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ESM 14701POWER QUALITY IN ENERGY SYSTEMS AND HARMONICS
Lecture 1Introduction
Assoc.Prof.Dr.Bahtiyar DURSUNDepartment of Energy Systems Engineering
Simple Power System
Every power system has three major components
generation: source of power, ideally with a specified voltage and frequency
load: consumes power; ideally with a constant resistive value
transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect conductor
What is a power system?
Jeneratör JeneratörYük
Yük
Jeneratör
A small power system
BÜYÜK SİSTEM
Enerji Dağıtımı-I
Üretim
İletim
Primer Dağıtım
Sekonder Dağıtım
Yükler
Güç Üretimi
0.4 – 34.5 kV
Yenilenebilir Enerji
0.4 – 34.5 kV
Güç Dağıtımı
0.4 – 34.5 kV
Complications
No ideal voltage sources exist
Loads are seldom constant
Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance and flow limitationsSimple system has no redundancy so power system will not work if any component fails
Notation - PowerPower: Instantaneous consumption of energyPower Units
Watts = voltage x current for dc (W)kW – 1 x 103 WattMW – 1 x 106 WattGW – 1 x 109 Watt
Installed U.S. generation capacity is about 900 GW ( about 3 kW per person)Installed Turkey generation capacity is about 50 GW ( about 1,81kW per person)
Notation - Energy
Energy: Integration of power over time; energy is what people really want from a power systemEnergy Units
Joule = 1 Watt-second (J)kWh – Kilowatthour (3.6 x 106 J)Btu – 1055 J; 1 MBtu=0.292 MWh
Turkey 400kV Interconnections
Electric Systems in Energy ContextClass focuses on electric power systems, but we first need to put the electric system in context of the total energy delivery systemElectricity is used primarily as a means for energy transportation
Use other sources of energy to create it, and it is usually converted into another form of energy when used
About 60% of Turkey energy is transported in electric formConcerns about need to reduce CO2 emissions and fossil fuel depletion are becoming main drivers for change in world energy infrastructure
Energy Sources
Hydrocarbones (oil, coal, natural gas, etc.)
Water
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Tidal
Chemical
The distribution of Turkey’s installed Electric Power in 2012
Sectoral energy consumption forecast for 2020
Energy EconomicsElectric generating technologies involve a tradeoff between fixed costs (costs to build them) and operating costs
Nuclear and solar high fixed costs, but low operating costsNatural gas/oil have low fixed costs but high operating costs (dependent upon fuel prices)Coal, wind, hydro are in between
Also the units capacity factor is important to determining ultimate cost of electricityPotential carbon “tax” seen as unlikely soon
Natural Gas Prices 1990’s to 2011
Marginal cost for natural gas fired electricity price in $/MWh is about 7-10 times gas price
Course SyllabusIntroduction and review of phasors & three phaseTransmission line modeling
Per unit analysis and change of base
Models for transformers, generators, and loads
Power flow analysis and control
Short circuit analysis
Power Quality Problems
Harmonics
Brief History of Turkish Electric Power
The connection of a 2kW hydropower system in Tarsus
In 1913, Turkey has its first larger-scale power plant in Istanbul.When Turkish Republic was established in 1923, the whole capacity of the country was about 30MWThe electricity production was 45 GWh/year in those years and the electricity was only available in three cities, namely Istanbul, Adapazari and Tarsus.Kayseri and neighboring Turk Electricity Inc. was the first electricity company of Turkey which was established in 1926 with 48 power plants (74.8MW) producing 106.3GWh electricity and 6.2kWh per capita electrical consumption in the 1920s.
History, cont’dIn 1963, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of Turkey (MENR) was established which was responsible for Turkey’s energy policy. Afterwards, the Turkish Electricity Administration Commission (TEK) was founded. Thus, it’s created a monopoly in the Turkish electricity sector at all stages. By 1970, total installed capacity had increased to about 2235MW. From 1970 to 1980, with the increase of hydroelectricity capacity (725–2131MW) and the thermal capacity (1510–2988), the Turkey’s electrical capacity doubled from 2235 to 5199MW.In the years between 1970 and 1980, compulsory electricity disruptions were applied in Turkey because of the worldwide energy crisis.
History, cont’dThe supply–demand balance was spoiled due to largely outer-dependence on the fuel of thermal power plants. Despite to the above-mentioned inconveniences, Turkey’s installed capacity reached 5118.7MW in 1980, while power generation amounted to 23.3 billion kWh.The monopoly of TEK was lifted in 1984 and, thus, the private entities gained the opportunity to intervene generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.
In 1993, TEK was split into two separate state-owned enterprises, namely ‘Turkish Electricity Generation Transmission Co. (TEAS)’ and ‘Turkish Electricity Distribution Co. (TEDAS)’. Electricity Market Law No. 4628, issued in 2001, regulates the restructure of the energy sector.By means of this Law, a financially strong, stable,competitive, low cost and environmental friendly energy market is targeted. By the Decree of Council of Ministers in 2001, TEAS was divided into three state-owned public enterprises, namely Turkish Electricity Transmission Co. (TEIAS), Turkish Electricity Generation Co. (TEUAS) and Turkish Electricity Trading and Contracting Co.(TETTAS).
History, cont’d
Turkey’s electricity generation by primary energy resources (2012)
Renewable energy development in Turkey (2012)
Annual variation in the cumulative installed capacity of renewable energy
Turkey’s energy targets in 2023(Turkey will celebrate the 100th anniversary of the republic)are presented as follows [9]: 30% of total electricity production from renewable resourcesinstalled capacity for wind energy 20,000MW
installed capacity for solar energy(min)3000MW
installed capacity for geothermal energy 650MW
the whole economically usable hydropower potential of Turkey will be provided for electricity generation until 2023
Renewable energy resource potential of Turkey
Renewable energy laws Law on utilization of renewable energy sources for the purpose of generating electrical energy (Law No.5346)passed in 2005.
This law is to expand the utilization of renewable energy sources for generating electric energy,to benefit fromtheseresourcesina secure,economicandqualified manner,toincreasethediversifica-tion ofenergyresources,toreducegreenhousegasemissions,to
Wind energy potential in TurkeyWind energy is actually a promising energy source that can meet the energy demand of Turkey in the future.Turkey has a significant wind energy potential in compared to some of the other European countries.Turkey has the highest share of technical wind energy potential in Europe
The annual wind power density at a height of 50 m in Turkey
Energy Converters
Conversion processes in a thermal power plant:
Burners: Chemical energy Thermal energy
Boilers: Thermal energy Mechanical energy
Turbines:Mechanical energy Kinetic energy (KE)
Rotating machines: KE Electrical energy
With today’s technology, overall conversion efficiency
of a thermal power plant can approach 33%
Power Transmission
Power Transmission
Transmission networks are needed to :
Connect generating plants to consumption points
Create large power pools for increased reliability
High voltage AC transmission offers:
Higher transmission capacity / Km
Lower line-voltage drop / Km
Lower transmission losses / MW transfer
Reduced right-of-way requirement / MW transfer
Lower capital and operating costs / MW transfer
Power Transmission EquipmentTransformers
Step-up transformers
Voltage Regulators
Phase Shifters
Step-down Transformers
Transmission Lines & Cables
Circuit Breakers & Disconnects
Shunt & Series Reactors & CapacitorsStatic Var Compensators
FACTS Devices
Etc.
Power Distribution
Power DistributionReceives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels at bulk power delivery pointsSupplies energy to customers:
At standard voltage levels
Single phase and/or three-phase
Is made up of the following main equipment:
Distribution transformers (DXF)
Feeder sections (including underground cables)
Switches, fuses, reclosures
Automatic load transfers
Etc.
BulkPowerPoint
34.5/15DXF
15/5DXF
5/0.21DXF
HV / MVNetwork
34.5 KV 15 KV 5 KV208V
IndustrialCustomers
ResidentialCustomers
Commercial& MunicipalCustomers
LargeIndustrial
Customers
….Power Distribution
Power SystemOperation/Control
Key Operational Goals
Power Balance: Generation must remain balanced with demand
Total Generation (t) = Total Demand (t)
System Security: Equipment power flows must not exceed equipment ratings, under normal or a single outage condition:
|pij(t)| < pij max
Pg1(t) Transmission
&DistributionNetworks
Pd1(t)
Pg2(t)
Pgn(t)
Pd2(t)
Pdm(t)
T&DNetworksPG(t) PD(t)
200MW lık bir jeneratör rotorunun tamiri
Bir hidro-jeneratörünün statoru
Hydro-jeneratörün montajı
660MW lık bir jeneratör
Bir elektrik istasyonu
Kesici ve ayırıcılar
Bir kesicinin açılması
400kV:275kV lık bir transformatör
Bir transformatörün taşınması
oops!
Ark, Ark Ark
Temmuz 2002
Ve Aralık!
3 Şubat 2003:- Hindistan Bihar Eyaleti