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THE ECONOMIC IMPACT
OF SEISMIC RETROFIT
ON HERITAGE
BUILDINGS WITH
HISTORIC
REINFORCED
CONCRETE SKELETON
STRUCTURE OF THE
INTERWAR TIME
Maria BOSTENARU DAN
Overview
Introduction
The building typology
Performance levels and seismic retrofit costs
Building modelling
Computation methodology
Structural damage
Comparison of costs
Output for the decision system
Outlook to further studies
The building typology
The RC skeleton building
typology in Europe
Studies of seismic countries: Romania, Italy, Greece, Slovenia, Portugal (for the first two including archives)
Studies of other countries presenting the typology: Poland, Bulgaria, France, Czech Republic, Estonia, Austria, Netherlands, Spain, Germany (the last two moderate seismicity; Germany is steel frame) and of Art Nouveau forerunners (Belgium, Romania, Hungary, Estonia, Finnland, Germany) see http://bostenaru.natkat.org/project_results/study_trips.html
The RC skeleton among typologies
in Bucharest, Romania
Romanian housing typologies analysed (WHE&beyond)
Historic building with timbered balcony
„wagon“ house (single story brick row)
Two story brick masonry timber floor
Multistory brick masonry steel composite floor
RC skeleton (residential and mixed use)
RC skeleton with RC braces
Cast in situ RC structural walls (vulnerable and not)
Precast RC structural walls
Moment resisting RC frame multistorey (socialist)
Moment resisting RC frame low rise (post 1989)
RC skeleton most vulnerable
Bucharest, Romania
Early RC skeleton
Building typology: Romania
Impact of apartment buildings bigger than any
other housing
Strong economy, private enterprise
Deviations from mainstream movement dicated
by the market
Condominium, like in Greece, until today
Double entrance
Ottulescu building: free plan in an apartment
block
Romania
Building typology: Romania
Building typology: Romania
Elena Ottulescu
building,
architect Horia
Creangă, 1934-
35
Bedroom / night zone
Living room, including dinning
Corridors / circulation zone
Bathrooms, toillets
Kitchen
Hall / vertical circulation
Deposit / external circulation
Legend:
Building typology: Italy
Two directions
Rationalism (contextual Modernism)
Giuseppe Terragni
Novecento
Decorative
Geometrical
Novecento: function bound housing typologies,
condominium
Zoning: function groups, double entrance
Building typology: Italy
Giuseppe Terragni - Como
Photos 2005
Italy
Como
Building typology: Italy
Giuseppe Terragni - Milano
Photos 2005
Italy
Milano
Rationalist architecture: blue
Novecento architecture: red
Building typology: Italy
Novecento
Photos 2007
Building typology: Italy
Novecento
Photos 2007
Building typology: Italy
Novecento
Building in Via
Domenichino, architects
Lancia şi Ponti
1928-30
Living room, dinning
B athroom, toilets
Kitchen
Hall
Corridors / circulation zone
Deposit
B edroom / Night zone
Building typology: Greece
1929 – ownership system for multistorey apartments
Housing in private hand, seen to be unique, but similar to Romania and Portugal
Training in Germany, little in France
zonation
Zaimi and Stournary street example: „ressemble Italian rationalism“ – to be investigated
Double entrance
Building typology: Greece
Photos 2005
Greece
Athens
Greece
Bedroom / night zone
Living room, including dinning
Corridors / circulation zone
Bathrooms, toillets
Kitchen
Hall / vertical circulation
Deposit / external circulation
Legend:
building on
Zaimi and
Stournari
streets,
architects
Valentis and
Michailidis,
1933 – 1934
Slovenia
Few reinforced concrete skeleton multi-family
housing
Joze Plecnik built housing programmes
The multi-family housing by Plecnik can be
found in Vienna (ex. Zacherl house)
Multi-family housing is mainly in brick
Ljubljana was reconstructed after the 1895
earthquake mainly with buildings of Art
Nouveau; Modernism and RC came later
Slovenia
Plecnik
Plecnik
In Austria
skeleton
photos 2005-2006
Slovenia
National and uni
bibl
Joze plecnik
gymansium
peglezen
Triglav
versicherung
Portugal
RC buildings in the north of the city, where
avenues were built in the interwar time
Master Plan according to the 1933 Charter of
Athens was done post-war
Traditional floor plans
Portugal
Cassiano Branco (photos 2005)
Portugal
Middle-agequarterAlfama
Baixa quarter built after the1755 earthquake
Haussmannian Boulevardbuilt before those in Paris
Performance levels and seismic
retrofit costs
Performance levels and seismic
retrofit costs
Inspiration from studies in the theory of
daylight in atria
Depending on the expected earthquake, the
measure can be more extensive or not
Adding a second window should be similar to
adding a retrofit element and the distance to
the amount
Moment of the measure
Extent of the measure
Extent of the measureCosts
Reparation
Rebuilding
Retrofit
Building modelling
Building modelling
Study of the structural typology of early RC
Report for the WHE (extended characteristics)
Study of planimetry to identify typology of
distribution of spans and bays in a skeleton
Modelling in the software
Building
Retrofit measures
350mm
30mm
350mm
30mm
350mm
Steel bars anchored
into the concrete
to which the braces are fixed
Computation methodology
Computation methodology
Calculation using construction devices for „retrofit elements“ for Retrofit measures
Repair measures after earthquake damage, depending on damage degree (the software allowed to apply the retrofit method on a predamaged element) Computed following performance criteria available in fibre
based software
Option for use of Project Management software (considering all costs transformed in time)
Calculation using surfaces for rebuilding the building in case of total damage Use of MS Excell forms
Option for use of new BIM software (2011)
Retrofit measure
Repair measure
After supervised work of Öztürk (2003)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, spallig reached. Elm: Cb51ba. Unc Conc Strain = -0.002173 - G.p.(b)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, spallig reached. Elm: Cb2051a. Unc Conc Strain = -0.002116 - G.p.(b)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, spallig reached. Elm: C2031a. Unc Conc Strain = -0.002198 - G.p.(b)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, yield reached. Elm: C11bb. Steel Strain = 0.002502 - G.p.(a)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, yield reached. Elm: C2011a. Steel Strain = 0.002633 - G.p.(b)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, fracture reached. Elm: C2011b. Steel Strain = 0.069858 - G.p.(a)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, fracture reached. Elm: C2011b. Steel Strain = 0.109096 - G.p.(b)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, crush reached. Elm: C2011b. Conf Conc Strain = -0.007241 - G.p.(a)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, crush reached. Elm: C2011b. Conf Conc Strain = -0.04781 - G.p.(b)
Otpt No: 73 Time= 9,3360, yield reached. Elm: C5011b. Steel Strain = 0.005749 - G.p.(a)
Typical log-file output
Otpt No: Time= reached Elm: Mat 1 Mat 2 Strain = Gauss point
1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz3412. Unc Conc 0.000107 G.p.(b)
1 0.1500, crack_core bmz2511. Conf Conc 0.000101 G.p.(a)
1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz2511. Unc Conc 0.000113 G.p.(a)
1 0.1500, crack_core bmz2512. Conf Conc 0.000108 G.p.(b)
1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz2512. Unc Conc 0.000122 G.p.(b)
1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz4411. Unc Conc 0.000101 G.p.(a)
1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz4412. Unc Conc 0.000109 G.p.(b)
1 0.1500, crack_core bmz3511. Conf Conc 0.000104 G.p.(a)
1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz3511. Unc Conc 0.000116 G.p.(a)
1 0.1500, crack_core bmz3512. Conf Conc 0.000111 G.p.(b)
Log-file output imported in MS Excell
ID Otpt No: Time= reached Elm: Mat 1 Mat 2 Strain = Gauss point
1 1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz3412. Unc Conc 0.000107 G.p.(b)
2 1 0.1500, crack_core bmz2511. Conf Conc 0.000101 G.p.(a)
3 1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz2511. Unc Conc 0.000113 G.p.(a)
4 1 0.1500, crack_core bmz2512. Conf Conc 0.000108 G.p.(b)
5 1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz2512. Unc Conc 0.000122 G.p.(b)
6 1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz4411. Unc Conc 0.000101 G.p.(a)
7 1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz4412. Unc Conc 0.000109 G.p.(b)
8 1 0.1500, crack_core bmz3511. Conf Conc 0.000104 G.p.(a)
9 1 0.1500, crack_cover bmz3511. Unc Conc 0.000116 G.p.(a)
10 1 0.1500, crack_core bmz3512. Conf Conc 0.000111 G.p.(b)
Log-file imported in MS Access
Gesamtsumme von ID yield crush spall crack_core crack_cover element
15 4 1 2 4 4 bmx121
14 4 2 4 4 bmx122
14 4 2 4 4 bmx133
14 4 2 4 4 bmx141
14 4 2 4 4 bmx142
10 2 4 4 bmx152
10 2 4 4 bmx153
10 2 4 4 bmx154
8 4 4 bmx161
8 4 4 bmx162
MS Access query
Structural damage
Structural damage
The method allows to count the damaged
elements, and thus the costs for the entire
building
The method also allows to localise the
damaged elements
crushing in
ground floor
columns
spalling in
first floor
columns
spalling in
ground floor
columnsNot retrofitted
Retrofitted with side walls
Retrofit method EQ
fracture+crush+s
pall+crack
yield+crush+
spall+crack
crush+spall
+crack
yield+spall
+crack
spall+
crack
yield+
crack
crack
only
None
1977 0,98 8,5 0 47,1 0 18,3 25,16
1986 0 0,7 0 19,9 1,0 1,0 77,45
1990, 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 65,7
1990, 2 0 0 0 0 2,0 7,2 88,6
1977+1977 3,27 14,05 0 45,75 0 16,01 20,92
1977+1986 0,98 9,15 0 44,12 0 19,93 25,82
1977+1990,2 0,98 9,15 0 44,44 0 19,28 26,14
1986+1990,1 0 3,92 0 17,32 1,63 9,74 47,39
Th.+Th. 0 0 0 0 0,98 0 97,71
Metal jacketing
1977 0 9,2 0 50,7 0,0 19,0 30,39
1986 0 2,6 0 20,9 2,0 28,8 45,75
1990, 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 66,3
Thessaloniki 0 0 0 0 0,98 0 97,71
Side walls
1986 0 0 1,2 0 0,6 0 62,3
1990, 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 64,0
1990, 2 0 0 0 0 0,6 0,3 88,3
Thessaloniki 0 0 0 0 1,75 0 96,78
1977+1977 0,58 10,53 0 63,16 0 10,53 15,2
1977+1986 0,88 8,19 0 50 0 19,93 21,64
1977+1990,1 0,88 8,19 0 39,47 0 13,45 31,87
1977+1990,2 0,88 9,06 0 38,89 0 16,67 28,65
1986+1977 0 4,09 0 16,08 0,29 23,1 48,83
1986+1977 0 7,02 0 53,8 0,29 18,13 20,76
Diagonal braces
1986 0 0 0 0 0 0 64,05
1990,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 54,25
1990,2 0 0 0 0 0 0 85,62
Structural wall
1990,1 0 0 0 0 0 0 56,36
1990,2 0 0 0 0 0,3 0 77,24
Comparison of costs
Comparison of costs
Done for
Retrofit techniques (braces, jacketing, structural wall, side walls) – seen earlier at %
Retrofit strategies (amount and position of braces)
Compared for different earthquakes
Compared with rebuild
Computed the savings done in repair costs by applying the retrofit before the earthquake, or before a second earthquake
Mo
del
Retr
ofi
t
Eart
hq
uake 1
Eart
hq
uake 2
Rep
ara
tion
(€)
Retr
ofi
t (€
)
To
tal(
€)
Reb
uil
d (
€)
Rep
ara
tion
/
Reb
uil
d
Retr
ofi
t/
Reb
uil
d
To
tal/
Reb
uil
d
To
tal/
Reb
uil
d-0
,30
Rep
ara
tion
/
Retr
ofi
t R
etr
ofi
t/
Rep
ara
tion
Dif
fere
nce
to
no
t re
tro
fitt
ed
(€)
Rep
ara
tion
sav
ing
/
retr
ofi
t re
tro
fit/
Rep
ara
tion
sav
ing
Gregor - 1977 - 406968 0 406968 3195391 0,13 0,00 0,13 -0,17 - 0 - - -
Gregor - 1986 - 432952 0 432952 3195391 0,14 0,00 0,14 -0,16 - 0 - - -
Gregor - 1990,1 - 271407 0 271407 3195391 0,08 0,00 0,08 -0,22 - 0 - - -
Gregor - 1990,2 376411 0 376411 3195391 0,12 0,00 0,12 -0,18 - 0 - - -
Gregor - 1977 1977 430400 0 430400 3195391 0,13 0,00 0,13 -0,17 - 0 - - -
Gregor - 1977 1986 398150 0 398150 3195391 0,12 0,00 0,12 -0,18 - 0 - - -
Gregor - 1977 1990,1 0 0 3195391 0,00 0,00 0,00 -0,30 - - - - -
Gregor - 1977 1990,2 401200 0 401200 3195391 0,13 0,00 0,13 -0,17 - 0 - - -
Gregor - 1986 1977 0 0 3195391 0,00 0,00 0,00 -0,30 - - - - -
Gregor Metal jacket 1977 - 445586 55152 500738 3195391 0,14 0,02 0,16 -0,14 8 0,12377395 38619 1 1
Gregor Metal jacket 1986 - 324031 55152 379183 3195391 0,10 0,02 0,12 -0,18 6 0,17020591 -108921 -2 -1
Gregor Metal jacket 1990,1 273885 55152 329037 3195391 0,09 0,02 0,10 -0,20 5 0,20136897 2479 0 22
Gregor Metal jacket Thessaloniki 408750 55152 463902 3195391 0,13 0,02 0,15 -0,15 7 0,13492844 0 -
Gregor Sidewalls 1986 299336 102960 402296 3195391 0,09 0,03 0,13 -0,17 3 0,34396188 -133616 -1 -1
Gregor Sidewalls 1990,1 295488 102960 398448 3195391 0,09 0,03 0,12 -0,18 3 0,34844055 24081 0 4
Gregor Sidewalls 1990,2 411170 102960 514130 3195391 0,13 0,03 0,16 -0,14 4 0,25040768 34759 0 3
Gregor Sidewalls Thessaloniki 457050 102960 560010 3195391 0,14 0,03 0,18 -0,12 4 0,22527076 0 -
Gregor Sidewalls 1977 1977 513400 102960 616360 3195391 0,16 0,03 0,19 -0,11 5 0,20054538 83000 1 1
Gregor Sidewalls 1977 1986 452600 102960 555560 3195391 0,14 0,03 0,17 -0,13 4 0,22748564 54450 1 2
Gregor Sidewalls 1977 1990,1 438650 102960 541610 3195391 0,14 0,03 0,17 -0,13 4 0,23472016 438650 4 0
Gregor Sidewalls 1977 1990,2 426400 102960 529360 3195391 0,13 0,03 0,17 -0,13 4 0,24146341 25200 0 4
Gregor Sidewalls 1986 1977 458350 102960 561310 3195391 0,14 0,03 0,18 -0,12 4 0,22463183 458350 4 0
Gregor Braces 1986 - 264600 87624 352224 3195391 0,08 0,03 0,11 -0,19 3 0,33115646 -168352 -2 -1
Gregor Braces 1990,1 - 224100 87624 311724 3195391 0,07 0,03 0,10 -0,20 3 0,39100402 -47307 -1 -2
Gregor Braces 1990,2 - 353700 87624 441324 3195391 0,11 0,03 0,14 -0,16 4 0,24773537 -22711 -0 -4
Gregor Structural wall 1990,1 - 251100 103622 354722 3195391 0,08 0,03 0,11 -0,19 2 0,41267224 -20307 -0 -5
Gregor Structural wall 1990,2 - 345950 103622 449572 3195391 0,11 0,03 0,14 -0,16 3 0,29952883 -30461 -0 -3
Mo
del
Retr
ofi
t
Eart
hq
uake 1
Eart
hq
uake 2
Rep
ara
tion
(€)
Retr
ofi
t (€
)
To
tal(
€)
Reb
uil
d (
€)
Rep
ara
tion
/
Reb
uil
d
Retr
ofi
t/
Reb
uil
d
To
tal/
Reb
uil
d
To
tal/
Reb
uil
d-0
,30
Rep
ara
tion
/
Retr
ofi
t
Retr
ofi
t/
Rep
ara
tion
Dif
fere
nce
to
no
t re
tro
fitt
ed
(€)
Rep
ara
tion
sav
ing
/
retr
ofi
t
retr
ofi
t/
Rep
ara
tion
sav
ing
Özzi
1977 - 506950 0 506950 3123067 0,16 0,00 0,16 -0,14 - 0 -
1977 1977 526850 0 526850 3123067 0,17 0,00 0,17 -0,13 - 0 -
Thessaloniki - 422000 0 422000 3123067 0,14 0,00 0,14 -0,16 - 0 -
Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 423050 0 423050 3123067 0,14 0,00 0,14 -0,16 - 0 -
Özzi Braces 1
1977 - 544400 74785 619185 3123067 0,17 0,02 0,20 -0,10 7 0,1373719 0 0 6236566
1977 1977 595400 74785 670185 3123067 0,19 0,02 0,21 -0,09 8 0,12560507 0 0 3407139
Thessaloniki - 422000 74785 496785 3123067 0,14 0,02 0,16 -0,14 6 0,17721626 0 0 -
Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 479850 74785 554635 3123067 0,15 0,02 0,18 -0,12 6 0,15585133 0 0 4111961
Özzi Braces 2
1977 - 553050 67987 621037 3123067 0,18 0,02 0,20 -0,10 8 0,1229303 46100 1 1
1977 1977 605250 67987 673237 3123067 0,19 0,02 0,22 -0,08 9 0,11232813 78400 1 1
Thessaloniki - 67987 67987 3123067 0,00 0,02 0,02 -0,28 0 - -422000 -6 -0
Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 478800 67987 546787 3123067 0,15 0,02 0,18 -0,12 7 0,14199373 55750 1 1
Özzi Braces 3
1977 - 580950 67987 648937 3123067 0,19 0,02 0,21 -0,09 9 0,11702659 74000 1 1
1977 1977 606650 67987 674637 3123067 0,19 0,02 0,22 -0,08 9 0,1120689 79800 1 1
Thessaloniki - 473900 67987 541887 3123067 0,15 0,02 0,17 -0,13 7 0,14346191 51900 1 1
Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 476700 67987 544687 3123067 0,15 0,02 0,17 -0,13 7 0,14261926 53650 1 1
Özzi Braces 4
1977 - 455100 135973 591073 3123067 0,15 0,04 0,19 -0,11 3 0,29877653 -51850 -0 -3
1977 1977 596400 135973 732373 3123067 0,19 0,04 0,23 -0,07 4 0,22798994 69550 1 2
Thessaloniki - 345850 135973 481823 3123067 0,11 0,04 0,15 -0,15 3 0,39315657 -76150 -1 -2
Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 408900 135973 544873 3123067 0,13 0,04 0,17 -0,13 3 0,33253412 -14150 -0 -10
Özzi Braces 5
1977 - 176765 176765 3123067 0,00 0,06 0,06 -0,24 0 - -506950 -3 -0
1977 1977 586250 176765 763015 3123067 0,19 0,06 0,24 -0,06 3 0,3015184 59400 0 3
Thessaloniki - 176765 176765 3123067 0,00 0,06 0,06 -0,24 0 - -422000 -2 -0
Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 476700 176765 653465 3123067 0,15 0,06 0,21 -0,09 3 0,37081007 53650 0 3
Özzi - 1990,1 - 333461 0 333461 2808021 0,12 0,00 0,12 -0,18 - 0
Özzi - 1990,2 - 389594 0 389594 2808021 0,14 0,00 0,14 -0,16 - 0
Output for the decision system
Output for the decision system
The costs have to be compared to the benefits;
benefits stay in first place
Benefits can be compared among different
retrofit techniques and strategies, or compared to
the status quo (no measure)
Comparison was done with two out of four
identified methods:
Pairwise comparison (costs are ranked numerically)
Utility value method (costs enter the measurement
spaces of some criterions)
Pairwise comparison method
Utility value method
[Nr.] Criterion [from] [to] [unit] [weight] Observations (on the units)
1 A
RC
HIT
EC
T
Reversibility 0 100 % 37,5 reversibility of the measure
2 Guidelines 1 5 points 37,5 for the complinance with maintenance guidelines
5 Facade 1 4 style points 9,0 for the architectural value of the façade
6 Interiors 1 4 spatiality points 9,0 for the architectural value of the space
7 Structural system 1 4 technology points 3,0 for the architectural value of the structure
8 Demolition 0 100 rebuild possibility 9,0 of the building following the original plans
9 Size change 0 50 cm 9,0 size change of a building element
10 Looks change 1 5 points 4,5 look change of a building element
11 Material change 1 2000 age (years) 9,0 of the construction material
13 Compatibility 0 100 % 4,5 collaboration with the existing construction material
14 Conservation 0 100 % 11,3 maintenance of the existing building material
15 Sustainability 1 500 years 2,3 lifetime of the building
16 Maintenance 1 50 years 4,5 lifetime of the new construction material
17
US
ER
Duration 1 100 weeks 4,5 of the measure
18 Noise 1 45 dB 1,5 noise during the measure
19 Move 1 100 weeks 12,0 duration of the relocation
20 Participation 0 15 decision steps 12,0 with possible participation of the inhabitants
21 Property form 1 5 points 7,2 lastingness of the inhabitance
22 Assurance 0 100 % coverage 33,6 earthquake damage through assurance
23 Own costs share 1 100 % 4,8 own costs/measure costs
24 Other advantages 1 5 points 14,4 for inhabitant advantages of the measure
25 During measures 0 200 spaces 9,0 usable during the measure
26 After measure 0 200 spaces 15,0 usable after the measure
27 After earthquake 0 200 spaces 6,0 usable after damaging in earthquake
29 Value 1 20 points 30,0 for housing quality
33
EN
GIN
EE
R
Earthquake 1 12 EMS intensity 27,5 of the earthquake
34 Shape 8 10.10 scores 5,0 for seismic suitability of the conformation
35 Structure 0 8 scores 15,0 for seismic suitability of the structure
36 Material 1 6 scores 2,5 for seismic suitability of the construction material
37 Forces 0 1000 kN base shear 35,0 during the design earthquake
38
Remaining
displacement 0 200 mm 105,0 at roof level after the earthquake
39 Maximal displacement 0 200 mm 105,0 at roof level during the earthquake
40 Strains -6 60 ‰ 105,0 in building elements during earthquake
27 After earthquake 0 200 spaces 6,0 usable after damaging in earthquake
29 Value 1 20 points 30,0 for housing quality
33
EN
GIN
EE
R
Earthquake 1 12 EMS intensity 27,5 of the earthquake
34 Shape 8 10.10 scores 5,0 for seismic suitability of the conformation
35 Structure 0 8 scores 15,0 for seismic suitability of the structure
36 Material 1 6 scores 2,5 for seismic suitability of the construction material
37 Forces 0 1000 kN base shear 35,0 during the design earthquake
38
Remaining
displacement 0 200 mm 105,0 at roof level after the earthquake
39 Maximal displacement 0 200 mm 105,0 at roof level during the earthquake
40 Strains -6 60 ‰ 105,0 in building elements during earthquake
41 Element replacement 0 300 number 25,0 replaced elements
42 New elements 0 300 number 7,5 new elements
43 Nonstruct>struct 0 300 number 10,0 nonstructural elements which become structural
44 Partial demolition 0 300 number 7,5 demolished elements
45 System completion 0 200 needed anchors 5,0 for a system completion measure
46
Strengthening/Stiffeni
ng 1 6 Sa_new/Sa_old 15,0 spectral acceleration new/old
47 Enhanced ductility 1 4 Sd_new/Sd_old 20,0 spectral displacement new/old
48 Reduced demand 1 6 damping actor 10,0 of the soil movement
49
INV
ES
TO
R
Aggregate 1 44 nr. owners 8,0 of the building
50 Building site 0 24 hours available 12,0 for the work
51 Phases 1 44 simultaneous 12,0 conducted
52 Repeatability 1 200 nr. identical 8,0 retrofit measures
53 Material versus 10 40 price T€/app. 8,0
construction material price for measure at one
housing unit
54 Technology v. 0 10 number 8,0 available technologies
55 Funding money 0 10 nr. programs 4,0 which could grant funding money
56 Replace space 0 5 eq. buildings 20,0 available for the relocation
57 Reparation/Rebuild 0 2 €/€ 5,0 costs/costs
58 Retrofit/Rebuild 0 0.5 €/€ 5,0 costs/costs
59
Reparation-
save/Retrofit -5 5 €/€ 5,0 costs/costs
60
Total costs/Rebuild-
30% -0.3 2.2 €/€ 5,0 costs/costs
Outlook to further studies
Optimisation of the current study
Taking the prices for hour work for the country from where the typology and the measures are (not always available; despite of flexible computation mean)
Making the computed curves to meet the one from the concept
Optimisation of measures for a given earthquake in order to make right computations
Employment also of probabilistic means to extend from the study cases to larger urban base
Comparison to the retrofit costs for a real building (soon envisaged through contact to offices; already done for stone masonry)
Studies of implemented retrofit
measures
Italy
FRP (Torre delle Nazioni, Napolo)
Seismic dissipators (school Fabriano)
Romania
Cutting of the corner <> new planimetry
Jacketing
Greece
Combined methods of FRP for horizontal elements and jacketing for vertical elemens (Army Pension Fund building, hotel in northern Greece)
Relationship to earlier RC
structures
Pre-study of the distribution of predecessors in
Europe is already done
Before RC skeleton the Hennebique system
was spread (after it was RC frame)
Differences and common features have to be
put in connection
Relationship to timber
Preliminary research on a language for
reinforced concrete from timber
Lessons to be learned from half-timbered
housing for reinforced concrete
A similar study of geografic distribution of half-
timbered construction
Study of the bracing method for retrofit
Local seismic culture in reinforced concrete bracing
Computations for steel
Realised projects with dissipators
Computer games
A method of training in the pre-disaster phase
might be computer games
For the genre computer and management games
there is an economic component, which can be
derived from this research
At urban scale: SimCity, also involving in the early
phases disaster scenarios such as 1906 San
Francisco Earthquake
For building scale, see the games following the Ken
Follett novels
Abstractisation of needed materials and people
Playing „World without End“
Construction and management games
Conclusions
Conclusions
An original methodology for computation of costs was developed, based on available project management methods and software possibilities
The method is aplicable for the single building (type)
The building typology under study represents heritage across Europe in seismic and non-seismic countries
An orginal concept of costs levels depending on expected earthquake was developed
It shows the value of planned conservation
The costs have been put in the context of decision of experts and larger participation in conservation efforts, part of which retrofit is
Acknowledgements
EFS Grant to attend this workshop
fellowship in frame of the DFG funded Research Training Network 450 “Natural Disasters” at the Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany (2000-2003)
Marie Curie Early Stage Research Host Fellowship, contract HPMT-CT-2001-00359, at the Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori di Pavia, Italy (2002-2003)
Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship, contract MEIF-CT-2005-009765, same host institution as above (2005-2007)
Marie Curie European Reintegration Grant, contract MERG-CT-2007-200636, at Foundation ERGOROM ´99, Bucharest, Romania (2007-2010)
Thank you!