency filter for

AC applications.

An inductor stores energy in a magnetic field. An example is the coil in an automobile sparkplug

distribution or coil on plug technology. When the magnetic field collapses in the coil, it liberates its

energy. That's how the spark is made. Inductors can also be used as frequency filters.

The main function of a diode is to block the current in one direction, and allow current to flow in the

other direction. Current flowing through the diode is called forward current.

There are several types of diodes:

Rectifier diodes -- these are the most common, with its function described above.

Detector diodes -- these are more sensitive than normal rectifier diodes. They are used in radios and

televisions to convert radio signals to audio or television signals.

Zener diodes -- These diodes are the opposites of the normal diodes, because they are designed toconduct current in the backwards (reverse) direction BUT only at a very precise voltage. Zener diodes

are used to regulate voltages (to behave sort-of like a battery).

Capacitance diodes act as tunable capacitors and are also used in radios and TVs to allow electronic

automatic tuning.

Tunnel diodes are used in oscillator circuits

What is the function of a transformer?

Answer:A transformer is a device that changes an electrical voltage or current from one level to another.(In radio frequency applications, it is used to couple the RF electronic circuits.)

Transformers are used to:

Convert high voltage alternating current (AC) to desired low voltage alternating current(AC). Such transformers are called step down transformers.

Convert low voltage alternating current (AC) to desired high voltage alternating current(AC). Such transformers are called step up transformers.

Electrically separate one part of the circuit (or any other electrical system) from the otherpart, termed as 'electrical isolation'. Such transformers are called isolation transformers.

The transformation may involve the loss of some power as waste heat.


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Home | Site Map | Components | 555 | Symbols | Study | Construction | Soldering | Projects | FAQ| Privacy & Cookies

Circuit Symbols

Wires | Supplies | Output devices | Switches | Resistors | Capacitors | Diodes | Transistors | Audio & Radio |

Meters | Sensors | Logic gates | Download symbols

Next Page: Electricity and the Electron

Also see: Circuit Diagrams

Circuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a

circuit is connected together. The actual layout of the

components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram.

To build a circuit you need a different diagram showing the

layout of the parts on stripboard orprinted circuit board.

Temporary and trial circuits are often built on breadboard

which does not require soldering.

Wires and connections

Component Circuit Symbol Function of Component

Wire To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another.

Wires joined

A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is

sometimes omitted. Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be

staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown on the right.

Wires not joined

In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even

though they are not connected. The simple crossing on the left is

correct but may be misread as a join where the 'blob' has been

forgotten. The bridge symbol on the right leaves no doubt!

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Power Supplies


Cell

Supplies electrical energy.

The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).

A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells

joined together.

BatterySupplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell.

The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).

DC supplySupplies electrical energy.

DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.

AC supplySupplies electrical energy.

AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction.

FuseA safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through i

exceeds a specified value.

Transformer

Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step

up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is

transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There

is no electrical connection between the coils.

Earth

(Ground)

A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero

volts) of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio

circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.

Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.


Lamp (lighting)

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is

used for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or

torch bulb.
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Lamp (indicator)

A transducer which converts electrical energy to light. This symbol is

used for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a

car dashboard.

Heater A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.

MotorA transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy

(motion).

Bell A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Buzzer A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Inductor

(Coil, Solenoid)

A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes

through it. It may have an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a

transducer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by

pulling on something.

Switches


Push Switch

(push-to-make)

A push switch allows current to flow only when the button is

pressed. This is the switch used to operate a doorbell.

Push-to-Break

Switch

This type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open (off)

only when the button is pressed.

On-Off Switch

(SPST)

SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.

An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in the

closed (on) position.
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2-way Switch

(SPDT)

SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.

A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of

two routes according to its position. Some SPDT switches have a

central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.

Dual On-Off

Switch

(DPST)

DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.

A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains

electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral

connections.

Reversing Switch

(DPDT)

DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.

This switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor.

Some DPDT switches have a central off position.

Relay

An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit

connected to the coil can switch a 230V AC mains circuit.

NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed.

Resistors


Resistor

A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the

current passing through an LED. A resistor is used with a capacitor in a

timing circuit.

Some publications still use the old resistor symbol:

Variable Resistor

(Rheostat)

This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually

used to control current. Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness,

adjusting motor speed, and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a

capacitor in a timing circuit.

Variable Resistor

(Potentiometer)

This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is

usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer

converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical
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signal.

Variable Resistor

(Preset)

This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small

screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit is

made and then left without further adjustment. Presets are cheaperthan normal variable resistors so they are often used in projects to

reduce the cost.

Capacitors


Capacitor

A capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor is used with a resistor

in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals

but pass AC signals.

Capacitor,

polarised

A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the

correct way round. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing

circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC

signals.

Variable Capacitor

A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.

Trimmer Capacitor

This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small

screwdriver or similar tool. It is designed to be set when the circuit

is made and then left without further adjustment.

Diodes


Diode

A device which only allows current to flow in one direction.

LED

Light Emitting Diode A transducer which converts electrical energy to light.
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Zener Diode

A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage across its

terminals.

Photodiode A light-sensitive diode.

Transistors


Transistor NPN

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an

amplifier or switching circuit.

Transistor PNP

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an

amplifier or switching circuit.

Phototransistor A light-sensitive transistor.

Audio and Radio Devices


Microphone A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.

Earphone A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.
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Loudspeaker

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Piezo Transducer

A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.

Amplifier

(general symbol)

An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block diagram symbol

because it represents a circuit rather than just one component.

Aerial

(Antenna)

A device which is designed to receive or transmit radio signals. It is also

known as an antenna.

Meters and Oscilloscope


Voltmeter

A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference', but most people prefer

to say voltage!

Ammeter

An ammeter is used to measure current.

Galvanometer

A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter which is used to measure tiny

currents, usually 1mA or less.

Ohmmeter

An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most multimeters have

an ohmmeter setting.
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Oscilloscope

An oscilloscope is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it

can be used to measure their voltage and time period.

Sensors (input devices)


LDR

A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an

electrical property).

LDR = Light Dependent Resistor

Thermistor

A transducer which converts temperature (heat) to resistance (an

electrical property).

Logic Gates

Logic gates process signals which represent true (1, high, +Vs, on) or false (0, low, 0V, off).

For more information please see the Logic Gates page.

There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).

Gate

Type

Traditional

SymbolIEC Symbol Function of Gate

NOT

A NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on the output

means 'not'. The output of a NOT gate is the inverse (opposite)

of its input, so the output is true when the input is false. A NOT

gate is also called an inverter.

ANDAn AND gate can have two or more inputs. The output of an

AND gate is true when all its inputs are true.

NAND

A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the

output means 'not' showing that it is a Not AND gate. The

output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are true.
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Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols

SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open

SPDT Toggle Switch Selects between two connections

Pushbutton Switch (N.O) Momentary switch - normally open

Pushbutton Switch (N.C) Momentary switch - normally closed

DIP Switch DIP switch is used for onboard configuration

SPST Relay

Relay open / close connection by an

electromagnet

SPDT Relay

Jumper Close connection by jumper insertion on pins.

Solder Bridge Solder to close connection

Ground Symbols

Earth GroundUsed for zero potential reference and electrical

shock protection.

Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit

Digital / Common Ground
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Resistor Symbols

Resistor(IEEE)

Resistor reduces the current flow.

Resistor(IEC)

Potentiometer(IEEE)

Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.

Potentiometer(IEC)

Variable Resistor / Rheostat(IEEE)

Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.

Variable Resistor / Rheostat(IEC)

Trimmer Resistor Preset resistor

Thermistor

Thermal resistor - change resistance when

temperature changes

Photoresistor / Light dependent

resistor (LDR)

Photo-resistor - change resistance with light

intensity change

Capacitor Symbols

Capacitor

Capacitor is used to store electric charge. It acts

as short circuit with AC and open circuit with DC.Capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor
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Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

Inductor / Coil Symbols

Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic field

Iron Core Inductor Includes iron

Variable Inductor

Power Supply Symbols

Voltage Source Generates constant voltage

Current Source Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

GeneratorElectrical voltage is generated by mechanical

rotation of the generator

Battery Cell Generates constant voltage

Battery Generates constant voltage

Controlled Voltage SourceGenerates voltage as a function of voltage or

current of other circuit element.
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Controlled Current SourceGenerates current as a function of voltage or

current of other circuit element.

Meter Symbols

VoltmeterMeasures voltage. Has very high resistance.

Connected in parallel.

AmmeterMeasures electric current. Has near zero

resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols

Lamp/ light bulb

Generates light when current flows throughLamp / light bulb

Lamp / light bulb

Diode / LED Symbols

DiodeDiode allows current flow in one direction only

(left to right).

Zener Diode

Allows current flow in one direction, but also can

flow in the reverse direction when abovebreakdown voltage

Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low voltage drop
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Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED emits light when current flows through

PhotodiodePhotodiode allows current flow when exposed to

light

Transistor Symbols

NPN Bipolar Transistor Allows current flow when high potential at base(middle)

PNP Bipolar TransistorAllows current flow when low potential at base

(middle)

Darlington TransistorMade from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total gain of

the product of each gain.

JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

Misc. Symbols

Motor Electric motor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor#NPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor#PNPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFEThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor#PNPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor#NPNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodiodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicap


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TransformerChange AC voltage from high to low or low to

high.

Electric bell Rings when activated

Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

FuseThe fuse disconnects when current above

threshold. Used to protect circuit from high

currents.Fuse

Bus

Contains several wires. Usually for data / address.Bus

Bus

Optocoupler / Opto-isolator Optocoupler isolates onnection to other board

Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves

Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal

Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal

Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optocouplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitt_triggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitt_triggerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeakerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optocouplerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_bushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_%28electrical%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer


18/19

Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) Converts analog signal to digital numbers

Digital-to-Analog converter (DAC) Converts digital numbers to analog signal

Crystal Oscillator Used to generate precise frequency clock signal

Antenna Symbols

Antenna / aerial

Transmits & receives radio waves

Antenna / aerial

Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna

Logic Gates Symbols

NOT Gate (Inverter) Outputs 1 when input is 0

AND Gate Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1.

NAND Gate Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT + AND)

OR Gate Outputs 1 when any input is 1.

NOR Gate Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT + OR)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOT_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_%28radio%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter


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XOR GateOutputs 1 when inputs are different. (Exclusive

OR)

D Flip-Flop Stores one bit of data

Multiplexer / Mux2 to 1

Connects the output to selected input line.

Multiplexer / Mux4 to 1

Demultiplexer / Demux1 to 4 Connects selected output to the input line.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_%28electronics%29#D_flip-flophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_%28electronics%29#D_flip-flophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_gate

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